Chapter Five

Gravitational Dynamics

Matter-Energy Interactions in Gravity Based Systems

Gravitation remains as yet a fundamentally mysterious and unexplained force of nature--the greatest minds of the century have not yet been able to solve its most basic riddles. I have put forth a theory of gravitation that sees gravity as a force essentially different in nature than what we conventionally construe as energy. It seems as if gravitation cannot be thought of separately from space-time, and space-time exists only in the framework we know of as being gravitational. If this is true, then it follows that there can be no spatio-temporal juncture or rift in the universe and there can be no place or time in which gravitational force is not manifest and apparent.

The primary observation about the separateness of gravitation from other known forms of energy are the following apparent properties:

                1. It is all pervasive in the known universe.

                2. It is virtually transparent or invisible to any known instrumentalities of direct observation or detection--it can only be detected indirectly in terms of its omnipotent effects upon things.

                3. It interacts with all mass and energy in predictable if unexplainable ways.

I would go two steps further, and say that what makes gravitation interesting in relation to other known energies in physical reality is that it appears to be essentially non-thermodynamic in the way that energy is usually thought of. In other words, in basic ways it appears to violate the basic laws of thermodynamics.

I would add to this a second step, and this step relates gravitation as a known form of energy or force, with space-time--I would claim that space-time is not empty or devoid, but it consists of some form of mass or mass-relation. In other words, the emptiness of space-time is nothing but the invisibility of the substance of space-time. As a result of this substantive identity of space-time, I would claim that it interacts with gravitation in interesting ways that are critical to an understanding of gravitational dynamics and to the way the Universe works in the large and the long run.

When we think about real instances of gravitation, we must ask ourselves, does space get pulled in some continuous matter into the object, or does in fact space-time surrounding the object pull in some uniform manner at the object itself, and in this kind of cosmic tug-of-war, it is carried into the object. Perhaps, whichever way we want to see the relationship between space-time and matter, as it may make little difference in a relativistic sense, we must see that this relationship is essentially gravitational.

We must ask whether or not mass and solid matter is nothing but an electro-statically defined form of condensed space-time, and whether or not an object that is compounded and gravitationally unified, is not in a sense a distribution of space-time, a solid distribution, that is in at least one sense fairly uniform. If this is perhaps the case, then we can reason the rise of a common center of gravity in a large gravitating body, although there is no clear reason why all the molecules of all the matter of such a body, however distributed, should all be aligned to a common center.

These kinds of questions suggest that perhaps gravitation, space-time and the universe are a little more interesting than an empty-space, hard matter, gravitational radiation type of model.

It is clear that a star is defined gravitationally by its total mass-the larger the star, the quicker the life-trajectory and the formation of heavier and heavier nuclei from a hotter and hotter body, until this body eventually runs itself out and collapses under its own weight, blowing off most if its original starter fuel. But this process, nor the gravitational unification of the body, explains its long-term equilibrium as a continuously radiating body. Only the notion of the transformation of gravitational energy, or more realistically, of the substance of space-time, and its conversion into fuel in the star, can explain its great longevity as an energy producing system.

Motion to Mass Relations and Gravitation

The  paradox of motion to mass relations is that, given the example of the earth, the motion of the earth about the sun, which is by any earthly standards a fairly fast speed, there is apparently no measurable  effect of this motion upon the gravitational fields that surround the earth at all times. This field in essence appears to be in synchronous motion with the earth, even though both can be said to be flowing directionally through space-time. The motion of the earth and its gravitational manifold about the sun  appears therefore to be independent of the question of the flow of space-time through and around such a system upon its orbit. In a sense, the entire orbit of the earth about the sun entails the synchronous motion of the entire space-time disk upon which the earth is in equilibrium. The momentum of the earth about the sun is independent of its gravitational potential, and this is the measure of the amount of energy that would be required as a counterforce to bring the earth to a complete stop, or else the energy  that would be realized from the earth if it were suddenly blocked by another object upon its path.

A paradox of motion is that any solid object can be in motion in only one direction at one time--it appears as if the intrinsic motion of space-time may occur in an infinite number of directions through the same space at the same time, unless these motions are defined by relations of gravitational mass of a proximate or remote object. The motion of space-time affected by a gravitational object appears to occur on a level separate and completely independently of the motion of space-time around the object as it travels through space. We can understand this paradox if we realize that gravitational energy is "realized" about a gravitating body from a field background of apparent or relative nothingness.

It is by this means that we can demonstrate the relative independence of gravitational fields to the kinetics and relativistic dynamics of motion. Gravitational fields and potentials give rise to motions, and respond in ways equivalent to motion, but they are intrinsic associative properties of the objects that give rise to them, and are independent of the motion of these objects.

This potential kinetic energy that is attributable to the motion of the object is the energy derived from the relationship of the object to its surrounding space-time matrix, in relation to the direction and speed  of the object. Momentum is greatest in the direction of the objects travel, and it can be said to have negative momentum in the opposite direction. Lateral momentum of such an accelerated object is about equal to its momentum at rest, and the momentum of the opposite side can be said to equally counterbalance this momentum.

A key to understanding the paradoxes of motion in space is understanding a basic continuity of structure of otherwise empty space. There can be no discontinuous jumps or hiatuses of acceleration or movement in the universe, at least not on a recognizable scale. This demand of continuity of space-time structure entails that the structure of the surrounding manifold is never disrupted. Fast rates of acceleration demand a rapid transition between beginning and end states, and this high rate of acceleration creates relatively permanent relativistic effects that are associated with the object at its end state--these can be said to be:

1. A discrete momentum of energy.

2. A discrete direction of motion.

3. A discrete scale of size.

4. A discrete periodicity of time.

5. A discrete rate of speed, or distance over time

  All of these associative properties are simultaneously and synchronously influenced by the changing acceleration of an object in space. We must ask whether, in a complex sense,  these properties are attributable  to the fact of motion of an object in physical reality, or whether motion is the consequence of these properties and their changes within a mass object. If we can learn to see motion as the consequence of basic physical state changes and properties, then it is easier to reconcile motion that is the result of gravitational influence, as with free-falling bodies in a uniform field, and motion that is the result of some action or energy, such as an explosion that propels a rocket forward into space. It is possible that the gravitational field affects the properties of the object as does the explosion, the result of either of which is the motion or spatio-temporal translation of the object. In this regard, the gravitational influence can be seen as precisely the opposite kind of influence upon an object in a gravitational field as an energetic explosion. The former yields positive energy and transmits this energy to the object, resulting in motion, while the latter may actually require positive energy to be absorbed from the surroundings of the object into the object to provide it the source of its motion.

The notion of speed is not a strictly linear conception, if we assume that relativistic properties of time dilation and spatial contraction hold for accelerated objects.

Before we can fully understand the physical relationship between relative mass and relative motion, we must distinguish between what can be called classical mechanical motion that is determined by cause and effect relationships, and non-classical quantum motion that is underdetermined by relativistic field complementarity. It is important to understand that these two different kinds of motion do not occur independently of one another in the universe. Similarly, what at one level of size appears dense and solid, may  at  another level appear rarefied and gaseous. If we took a very large scale of measurement, relative to that large scale something would appear very small, though that object may be huge on a very small scale of measurement.

Like conventional measures of mass, motion has  always  been  conventionally construed in a classical and deterministic sense, as a solid object moving in space at definite speeds, although Einsteinian relativity has demonstrated that motion may be entirely relative to the point of view of the observer or the frame of reference in which such motion occurs. At the same time, motion as a distributed and uncertain system has been largely overlooked except when applied to a quantum level of analysis of electrons in their orbital spheres. To apply a fundamental complementarity of the measure of motion, and hence its underlying indeterminancy in some larger frame of reference, defies the common sense structure of our basic language used to describe such motion. The idea that an object may become increasingly indeterminant in both a spatial and temporal sense as it accelerates to ever increasing velocities may be implicit to the relativity of motion, but  it is nowhere obvious. The faster an object travels, the more difficult it is to say that such an object exists at any definite point of time or space, and as such motion or acceleration is continuous, it would be difficult to ascribe discontinuous dimensions to such an object in any nonrelative sense.

We might conclude something like the following:

The faster an object travels, the greater the amount of space crossed per unit time.

The faster an object travels, the smaller the amount of time passed per unit space.

This seems obvious, but  its relativistic implications appear to be contradictory until we  consider the point of view of the observer who remains at  a relatively stationary reference. These implications emerge with the understanding of the interdependency of space and  time within the same continuum.

In other words, if we decrease the amount of time passed per unit space, we are increasing the relative interval size of time passed in any  amount of space we cross. In other words, time slows down relative to our fixed point of reference.

Likewise, if we increase the amount of space crossed per unit time, we are decreasing the relative interval size of space crossed per amount of time we pass. In other words, space shrinks relative to our fixed point of reference.

From a relativistic standpoint, though it requires proportionately more energy  to accelerate a very massive object compared  to a very small object, the faster the object's velocity, the proportionately  more energy that is required to reach that velocity, such that by the time both objects reach the speed of light, it requires almost an equally infinite amount  of energy to attain this degree of acceleration.

There is  another sense that an object in motion exists in a complementary state--intrinsically it retains its own dimensional size and reference points, while extrinsically its dimensional size  and reference points are altered relative to the frame of reference within which such motion is expressed.

Smaller entities and forces exist in naturally less dense surroundings, or in open fields in which mass is simultaneously distributed over increasing large areas. Larger entities and forces exist in naturally more dense surroundings, or in closed fields in which mass is simultaneously concentrated.

Smaller and less dense entities and forces compose larger and denser entities, and larger denser entities are surrounded by and constrained by the smaller entities of which they are composed.

Composition of large and dense entities require a tremendous amount of working energy input into the system--this is achieved gravitationally through spime induction and replacement. Decomposition of large and dense entities back into their surrounding substrate entails a degree of thermodynamic and gravitational energy output from the system back into the surrounding field, which serves as an infinite energy sink to the system.

This model implies that gravitational systems exist in a kind of continuous and dynamic equilibrium, such that the amount of gravitational energy input into the system at specific rates, is removed from the system in equivalent rates and amounts along different pathways. The net difference between inputs and outputs from the system plus the amount of replacement work done in maintaining the system, is always equal to zero.

This entails that if spime is the composition of empty space, then it exists in a kind of potential energy state which energy is released as it interacts with matter. This interaction with matter is expressed as gravitation and measured as relative mass. I refer to this potential energy contained in the composition of spime in empty space as negative energy that requires the dynamics of the strong forces of the nucleonic pair to be unleashed and realized in its alternative states. Its potential energy confers the energy of inertia or resistance to transitions of motion that we experience and that must be overcome for motional changes to be realized.

All motion is relative to the gravitational frame of reference in which it occurs.

No motion can occur outside of a gravitational frame of reference.

An object of matter will have a gravitational field defining its surrounding its  space-time manifold.

An object in motional transition will result in a distortion of the gravitational field surrounding it relative to change in the direction and the speed of the motion.

An object that achieves motional stability relative to direction and speed will have a restored gravitational  field  that surrounds it as if it were at rest.

Increasing the motion of an object is equivalent to increasing the rate of flow of the surrounding space-time manifold, hence it is equivalent to increasing the relative density and mass of the system.  If we accelerate an object, we must put kinetic energy into the system, if we decelerate  an object, we must remove kinetic energy from the system. Putting energy into the system or removing energy from the system is equivalent to altering the relative density of the space-time manifold flowing through and about the system. We can see that such a system, within its manifold, exists in a kind of pressurized and semi-closed equilibrium state. Gravitational attraction accomplishes the same thing as putting energy into a system to achieve its acceleration--the difference is that energy is not directly applied to the system, rather the relative densities of the surrounding manifold are altered instead--regardless, the results are exactly the same.

We can say therefore that gravitation works on the surrounding size of the system and hence alters its relative density, while motion works on the relative mass of the system, and hence alters its relative density.

Motion exhibits an interesting relationship to mass. We can say that motion is relative in a manner similar to the relativity of mass. The speed of an object in space-time is a measure of the momentum or energy of inertia of the system, representing an increased relative mass.

If we let an object fall to earth from outer space,  the object will accelerate, regardless of its mass, at the same rate until it collides with the surface of the earth. The object moves from a low-mass state to a relative high mass state, which maximum it achieves at the point of impact upon the earth. This mass will be the relative gravitational mass of the object times its motional mass. We can describe the state-path trajectory of the accelerating object as the relative increase of the mass of the object from its  starting point to its final end-point.

If we could suddenly stop the object without damage at the surface of the earth, the relative mass of the object would return to the rest mass of the object on the surface of the earth. The extra energy of inertia that was acquired by the momentum of the object in its acceleration to earth would have to be released or channeled somehow. Once the object achieves gravitational unification with the earth, then the object achieves a state of relative rest--its motions will be consonant and coordinate with the motion of the earth as a whole.

Motion of a single, gravitationally unified object is always instantaneously unidirectional and of a discrete velocity. In empty space, this motion will continue indefinitely at the same velocity. With nothing to stop it, slow it, change its  direction or make it faster, the object will continue forever at the same speed. This unidirectionality of an unperturbed object in motion in hypothetically empty space will be in the long run non-linear or curvilinear.

The more dense the matter in space, the greater the gravitational force of attraction between objects.

The greater the density of free matter in space, the greater the motional energy occurring between them.

Gravitational frames of reference define gravitationally pressurized systems that are semi-closed.

In an infinite space, an infinite amount of matter would have zero density.

If the total universe is infinitely open, its total gravitational potential is zero, which defines a gravitational sink.

All motions seek relative gravitational equilibrium, which can be defined as a state of minimal rest. This can be defined furthermore as a state of relative rest

A zero-state universe can only be defined as a empty, infinitely open system. In a single object system, the gravitational potential of the system is defined by the size of the object relative to the size of the surroundings containing the system. If a universe had only one object, no  matter how large, its total gravitational potential would in the large and the long run fall to relative zero by diminishing degrees, though it would  never obtain absolute zero. A very  small sized object in a very large space would be the equivalent of relative zero.  If follows that by some unknown measure:

The further from an object system, the proportionately less and shorter the gravitational field.

The  larger the size-density of the object system, the stronger and further the gravitational field reaches.

This relationship again appears to be colligative--we have a multi-object  system that exists in relative gravitational equilibrium about a common point of  reference, then we have a measure of the gravitational potential of such a system:

Total atomic size of the system/Total size of the surrounding space of the system.

The total size of any open system is relatively infinite, and its effective size can be said to be the limit at which the relative gravitational  potential of the system falls to relative zero.

The gravitational potential of the system will increase with the increasing atomic size of the system and the decreasing size of the surrounding space of the system per unit time. It will decrease with the relative decreasing size of the system and the increasing size of the surrounding space of the system. It will remain the same if the size of the system increases along with an increasing size of its surrounding space.

An object in motion will have a decreasing gravitational potential because its surrounding area per unit time will increase in relation to its atomic size. If  we move an object faster and faster, its relative density will appear to decrease, and it will appear to shrink, relative to our original frame of reference.

There are two kinds of basic classical motion: intrinsic or constrained motion and extrinsic or free motion. Intrinsic  motion may take one of several kinds, but essentially relate to some aspect of isotropic spin or rotation. Extrinsic or free motion is the unconstrained motion of an object in relative empty space. There are two kinds of this motion depending on its source. It can be caused by the application of a propulsive force or counterforce, or it can be caused by the application of an attractive force or counterforce.

There is a third kind of distributed motion that may be found to occur in two ways: quantum motion at a subatomic scale, and a relative motion at an open field scale, and it affects our understanding of gravitation and the distribution of different forms of energy in the universe. It is relative density or the complementarity of distributed simultaneous densities in a shared field. Such a field may be very small or very large.

The gravitational field in an empty state universe that is open and infinite can be said  to be uniformly flat and at zero potential or rest state. The distribution of spime in such a universe could be said to be even. Such a universe would be static, and there would be no occasion for the spontaneous rise of energy and matter in such a system. Therefore it is plausible that the gravitational field, even in an empty  state universe, exists  independent of the objects of matter and energy, and also that this field exists in a turbulent and randomly isotropic manner. Spime as the stuff of gravitation therefore is in continuous flow in empty space, and this flow occurs in currents and tidal patterns. This flow is  a kind of  field flow, so it cannot be described in a classical or deterministic manner. Such  flow occurs regardless of the gravitational fields that surround objects--it might cause minor fluctuations in the gravitational  fields of objects, but on average this flow appears to be very miniscule and widespread in its effects. Gravitational fields of mass-object systems appear to affect the flow of larger gravitational fields that it pass through. Flow becomes concentrative and directional, and adds its mass to the total mass of the system. As the rate of flow increases, the mass of the system also increases proportionate to its  total mass. Thus it is apparent that empty  space appears to exist in differential densities that depend upon its relative rates of flow. The concentric laminar organization of this flow about a common center of gravity is the basis of the gravitational unification of a system and its sharing of mass.

Relative motion of an object system in space can be thought of in a sense as the change in rate of flow of the gravitational field surrounding the object and defining the mass of the object, in some direction. In other words, an object itself may not be moving, so much as it is at rest in a moving stream of space-time. The energy of inertia then is the energy required to overcome the resistance of this four dimensional  stream to a basic change in its motional direction or velocity.

Increased density of mass objects, or increased gravitational potential of a system,  increases the density and rate of flow of the surrounding system.

As we add to this universe more and more matter, the possible motions and relative gravitational fields will increase in an increasingly dynamic manner.

Cosmological Models 

The red shift seems to demonstrate that with increasing depths of observational space-time, there are increasing recessional velocities of galaxies. This is the conventional  explanation of a so-called expanding universe. If the most distant objects are moving away from us at the greatest speeds, we must conclude that because these objects are the earliest objects we can see in the universe, the universe was expanding more rapidly in its earlier phases than it is at present. This would imply that the current universe is not expanding faster, but  slowing down in a possible expansion.

But red shift may actually tell us more about the long-term state-path trajectory through "empty" space than about the actual disposition or original motion of its source of origin. It may tell us for instance that light may lose its own energy to its background field over very long stretches of space-time. Very old and well traveled light may be intrinsically weaker than when it started out. Such a transition would be gradual and relatively consistent in ratio to the distances implied in the observation. Because light cannot shift in its velocity, the transition can only be experienced in terms of its wave-length and frequency. It may be that  such shifting may be variable  depending upon different sources and different intervening gravitational fields that light must traverse, bending it here and stretching it there.

Mass and Motion

Any motion is always relative to the gravitational frame of reference within which that motion is defined. A gravitational frame of reference unifies all parts of the system into a shared or single space-time framework that is definable as relative zero or rest equilibrium. The entire system could be hurdling through space at a speed a significant fraction of light speed, and yet, within the system, all motions would behave as if the object were at complete rest. It is apparent that gravitational unification leads to the synchronization of all mass objects in the system to a fixed and common frame of reference. The entire system can be traveling at almost any speed, or any sets of  different speeds within larger frames of reference, and yet the system as a whole will exhibit  a definite set of motional properties pertinent to that system.

The larger frame of reference will set a zero-standard baseline for the motional and mass distributions of its attached subsystems, though this larger frame of reference may be but a subsystem of an even larger and more complex super-system, and even though each subsystem may also form its own baseline for constituent subsystems that compose it.

Any mass is also always relative to the gravitational frame of reference within which that mass is defined. If a system is gravitationally unified, then the relative mass of any object within that system will be definable in terms of the total gravitational potential of that system. This relative mass of the contained object will be independent of its possible mass in any other larger containing gravitational  frame of reference. It is apparent that the same object will weight different on the surface of Jupiter  than it will weigh on the surface of the earth or the moon--the weight of the object on the moon is relatively unaffected by its potential weight on the earth, even though the moon's gravitational field is contained within and defined by the gravitational field of the earth.

1. The basis of a claim of universal relativity of physical phenomena rests in these related sets of observations, that there are no non-relative frames of reference for either mass or motion by which any measure of motion or mass may be determined.

2. Frames of gravitational reference occur independently of the larger fields in which they  are situated and constrained. Motion and mass within any gravitational field occurs irrespective of the larger framework of that field.

3. Relative motion and mass intrinsic to a system appears to be constant to that system as long as there is no other larger perturbing force affecting it.

It is to be speculated that, like the dilation of space and time to which it is related, there is a corresponding dilation of the measure of mass, or weight, as a function of an objects speed. This would be directly equivalent to that object increasing its gravitational potential.

When we describe the relativity of motion, it is not incorrect to say that the universe moves in reference to the coordinates of the moving object, rather than the other way around. It is evident that in this context, space and time as properties define the relationship of the object to its surrounding contextual field. It is perhaps not so much that the clock of the moving object slows down, but that the clocks of the rest of the universe, relative to the object, are increasing in rate relative to the stationary clock. We might say that the clock on board the moving craft experiences the shift relative to the clocks that remain within the background. Exactly how this occurs is unclear, except that we can say that there must be a synchronization of all clocks in a simultaneous sense, that is relative to the gravitational field in which it occurs, and there for is also a function of the density of energy represented by that system.

There appear to be two constants in the universe--absolute zero and the speed of light. Both these constants are defined in terms of thermodynamic energy, but both also appear to apply to the problem of motion and mass in gravitational fields. We know that no mass-object can be accelerated faster than the speed of light, and that it would require an infinite amount of energy  to accelerate any sized mass-object to light-speed. It would be equivalent to the object obtaining an infinite mass. Similarly, we know that no object can be put to absolute rest such that no motions or energies are produced or consumed by that object at all. We cannot in other words have an total energiless system.

We know as well that energy is equivalent to either mass or motion as a function of light speed squared.

Gravitational energy appear to be negative energy. An object  elevated to some altitude above the earth's surface will contain potential kinetic energy that, when released of all supports or lifts, will be realized in terms of  increasing acceleration until its point of impact with the earth's surface, at which point it will come to rest. The rest mass of the object will be a measure of the gravitational energy, or the energy that would be required to lift the object a certain distance.

Mass and gravitational potential appear to be related in the sense that, according to our theory, energy is regularly exchanged between stable-mass entities that exist within the same unified  gravitational field--the rate and amount of energy being exchanged is a measure of the gravitational integration of the field, and increases exponentially with increasing densities of energy within the object. The conclusion is that the greater gravitational integration of the field, the greater the amount of energy exchanged within the system, hence the greater the mass of any object that becomes a part of that system, and the greater its gravitational field strength.

If more energy is being exchanged and shared between mass bound objects, then it can also be concluded that more negative energy is being induced into these objects at faster rates, such that total rates and amounts of spime induction is much greater the greater the gravitational field. Energy is not only being exchanged more rapidly between mass objects, but this same energy is being exchanged and replaced more rapidly between objects of mass and their surrounding gravitational matrix.

Mass is a property that is not intrinsic to an object, but is a function of the relation of that object to its gravitational surroundings. It relates the object gravitationally to its instantaneous space-time context, and this relationship is instantaneous in the literal sense of being immediate. We can thus relate the measure of mass, or weight, to the measure of heat, or temperature, as being in some fundamental way similar kinds of measure of energy within a system. We can refer to a condition of zero-mass in the same way that we can refer to a condition of Absolute Zero, as being the point at which the mass of an object bears no relationship with its environmental matrix. The relationship between Absolute Zero and Zero-Mass may have fundamentally to do with the intrinsic kinetic motion or net energy contained within a system. The greater the kinetic motions of the constituents of a system, the greater its energy, hence the higher its mass and its thermal energy potential. If this kind of relationship holds, then we can expect that there would be a point of intersection at which a system at absolute zero also obtains hypothetical zero mass. Such a system can only occur within a thermal vacuum and also within a gravitational vacuum, neither of which are possible in our universe.

Any object system must have its own gravitational field, hence its own intrinsic absolute mass that is independent of any other gravitational field it occurs within. In any complex  system, it appears that it is the strongest gravitational field that gains expression and that wins the tug-o-war of attraction over any other system. The intrinsic gravitational strength of any field is an indirect measure of its total energy potential and this can be expressed by the formula:

E/c² = m

The problem with understanding this relationship is sorting out the relativity of mass to the gravitational system it is measured within, in relation to the intrinsic mass of a system that is independent of its gravitational surroundings. It is apparent that these relationships are not wholly or completely independent of one another, and that to some unknown degree the strength of the surrounding gravitational field affects the intrinsic mass of a system by increasing the total energy available or occurring within that system. In other words, the measure of the mass of a system is a function of the gravitational field that it occurs within which in turn is a measure of the relative densities of energy that defines the total energy of the system. The denser the total energy of the system, the greater is its net gravitational field and its measure of mass.

We run into a contradiction in this accounting, as density is a measure that is relative to mass over volume, while, according to our theory, mass itself is a measure of its density. Hence what is required  is a new definition of density, and this definition will be used by substitution above. Gravitational density will be defined therefore as a measure of total energy of a system per spatial volume of the system times its periodic interval. Mass will be defined therefore as the total gravitational energy of a system per its gravitational density, or

 m = E/c²

Dg = E/c²/s³pi

M = Ge/Dg

Where m is the absolute intrinsic mass of a delimited system and M is the relative mass of the same system within its own self-gravitational context

The intrinsic mass of a system would be its atomic size, which can be understood as its total atomic number within a theoretical gravitational vacuum. This is, as it was noted, an impossibility, as any system of mass will have its own gravitational field and must interact with any other object of mass, no matter how far away.

It is apparent that relative gravitational and thermodynamic vacuums may occur in the depths of intergalactic space, which can be understood to be the minimal densities of gravitation and thermodynamic radiation possible on average.

There is a sense that because gravitational energy is concentrative and attractive rather than dispersive and radiative, the principles governing thermodynamics are not only inapplicable, but applicable in a inverse manner. There is a sense that a gravitational system achieves relative rest not at the point of least gravitational energy, but at the point of greatest gravitational concentration. Gravitational energy always escapes into the focal point of the center of gravity, rather than radiating away as with thermodynamic energy. Mass comes to rest when it achieves a balance of gravitational potential energy, no matter what its intrinsic mass. Thermodynamic energy radiates forever away into the depths of space, which defines its universal thermodynamic sink, while gravitational energy concentrates forever into the infinite singularity of a blackhole that can be defined as a universal gravitational sink. An object of low relative mass that is elevated high into the atmosphere, has greater potential gravitational energy than an object at rest on the earth's surface, though the object at rest will have greater relative mass than an equal sized object that is elevated. It appears that objects seek to attain a degree of greatest gravitational equilibrium, rather than least equilibrium.  Whereas heat is always dissipative, gravitational energy is always concentrative, resulting in gravitational pressures about a common center.

Mass as a property is inherent to the gravitational frame--there is no intrinsic mass to a system. Mass is only the measure of gravitational interaction of the system, and its relativity must be taken fully into account in our equivalence formulas. It is possible that mass is tied to relative atomic density which, as it increases, results in a complementary increase in gravitational energy. As the energy within a system increases, the system will be concentrated and thus will shrink--its periodic processes will also slow down relative to lower energy systems. We can refer to decreasing rates of replacement versus increasing mass of displacement. Mass becomes increasing shared as it is concentrated.

It is important to see the thermodynamic field as complementary to the gravitational field. I suspect that the two fields cannot coexist and continue without one another, though it seems that gravitational radiation is the more basic of the two forces. The two fields counterbalance one another in terms of mass interactions and motion. Equilibrium points are precisely the opposite of one another--thermodynamic equilibrium is achieved at the point of maximum diffusion whereas gravitational equilibrium is achieved at the center of gravity within a system. At a center of gravity, there is relative mass balance of the system omni-directionally. 

We can understand this in terms of forces that are acting upon one direction in such a system versus any other direction--in a balanced system, all directions counter-balance on another. Motion is only developed when one direction becomes predominant over any other. Thus, equilibrium at the center of gravity usually implies a system that is relatively motionless, and a motional system that does not have a gravitational focus can be seen as one that is gravitationally out of balance. It can be predicted that such systems tend in the long run to become influenced by one gravitational field  or another until they fall into an equilibrium pattern.

*****

The proof of the relative independence of spime in a non-Machian universe is the  assumption that in an empty-state universe--a universe devoid of matter or positive energy, we  can still assume that the same laws of motion would apply. This is related to a simultaneous state universe.

1. We assume by inference that a simultaneous state universe  exists  regardless of our inability to observe this universe.

2. Therefore we assume that there are non-relative dimensions of the universe that are instantaneous.

Spime would exist regardless of whether energy or matter occurred within it. The gravitational potential of the whole system is infinite.

Motion is a demonstration of the relative independence of spime in empty space and of a non-Machian  universe. If a single object only existed in infinite space, though we could not sense its  motion, we could assume that it may  exhibit some kind of motion. If  we applied energy to the object in some direction, we would experience one of five  transition states of the system that would prove its motion:

            1. slow it down

            2. stop it

            3. start it

            4. speed it up

            5. change its direction.

In our physical calculations on earth, we hold mass as a constant, assuming that  the  earth's gravitational field is fairly uniformly distributed and the deviation negligible. Mass as a measure of weight determined by various forms of balance instruments is relative to the gravitational field in which it occurs. Seeing mass as relative to the gravitational field it is measured within sets our earthbound calculations of physical properties into a state of groundlessness.

An object in motion has relative mass equivalent of an object occurring in a gravitational field. Motion and gravitation appear to be complementary and equivalent to one another in relation to mass interactions.

If we assume that there occurs a zero mass state that can be called the absolute intrinsic mass of an object at complete rest in a gravitiless environment, then any relative mass of the object must be greater by a positive factor than this number, as a function of increasing motion and or gravitation.

Zero mass is related to Absolute Zero, and both are relative to the universal gravitational frame of reference they occur within.

In a non-empty universe, there can be no zero-mass, hence there is always some  gravitational field that occurs which defines mass-relations and motions between objects embedded within that field.

Motion and mass cannot exist outside of a gravitational field that defines that motion and mass.

A matter based gravitational system has a systemic equilibrium of the whole that defines the relative mass of any object within its field. On earth, the gravity field is strong enough to hold down oxygen and nitrogen gases, but not strong enough to contain hydrogen or helium gas; on earth, hydrogen and helium as ionized nuclei are held within the gravity field, but highly energized nucleonic  particles escape without contributing to the overall gravitational mass of the system.  It appears that in black holes containing super-matter, the gravity fields are so strong that not even light energy can escape.

Once a matter-based gravitational system is formed, it remains relatively stable for the life of the system, although the relative gravitational potential of the system can change through  time, either increasing with gravitational implosion as in black hole formation, or else possibly diminishing by various means with the dissipative loss or ejection of matter.

It appears that all significant gravity based mass interactions occur as a function of nucleonic matter that is greater than the atomic weight on earth of helium. This again is an earth-based property and is not universal to all gravity-based systems. Understanding the mass-relations of nucleonic matter is the key  to understanding the role of gravitational energies in the universe.

The basis of nucleonic matter is the proton-neutron pair, or what is referred to as the nucleon. A proton that is isolated probably exhibits a great deal of kinetic and electrodynamic energy that makes it relatively  unstable. A neutron that is unpaired with a proton is probably also unstable, rapidly breaking down into a proton-electron pair, or, in other words, forming a basic hydrogen atom with the emission of some subatomic radiation. On the other hand, it appears that a neutron-proton pair is a relatively stable entity that produces  a positive electromagnetic field that is spherical about itself and that attracts a negatively charged electron.

It is assumed that a nucleonic pair is polarized and imbalanced, but the polarization of the pair, if standing alone, would be omni-directionally  distributed due to a phenomenon of first order random spin. This defines a magnetic sphere about the single nucleonic pair.

How may the nucleus become organized with increasing numbers of pairs.

            1. The neutron is larger than the proton.

            2. The proton may  move or oscillate around the neutron.

            3. The  shape and relative size of the neutron is more variable.

            4. The neutron will come to occupy, on average, the central position.

            5. The nucleonic pair will be permanently polarized with a negative potential in the center and the positive potential in the outer spherical periphery.

            6. If nucleonic switching occurs, it results in a "flip-flopping" of geometric structure.

If we increase the number of pairs, we can predict that:

            1. Nucleonic pairs will bond as pairs.

                        a. The bond between pairs will be slightly weaker than the bonding forces  within the pairs.

                        b. The bonding forces  between pairs  will slightly weaken the bonding forces within the pairs.

            2. Protons will stay  as far apart  from one another as possible.

            3. Neutrons will come to share common central region.

            4. The shape of the neutrons will come to conform to the interior regions of the three dimensional geometric structure defined by the distribution of protons.

            5. Increasing negative forces  in the center of the nucleonic arrangement may create  empty holes within the structure that can be filled by extra neutrons that counteract the negative central polarization.

            6. As the number of neutrons within a nucleus increases, the relative size of each neutron will decrease, and the relative size of the nucleus as a whole will decrease.

            7. Switching or alternation will occur between pairs within the nucleus.

            8. The central nucleus, as it increases in size, will become  increasingly unstable in direct proportion to the number of extra neutrons contained within its structure. Such neutrons will tend to dissociate into proton-electron pairs, and result in the rearrangement of the nuclear structure.

A nucleonic pair may exhibit a property of switching or  alternation, such that the proton becomes a neutron and the neutron becomes a proton on a periodic basis. Each nucleonic pair therefore has a gravitational field about itself that is somewhat like the electromagnetic field, only with several differences:

            1. It is far weaker than the electromagnetic field.

            2. It extends in a much broader radius than the electromagnetic field.

With the fusion of nucleonic pairs to form heavier elements, there occurs a unification of gravitational fields into a single complex field that probably resembles the electron shell formation about the nucleus, only extending to much greater distances.

Gravitational unification appears to extend across electro-static fields separating nuclei, creating a common or shared gravitational mass of the whole. Each mass object within this unified gravitational field takes on a relative portion of the mass of the whole, hence the relative mass of an object increases with increasing gravitation in an exponential manner.

Mass unified systems exhibit several shared characteristics:

            1. They tend to define a common virtual center of gravity which can be understood as the linear intersection of all points within the system to one another.

            2. As they increase in size, they tend to assume a spherical form in space.

            3. As they increase in size, they increase in internal pressures oriented toward the center of gravity which create high heat conditions.

            4. With increasing size, there is increasing concentration of gravitational pressure in the concentric core of the system.

If we take a mound of very fine and uniform sand, and add more and more sand to this mound, the mound would grow in size. If we could add an infinite amount of  sand to this mound, the mound would eventually become  a mountain within which internal  pressures would result in the formation of a solid and unified  core. At some stage, the mountain would turn into something the shape of an asteroid or large meteorite with a relative dense and solid core. If we continued  pouring sand upon this mound, it would become a small planetoid that is spherical in shape. If we continued pouring sand, we can start pouring from further and further away, the increasing gravitational potential of the object drawing the sand to its  surface. Eventually, the sand would accumulate to the point that in the interior, gravitational pressures increased so much that thermonuclear fusion reactions would occur at the core, and these would melt the core into an ionic mass. At some point, our system would resemble a Jovian type planet, with a super-solid core, a super-liquid outer core and a super-gas atmosphere. Eventually, our planet would become a sun, and if we continued to grow our planet, it would turn from a  sun into  a black hole.

Gravitational unification therefore involves a collective sharing of the mass of the whole system by the individual units of the system. This sharing may occur as a result of one or more kinds of possible relations:

            1. There is a basic exchange of gravitational energies between nuclei within a common gravitational field.

            2. There is a relative increase in space-time density of the gravitational field within which nuclei are unified.

            3. Both 1 and 2 occur at the same time.

It may be that in gravitationally unified systems that are multi-object, it is the cumulative increase of the electronic mass of the total system  that contributes to the distribution of mass within the whole system. This electronic mass is negligible in small systems, but increases in relative proportion with the increase in the total size of a system.

It appears that relative mass and gravitational unification are density dependent relations and are in a sense colligative properties of matter in space-time. Our normal measure of density of matter is mass over volume, but it must be understood that with differential gravitational fields, all mass is relative to the gravitational frame of reference it occurs within. With increasing density of nucleonic matter in space-time, there is an increase in gravitational field potential that is exponentially proportional to the size of the system. It would not matter what the relative distribution of nuclei or elements were in a system, the unified gravitational field of the whole system would be the same regardless of its relative composition, and this field  would be dependent upon the relative density of the system in space-time.

With the ideal gas law, we understand density measures to be a function of  volume, pressure, temperature and mass of the system:  

PV = nRT

GS = DnXE

G (gravitational potential of a system) S (atomic size of the system) =

Dn (relative density of the system) X E (total energy of the system)

The relationship of this law to the concept of gravitational unification of a matter-based system is that pressure is a function of gravitational attraction within the field. If we see that objects of matter larger than gas molecules may exhibit gravitationally density dependent relationships, then we can understand that the colligative properties of matter, as relative packing or density of nucleonic mass in a given area over a given time, increases both the pressure and temperature of the system.

Gas pressure is defined as the rate and frequency with with gas molecules strike the surface of the container of the system. Geological or gravitational pressure of matter can be defined as the concentrically  oriented pressure exerted upon a point or given area, as in the number foot-pounds per second or minute.

Objects are drawn into gravitational fields at equal rates because the objects are fundamentally composed of spime as well as the surrounding manifold. We can infer that these gravitational fields would exist even if no other matter were drawn into them. Therefore we can define gravitation as the interaction between matter and "empty" space. Gravitation is more the consequence or the effect of this interaction, one that results in the mutual attraction of objects of matter.

1. The larger the object of matter, the greater the unified gravitational field associated with that object.

2. Given any  two or more objects of matter in mutual relation, they will come to some kind of gravitational equilibrium with one another.

3. Of any two or more objects of matter in a unified system, the largest and densest object will be closest to the center of the gravitational field.

Gravitation as a Mass-Based System

Mass can only be understood in terms of gravitation. We  can have no absolute system for the measurement of mass, except that we can hypothesize a zero mass that is something equivalent to Absolute Zero. The only non-relative system of mass that we can devise, it seems, is one that represents dimensional proportions between different atomic nuclei. In whatever gravitational field we may find ourselves, it can be assumed that the atomic mass of a standard hydrogen nucleus will be exactly half that of a helium nuclei. Differences in isotopic abundances in the universe surely make this an imperfect system, though I would expect that in the large framework of the universe, average isotopic abundances would approach the  normal distribution we find on earth. If we could hypothesize a total gravitational vacuum, which I believe would be an impossibility, then we can speculate as to what would be the total intrinsic mass of the hydrogen nuclei, and all other nuclei by derivable proportion. 

The trouble appears  because we can never  completely separate the presence  of a hydrogen nuclei from its gravitational field in which that presence is expressed and embedded. It is clear that the weight of a hydrogen nuclei on earth is less than that on the sun, and the  weight of hydrogen on the moon would be less than that on the earth. These differences are a function of the relative distribution and proximity, or  rather relative densities, of all other  co-occurring nuclei of matter that are in gravitational unification with the hydrogen nuclei in question. In other words, when hydrogen nuclei occur in unity with other nuclei of  other atoms, then the mass of the hydrogen nuclei, which is an expression of its gravitational potential, increases in proportion to the size and density of the whole formation. It is as if a percentage of the weight of all the other nuclei is added to the weight of the hydrogen nuclei in question, and this can be understood as the measure of the gravitational attractive  forces between nuclei when in unification. It appears that different forms of matter does not have to be chemically bound together in order for these forces of nuclear attraction to occur. The basis of all gravity systems is a relatively simple rule:

Given any two or more uneven size objects of matter, the smaller and less dense object will be attracted to the larger and more dense object.

The forces of attraction between two unequal sized objects will always be mutual, and this is the basis for understanding the reciprocity of gravitational field-lines, but the object having the greater attractive force will overcome by net balance the forces of the lesser object.

If  we consider that absolute size is of no consequence, then we can speculate that the forces of attraction between hydrogen, and say, uranium nuclei, are equivalent to forces of gravitational attraction between the earth, and, say the moon.

This force of attraction appears to be a force of continuous acceleration of the lesser object toward the center of gravity of the greater object.

To understand gravitational unification, I believe it is necessary to understand the structure of space-time relations, and hence the gravitational fields, occurring between different mass objects. Gravitational unification occurs when there is achieved a relative gravitational equilibrium between components of a system, usually defined around one dominant center of gravity. Within such a system, complex stable motions may be maintained indefinitely and perpetually by different components of the system. There appears to be at least maximum gravitational integration of the system such that the mass relations between objects are at equilibrium. A gravitationally unified system defines a common frame of reference for the entire system and for all the components of the system, that is locally and relatively independent of any other system in a larger framework.

It appears that gravitational unification can occur over very vast distances and can involve very large numbers of mass objects, as for instance with large galactic systems that incorporate millions of individual star systems. Gravitational fields at the center of such systems must be exceptionally enormous and powerful, and the range of the gravitational field must be likewise amazing vast, on the order of millions of light years across. Within such a vast system, it can be estimated that there occurs a tremendous amount of exchange of energies between relatively remote sources, and this exchange is instantaneous and continuous in its occurrence.

Such systems must pull omni-directionally and especially along the main plane of its distribution at even greater distances or depths of space time than that encompassed within the system itself, encompassing very broad expanses of relatively "empty" space-time in all directions.

Gravitational attraction appears to be working at odds with the phenomenon of electro-static repulsion, if we assume that positively charged protons repulse one another.  Protons appear to cohere in tight rigid formations only with the intermediation of neutrons, and neutrons appear to be relatively unstable nucleonic pair structures. With increase in number of protons, the number of neutrons grows in a non-linear manner. In a sense, if we disregard for the moment the intermediary electron orbitals in large mass configurations, we can see the relative densities of protons-neutron structures as a larger configuration of patterns occurring within the nucleus itself. Electrons appear to try to get as far away from one another as possible, while protons and their associated neutrons appear to get as close  as possible to one another, though one would expect mutual nuclear electrostatic repulsion of similarly charged particles. The gravitational forces holding together different nuclei, appear to be equivalent to the strong forces holding together atomic nuclei themselves.

The only way to account for gravitational unification of nuclei, beyond electro-static forces of bonding, is in terms of the mutual exchange of mass-energy between nuclei that are gravitationally unified in space-time. This unification suggests a kind of equilibrium of exchange of mass between nuclei, and the consequence is a nonlinear cumulative increase in the relative mass of each nuclei, and of the total structure. This can be called the rise in gravitational potential associated with objects of matter that is greater than the cumulative values of their absolute atomic weights.

In consideration of the subatomic structure of mass relations, especially in protons and neutrons, we can distinguish between what can be called charge dissociated states from charge associated states. A proton that carries a positive charge can be referred to as existing in a charge dissociated  state, whereas a neutron that has neutral  charge can be referred to as existing in a charge associated state. In other words, in a charge associated  state, there is a bipolar structure that results in a non-polar distribution of charge. In a charge dissociated state, there is an inherent polar distribution of charge. It can be observed that at charge dissociated states appear to be much more electro-dynamic than charge associated states.

The concept of charge association dissociation leads naturally to speculation about the shape and distribution of protons and neutrons within a nucleus. For each proton in a non-hydrogen nucleus, there should be at least one neutron. These neutrons should serve the function of intermediating the relations between other protons. I speculate that neutrons take a form of a kind of "fuzzy ball" structure that is larger in size that the associated proton. This fuzzy ball structure has a slight negative charge dissociation between its surface and its center, and this creates the energies required  for the bonding of protons to it. It is essentially  a form of electro-static energy, only much more powerful than the energies associated with hydrogen, covalent and ionic bonding potentials.

Protons in this framework would be much smaller than neutrons and would exist within their own internal orbital or rotational trajectories as spinning objects. They would not be  solid so much as, like the electron orbitals surrounding them, they would be essentially as cloud distributions that were extremely dense. The shape of these  particles, as cloud structures occurring through time, would also be essentially spherical.

The internal nucleus of atoms are not static structures. They appear to be inherently dynamic and at least as complex as the electron orbital structures that surround them. The difference is that the electron orbital structures for the most part exist independently of mass relations, whereas nucleonic structures are entirely defined by these mass relations with the embedded gravitational field. A major part of the interactions of these nucleonic  structures therefore is the continuous spime replacement of the componential features of these structures. There occurs continuous energy  exchange relationships within the structures and between these nucleonic structures and their surroundings. Energy is released as a result in various  forms, one possibility being a form of gravitational radiation that is specific to the breakdown of spime. Energy is also released in various forms of nuclear radiation, kinetic, heat and other electro-magnetic radiation.

From this standpoint, a tiny atom is not so much a static structure with a permanently defined energy state, as much as it is a oscillatory generator that is continuously  absorbing latent attractive energy from its surroundings to give off a variety of positive forms of energy back to its surroundings. It accomplishes  this within the nucleus primarily, and much of the energy fields that drive the electron shells and their behavior is derivable from this basic energy conversion process. In this sense, we need to look  no further than the basic atom to find the source for the generation of new energy in the universe. The kind of energy and the kind of conversions that become possible then are primarily based upon the relative densities of structures that occur.

Synchronous/Asynchronous structures. I speculate that entities in gravitational unification can be referred to as synchronous  structures, in the sense that their relative  temporal periodicities are coordinate within the same gravitational frame of reference. All clocks would tick at the same rate, and if perfectly set as an atomic clock, they would all tick at the same instant of time. We would expect that structures that occur in gravitationally unified  forms are essentially asynchronous structures occurring at different levels of the system. Clocks in asynchronous structures do not tick at the same  rates.

Gravitationally unified systems are synchronous within the same gravitational frame of reference.

Systems in gravitational disequilibrium are asynchronous within different gravitational frames of reference.

If we draw any geometric shape with vertices, we can define the gravitational center as the point of intersection between all the different vertices. If we imagine an atomic nuclei at each vertex, then we can imagine that the central point between all vertices is the point of equilibrium of mutual attraction.  This suggests that in structures of large enough size and mass, the only possible shape that can be attained is one that is spherical, as in such a large shape gravitational forces are so great as to overcome in local or regional disporportion of shape and structure.

The nature of the mutual attraction of two or more nuclei, or unified objects of matter, can be defined as the degree of differential perturbation of space-time equilibrium about the objects.

 An spherical shaped object, of any size, in empty space, will be acted upon in all directions equally in the space-time manifold, such that the pressures of this manifold exerted from any one direction will be counterbalanced by equal pressures exerted from opposite directions. The focus of this equally distributed action will be upon the geometric center of the object, which can be defined as the point of intersection of all forces. This can be referred to as the gravitational center of balance. Unless perturbed by some outside  forces, this manifold about the object will remain unaltered and permanent.

The larger or more dense the object, the greater the concentrative forces of space-time impinging upon the object.

If such an object is accelerated in motion in a particular direction, then the space-time manifold serving to define the objects mass relationships will become distorted in that direction:

What is required for acceleration is the directional application of enough force to counter the mutual attractive forces of space-time on the opposite  side that serves to maintain the object within a steady-state manifold.

A similar kind of distortion occurs when two objects come into gravitational attraction to one another. The relative size and densities of the objects will determine the resulting pattern of relation between the objects, as will the relative motions of the objects in relation to one another. The space-time manifold between the objects becomes disturbed mutually in relation to the manifold surrounding each of the objects, creating a phenomenon of mutual attraction that is equivalent to acceleration.

In this case, there will always occur  mutual  attraction between two mass objects because the manifold between them will tend to be in disequilibrium compared to the manifold surrounding both objects. This intermediate differential may be slight, but it is enough to result in mutual unevenness and disequilibrium of the surrounding manifolds, resulting in some form of acceleration or mutual dynamic motion.

Two objects cannot exist in space in static, motionless relationship to one another. The equilibrium established by the gravitational field is always dynamic.

In other words, two large objects in spatial proximity such that they are within a shared gravitational system cannot be static in relation to one another. Only the dominant object of a gravitational center may obtain a relatively static state of maximum equilibrium at the center of the system. The only time that we can imagine a static entity would be if there was a single gravitationally unified object in the universe, that was alone in an other wise empty field. However large or infinite its surrounding field, this single object would become the gravitational center of the universe. Unless we can hypothesize spontaneous gravitational tidal waves occurring in the universe, then the entire  universe would come to pivot about this  single unified object.

External relations between objects in space are equivalent to internal relations of matter and nuclei in concentrated and condensed mass objects. The difference between the  two is that in internalized mass relations, the relative relations between objects is more or less static and fixed, there can be no internalized mechanical motions of such an object that are equivalent to the kinds of motions that occur between large mass objects, though it is apparent that intrinsic motions are continuous to such internalized distributions of matter. On the other hand, the direction of concentration remains the same, such that there are increasing pressures of gravitational force upon the center of balance of an object that increase with the net mass of the object.

Though the relative size of the object should not matter in this regard, there is much evidence to suggest that nature sets upper and lower size limits to this kind of phenomena--an object can only be so large and massive before it will experience a kind of gravitational implosion that results in a black hole formation. In such a case, the force of gravitational attraction impinging upon the focal center of the object is so great as to overcome all resistive forces, either electrostatic or nuclear, that would prevent the increase in pressure from occurring.  There appears also to be a lower size limit, such that a particle that is too small will essentially behave as if massless, or will no longer be subject to the same kinds of gravitational constraints. It is not known what such a lower size limit is, but the Planck length is a good bet. It is possible that a light photon does not behave in a normal manner in relation to its mass in space-time for two reasons--first, it is electrodynamically dissociated in its negative polarization. Secondly, for related reasons, the amount  of energy associated with such a entity is much greater than the mass of the entity, entailing that the entity will travel permanently at the speed of light. The permanent speed of the entity entails the maximum possible distortion of the space-time manifold associated with that entity, and this is intrinsic to its energy/mass ratio.

This entire model again suggests strongly that gravitational attraction is based upon an integrated gravitational field that defines all mass relations within it. These mass relations are relative and intrinsic to the definition of this field, and they are intrinsically dynamic. This field can be said to be composed of the substance of space-time, or  what I have called "spime" that is the constituent basis for all known energies and mass relations in the universe.

The gravitational vectors associated, for instance, with the condensation of a single large object, based upon the size and shape of the object. It is known that the gravitational fields surrounding large irregularly shaped asteriods and meteors are essentially also irregular and in inherent disequilibrium.

The  gravitational field manifold surrounding a proton is essentially the same, though far  smaller, than that surrounding the planet Mars. There occurs a continuous induction of spime into the proton for its own maintenance--this process of induction defines  for the object its intrinsic mass. The induction of spime into the proton occurs as a result of spime replacement of the mass of the object on a continuous basis, and I would expect, is tied to the periodicity of the object and is related to the intrinsic  motions of the object in its field. Spime replacement of the object results in spime displacement in its field manifold, which displacement results in the continuous concentrative induction of spime into the object. 

Exactly how this occurs is  a mystery, although for a given proton, there should be an average rate of replacement such that a certain minor percentage of its mass should be replaced at a given period of time. The entire object is not instantaneous replaced--only a proportion of the object is replaced at any given time. It is the rotational spin of the object which entails that the object will replace spime omni-directionally, on average, over a given period  of time. Energy must be carried off from such a system on a continuous basis. It is speculated that energy is carried off as latent heat energy, in terms of the intrinsic kinetic energy of the object, and in the form of dissociative electromagnetic energy of the object in relation to its electrostatic fields surrounding that object. This confers upon a proton a continuous field potential that allows electrons to be captured and interact within the field. It is speculated furthermore that for  a neutron, there is not electrodynamic or static dissociative energy associated with it, but rather its entire energy is dissipated as kinetic energy in its intrinsic motions, which motions may include a complex internal motion of distribution of energy relations.

An electron in orbit about  a nucleus will generate continuous latent energy in a kind of pumping action derived from the accumulation of gravitational forces within the nucleus. Thus the continuous emanation of light energy from a captured nucleus is derivative of the relationship of mass to its space-time manifold. An electron acts as a device, so to speak, or a gate-way, for the release of energy that accumulates within the atom as a result of its gravitational replacement and displacement.

We can expect that the distribution of matter in the universe approaches some kind of normal curve very quickly, though relative variations in isotopic abundances regionally and locally are expected to be substantial. We do not expect the structure of matter on the far ends of the universe to be essentially different from the structure that we encounter here on earth or in our solar system, though the relative  distributions of different elements may vary considerably from area to area.  We expect the same periodic table to occur  wherever we go in the universe, at least within this positive state universe. We expect therefore the same mass and energy relations to occur between objects within a common gravitational field.

The only way we can expect, for instance, an anti-universe where charges are reversed, is in the context of some essential transformation of the basic structure of the gravitational field. What we assign as positive or negative is relatively arbitrary--it follows that the consistency and coherence of the gravitational field and everything within it determines that there should be a given regularity to its structures at all levels.

Mass & Energy Relations

If the measure of mass is a function of gravitational potential, as the measure of heat is the measure of thermodynamic potential, then we must conclude that this measure of mass is entirely relative to the gravitational field that it occurs within. The trouble is that the gravitational field itself appears to be a function of the total mass of a gravitationally unified system, with the proviso that the greater the density of such a system, the greater the degree of gravitational potential exhibited by the system.

Mass defect is observed, such that the unit mass of a free particle is greater than the unit mass of the same particle when found within a nucleonic structure. The difference between free mass and bound mass is referred to as mass defect. We can stipulate two important qualifications about this basic observation.

First, the measure of mass, as stated above, is the function of the gravitational field within which the system is found to occur.  It appears that the free nucleonic particle is heavier than a bound one because it is within the gravitational field, but it is not a part of that field at its source by means of mass binding. On the other hand, a bound nucleonic particle that is bound within a unified gravitational field, exhibits  less net mass because its own intrinsic size is shared within the system. Part of its own structure is distributed  to the mass field.

The second observation is that all mass share in the same gravitational fields, but in differential amounts, largely depending on whether they are bound or found unbound within the system or its surroundings.

If mass defect is a function of gravitational displacement and the mass-sharing of a unified system, which is the result of the relative concentration of nucleonic mass within such a system, then it follows that the energy  realized  in nuclear fusion and fission processes is not derived from the nucleus of atoms, so much as it is derived in an immediate and local sense from the gravitational background structure within which such nuclei rest. Altering the mass structure of nuclei dramatically alters the mass energy  field surrounding the nuclei, creating a suddent mass differential. This differential is equivalent again to the inertia of energy required to accelerate a relatively stationary  object to some speed.

We can understand the nuclear stability of iron and closely related nuclei given the fact that these few nuclei require energy for either fusion or  fission to occur, rather than producing prodigious quantities of energy.  Iron nuclei represent therefore a gravitational mass-sink and we can speculate that the terminus of fusion production within solar furnaces is in the formation of large quantities of iron. Furthermore, if we find an iron core at the center of the earth, then we must  speculate as to its origins and its dynamics. It is a molten core that continually produces large quantities of heat, but no dramatic fusion or fission events. The heat that it produces appears to derive from the same source that thermonuclear energy is produced from--it is derived from the gravitational pressure  field that surrounds and contains the core. If the mass of the earth system were large enough, then it is likely that the core would achieve temperatures that would drive fusion and fission events simultaneously, and the earth would "melt" in energy to become essentially a small star system. It appears that star systems are not normally formed in this manner, but we must speculate that small planetoids might form the gravitational seed about which enough mass can be accreted from a surrounding field to produce sufficient mass to drive the system into a stellar pattern. We can expect as well that as stellar systems age, they will form stratified layers based upon lighter to heavier atomic nuclei, until at the core fission processes occur that reduce very heavy nuclei back into lighter and more stable forms.

Mass Fields and Charge Fields

Unbound energies and particles effectively have no mass, and may or may not have a  charge. Light and thermodynamic energy is essentially mass unbound, and may exhibit in the complex field only a property of charge modulation and propagation.

Properties in fields exhibit some interesting characteristics that are precisely the opposite of mass bound systems.  Mass bound systems for instance can only be in one place at one time, and have discrete motional properties. Field systems that are mass unbound appear to be able to occur at multiple places at the same time, and to have omnidirectional propagative properties. Two mass bound systems cannot occupy the same place at the same time except with extremely destructive consequences. On the other hand, within a field system different energy-entities may overlap  and interpenetrate one another in the same place and at the same time almost, it seems without limit.

Electromagnetic radiation is the function of charge binding in atomic systems. Light energy is produced from charge differentiated fields created within the atom, between the nucleus and the electron shells.

These differences lead us to describe the open structure of field systems, and the associated energy-entity properties associated with these systems, versus the closed structure of mass-bound systems, and the associated energy-entity properties associated with these other systems. The energy-entity properties of both systems are the same upon a fundamental level, except they appear to be organized in different but essentially equivalent ways.

The Gravitational Field and the Integration of Physical Reality

Before proceeding with a model of the gravitational field and its integration, it is important to emphasize that physical reality is cosmologically unified as a single temporal wave-front--like a three dimensional sheet that is continually unrolling or unfolding with time. The sheet is dynamic in that what its exact distribution at one point is will be different from its exact distribution at any other subsequent or antecedent point in time. It continually folds, bends, stretches and compresses. The sheet exists in time, and only in time. It can be thought  of as like the individual frame of a movie-film, that is projecting at a set rate of so many frames per second--we experience the films as a continuous motion of images projected onto the screen, and not as a continuous reiteration and replacement of frames from one moment to the next. This sheet may have virtually infinite spatial expanse, but no known temporal depth. 

To assign temporal depth to such a sheet would be to posit parallel realities unfolding simultaneously but in different time frames. The sheet that existed yesterday or last year is not the sheet existing now, nor will it be the one that occur tomorrow or next year. The temporal continuity that we can assign to the sheet from moment to moment is that it occupies the same sense of space at all times, and that a percentage of the sheet from the previous moment will continue to exist in the next moment. We can say that change occurs simultaneously throughout the entire sheet of physical reality, but it is rubbery and elastic--it occurs simultaneously everywhere, but not all at the same time or place.

This theory provides an alternative way  of seeing reality upon fundamental levels. Stable atomic structures may, at a lower level, just be a probabilistic phenomenon of dynamic forces that exist in long term equilibrium with one another. Within this framework, what we understand as "particles" are particulate types of phase structures that are, like water  vapor, in equilibrium with their surroundings.

If we are to seek to understand the gravitational integration of physical reality as a single unified and all encompassing field, then it is important to understand how motions can exist within the field in ways that are measurable and with predictable outcomes. The field is dynamic, and changes seem to be an inherent aspect of its dynamic nature. And yet all  possibilities for  change are defined within certain state parameters--changes cannot be discontinuous or temporally inconsistent with one another. There occurs a kind of universal  synchronization of all clocks, whatever the relativistic considerations, such that the temporal structure of the universe, its continuous emergence or unfolding, is always coordinate across  the entire field simultaneously, regardless of the relative velocities.

All motions and kinetic energies in the universe can be postulated to arise stochastically from the cumulative interactions of very miniscule and unobservable motions and energies upon fundamental, or infinitesimal levels. We see this when we understand the cumulative influence of gravitational fields in large dimensions, but we do not clearly understand how or why this occurs.

I postulate that there occur a set of intrinsic kinds of motions upon a fundamental level, to which all subatomic entities are subject or susceptible. Before proceeding with this, it is important to understand that at the smallest level that is scientifically calculable, physical distinctions of matter and energy, mass and motion, time and space, breakdown into a relatively homogeneous field that seems remarkably undifferentiated in any physical sense. The gravitational field at this level that subsumes the texture and fabric of all physical reality, is unlike anything we can imagine or that we have experienced.

Differences between empty space and dense matter may be more colligative properties of relative point densities than they are of an distinct or rigid boundaries of physical or qualitative properties. A level is reached where uncertainty of structure and pattern prevails and is sublime in a supreme sense.

There arise intrinsic and spontaneous motions that are random and that affect the smallest units of physical reality that we may specify. These motions are a function of the inherent looseness of the space-time structure at such fundamental levels. Such motion is continuous, completely non-isotrope,  and arises spontaneously in the gravitational field. In this regard, we may speculate on the following kinds of motions possible:

            1. Fundamental vibration: all constituent units of physical reality, vibrate upon a basic level. This vibration can be seen as a continuous oscillation in both time and space, such that at a discrete level, we cannot say that the an object exists at precisely at one moment or the next. This indicates a fundamental slippage of space-time in its basic motional mechanics.

            2. N-spin. All fundamental units have some kind of spin, or multiple-spins, and it is possible that these spin characteristics may fluctuate in both speed and in direction in time. The most fundamental spin feature of all would be a random spin in which the polarity  of the spin would drift in random directions and its speed would likewise fluctuate randomly.

            3. Jumping or Bumping. I speculate that fundamental units may exhibit some kind of quantum jumping or bumping behavior which would entail an intrinsic and discontinuous change of state from one time-place to another. This  jumping would occur on a very basic level of size.

            4. Directional motion. I speculate that fundamental units may exhibit some form of intrinsic directional motion that would be associated as an intrinsic property of such units. Like random n-spin, we can speculate that directional motion may be intrinsically linear or non-linear, and may be of constant velocity or fluctuating velocity. It is possible as well that upon a fundamental level, directional motions may  be both simultaneously reciprocal--going backward and forward at the same time, as well as simultaneously multidirectional or even omni-directional, or going in more than one direction at the same time.

            5. Blinking. A fifth type of motion that I would attribute to fundamental units would  that which is experienced, or rather occurs, temporally  but not necessarily in any spatial dimensions. This type of motion I would refer to as "blinking" and involves certain phase transitions in which a unit exists at one moment and then does not exist at another moment.

The question to be answered in regard to these basic kinds of motions of our hypothetical units of analysis is how do they relate to their surroundings, and how is integrity and coordination of activity achieved between units in a shared field, especially if many of these motions are in fact random. I would invoke a principle of universal simultaneity of the same unit--in other words, fundamental units may occur simultaneously in the different places at the same moment. This can be seen from the structure of the field as one of translational displacement and reiteration such that we cannot distinguish between one entity and another, even one sharing fundamentally different discrete properties or motions. For instance, if the same entity exists simultaneously at four different points at the same time, it is possible that 10% of the entity occurs at one point, 25% at another, 35% at the third and 30%  at the fourth.  A unit existing at four places at one moment may occur at five other places the next, and at one or two  following.

A second principle helping us to understand how integration may occur in such a framework is to see that while a single entity may be spread over several places at once, more than one entity may occupy the same place at the same  time. In this case, we can see entities A, B, C, and D at the same place if 10% of A occurs along with 25% of B, 35% of C and 30% of D.

In either case, we can speculate that a single unit entity always exists at 100%  of its own properties regardless of its distribution, and  any one designated unit-area, or what we can refer to as a space-time unit-frame, only 100% can exist at any one time.

In this model, the differentials occurring in the field, and the resulting fluid dynamics of the field in 4 dimensions, would be a function of the relative point densities of  space-time unit-frames occur over a given relative 4 dimensional frame of reference. High density areas would permit the coexistence and emergence of more unit-frames per unit space-time. Such densities would be expressed not only in terms of thickness of unit points per space, but also in terms of relative rates of occurrence of points in time. We would refer to the increase in densities, due for instance to the influence of gravitational fields or alternatively to the increase in velocities of objects affecting their space-time manifold, as gravitational compression of space-time. On the other hand, we can refer to the decrease in such densities as being one of gravitational expansion of space-time.

To push this statistical model of the integration of the gravitational field further, I would assert that when the same unit exists in multiple places, the properties between these places are unified as if they were of the same unit. Secondly, when multiple units occupy the same point in time, they share the unit-properties between them.

We may speculate that when units co-occur in the same places, and the same units co-occur in multiple places, then the different units may not occur with the same motions or periodicities as one another. Blinking may be a percentage of the total unit, as well as the other kinds of fundamental motions I have previously described. In the model above, unit A may blink, leaving temporarily the points where A occurs unfilled or less than 100%.

The question that arises with such a model is to explain out the different subunits of A would communicate or co-occur with similar properties in the different places at the same time. Changes affecting, for instance, Sub-A at point X will be different from units affecting sub-A at point Y, especially if we conjecture that all subunits simultaneously co-occurring at the same point and time will share the same properties. Thus sub-A at X will change with X in a way fundamentally different from how sub-A at Y changes. We can only understand this if we assume that the emergent properties per unit-frame are those that are associated with  the fundamental units occupying that place. If A disappears from that unit-frame and reappears in some other unit frame, the intrinsic properties of A would remain unaltered though the emergent properties associated with both unit frames would be changed. A knows itself wherever it occurs by the fact of sharing its own unique set of fundamental intrinsic properties.

Even this model is too particularistic, in the sense that A may occur at points W, X, Y, or Z in certain probabilities or percentages, but these express only likelihood of co-occurrence, and it is possible to assume that between these  points exists a complex of field-lines or probabilistic pathways in which A may co0occur with some degree of likelihood. Unit A itself can only be thought of as a quasi-distinct unit,  distinguishable from all alternative co-occurring units. In other words, Unit A never occurs alone or by itself as distinct from unit B, C,  D and so forth. A then does not and cannot exist as a discrete entity--it exists as something that is spread out in space-time over a range of possible points and pathways between points. It is this non-particularistic aspect of these fundamental units that serves to distinguish empty space-time from the space-time of matter.

There is no sense in speaking of individual units as coherent integral systems with their own unique or innate sense of properties. Units occurring at this level are found only collectively in certain densities and are fundamentally interchangeable in a partial manner.

From this standpoint, field lines are not really structural or static entities at all--they  represent potentialities and potential composite vectors at that are the result of differentials of the gravitational field. Composite vectors can be seen as non-symmetrical reciprocity of relation between any two unit-frames or points in space-time.

It appears that all points in a continuous space-time wave front need occur simultaneously. The number of points occurring at any given time within a section of such a wave-front is a determinant of the density of that wave-front. It is speculated that there will be, on average, even distribution of space-time between point or unit-frames depending upon the densities occurring.

In a Machian sense, if no matter or no electromagnetic energy existed in the universe, but only empty space-time, then we can say that the gravitational field would be fairly uniform and non-isotrope in all directions. A universe devoid of any energy or matter would still exist in its absolute dimensionalities. It may be dynamic in a fundamental sense of the kinds of motions described above.

It is clear that with the rise of matter and energy in the universe, which is alleged to have increased over time in ratios and densities, new motions and non-random forces playing upon the gravitational field were established. These differential or directional motions can be said to be non-random because they establish in a local sense an isotrope structure to the gravitational field that would not otherwise occur in a purely possible or random manner.

Matter itself must be construed in this sense as a nonrandom distribution or condensation of points and unit-frames in space-time. This non-random distribution can be said to be stable or relatively permanent as an emergent property assignable to the structure of space-time.

As matter is formed in the universe, we can expect an average distribution of such matter in space-time at whatever level of analysis or size-scale we are calculating upon. Thus, matter is more or less evenly distributed in a large cosmological scale as it is upon a molecular scale or atomic scale. Of course, this distribution varies significantly depending upon the scale we are referring to. We can speculate furthermore, that the larger the scale, the greater the average distances occurring between units of matter. Eventually, a scale is reached such that the distances between such units is so great that the intervening gravitational fields become essentially smooth and possibly so stretched out that forces that appear usually cohesive and attractive can become disintegrative and repulsive. In such circumstances, we can speculate that even space-time itself is spontaneously produced. Another way of looking at this is that at very great distances, the universe may appear to be continuously pulling itself apart at the seams, so to speak. In its expansion, the gravitational field may weaken to the point of allowing new points of the field to occur or be produced that wouldn't otherwise be possible. In essence, new space-time of the gravitational field would be filled in continuously in such regions.

The expected average spacing between units of matter at different size scale would have expectable effects on the distribution of the gravitational field.

Before proceeding, the basis of this model is that unlike a Machian universe, the gravitational field existed independently and before the rise or distribution of matter or energy within this field. In a Machian manner, once such matter came into being and became normally distributed, then the gravitational field became dynamically affected by the distribution of matter within itself. Matter arose out of the internal fluctuations of the gravitational field in an "empty universe" as a result of energy dynamics that led to the creation of positive energies from negative field sources. This can be attributed to local inhomogeneities within the gravitational field that led to convergences producing high energy.

We might state a general principle of the self-emergent universe:

What is componentially essential in the universe occurred before what is compositely emergent.

Therefore, in order to explain the origin of composite structures, we must explain the origin of the componential structures that underlie these compositions.

The smaller the componential structure, the larger the relative area assumed by the structure, and the lesser the absolute density of the structured space containing the structure. This is referred to as rarefaction/concentration of space-time.

Relative contiguity of structure in space-time is the basis of the integration of the physical field, at all levels. Space-time is "shared" between contiguous entities in a statistical sense. The contiguity of structure is the basis for the physical sharing of entities. Entities thus, at a very small scale, are distributed out in increasing space-time intervals.

Below is depicted a representation of the gravitational field as a kind of well-system of  increasing densities associated with increasing energies, the dilation of space and the slowing of periodic processes.

We can imagine a pyramid of increasing densities of space-time:

It is apparent from this abstract representation that the relative densities of the gravitational field are a function of the local distributions and concentrations of matter within a given amount of space and time. The densities at the apex of the pyramid are much greater  than the densities at the base, relative to one another, though they are equal to one another in an absolute sense. The slowing of periodic process in denser space-time fields can be accounted for by the number of periodic  intervals occurring in compressed fields, compared to more rarefied fields that are less dense. The time required  to travel from point A to B is equal to the time required to travel from point A' to point B' at the top of the pyramid, though A to B is traversed instantaneously, relative to A':B'; and it takes an infinite amount of time to travel from A' to B', relative to A:B. The two sets of vectorial dimensions merely exist upon different levels the gravitational well system.

In this scheme, the motional gradient from A to A' and B to B' is the equivalent of increasing densities--in other words, increasing acceleration produces the same effect as increasing gravitational density, though the former effect is instantaneously unidirectional while the latter effect is instantaneously omni-directional. The transition of increasing motional velocity from A to A' can only be  accomplished by increasing the density of energy, which is expressed as increased inertia of resistance to change in speed. The increasing density of gravitation can likewise only be accomplished by the increasing concentration of energy per unit of space-time, as occurs in solar systems or black holes, for instance.

Though the model is linear in form, by our own  observational and phenomenal standards, it is experienced in a curvilinear manner, such that at either the base or the apex, as we approach these points only by increasing increments, but never reach them completely.

By this model, a hypothetical empty universe would only exist at the base, in universal instantaneity--by our visual and vital standards of space-time, it would have appeared come into being instantaneously, as if in a big bang, though it in fact would have existed as long as an infinite universe. Only with the increasing differentiation of sub-components into denser and denser, and thus  larger and larger, composite structures, does the pyramid take on a hierarchical well-structure. As the levels emerge, the entire structure becomes increasing dynamic in an intrinsic sense.

In the previous diagram, a hypothetical feedback structure  is posited that links together the top and bottom of the pyramid in a kind of unity--in other words, matter becomes so condensed , that the basic gravitational forces are so powerful that  the space-time structure that creates this  matter is  literally disintegrated back into the fragmentary constituent entities that exist the base--under such conditions, space-time is liberated from gravitational concentration, and is instantaneously redistributed into the universe.

It is possible that nothing exists in a black hole, relative to normal  matter, and that the gravitational density and concentricity of its forces is maintained in perpetuity by the fact that no outside perturbing forces are great enough to alter the shape and structure of its gravitational manifold. Similarly, an object reaching or surpassing light-speed, would disappear in a similar manner as an object that would enter into a black hole. It would essentially become redistributed in space-time.

It is possible that at the points of articulation between the apex and base of the pyramid there occurs alternative dimensions or nth-dimensional universes, such that mass is leaving this universe into another universal dimension, while mass is reentering continuously at the base from some other dimensional  structure. We can only speculate on what these dimensional structures might be, but the most logical candidate is an anti- or reverse universe.

Such a structure would install an equilibrium to the universe, which the universe must have, but  this sense of equilibrium is dynamic, and not static. The universe is anything but steady-state. It is composite state and dynamic.

In this, I equate the density of space-time, the gravitational field, and mass as a relative phenomenon. This is an extension of the principle of equivalence. Creation of new gravitational structure in the universe is equivalent to the production of increased mass. Creation of new mass is in effect the creation of new energy in a negative sense, and the creation of new energy is the equivalent of the creation of new mass. Gravitation is essentially a form of potential mass-energy, a measure of the energy locked up in both the fabric of space-time and in matter. It can be defined as the cumulative energy contained in all the attractive forces that hold the fabric of physical reality together upon a very basic level. These attractive forces, unlike the electro-static forces prevalent in chemical bonding, are non-electro-magnetic.

It appears then that the possibility of the creation of new gravitational field lines in space-time results in the production of new mass-energy in the universe. We can speculate that new mass-energy is created continuously in the universe, and leads to the long-range appearance of the continuous expansion of the universe in all directions. The  effect of continuous expansion of the universe would suggest that the addition of new mass-energy in empty space occurs in dynamic equilibrium with the consumption of old mass-energy in various pathways. Energy produced at the bottom of the pyramid, will work its way up through the upper levels, eventually to be consumed at the apex of the pyramid. The actual pathways followed by such energy conversions, which appear to be entirely anti-entropic, are much more complicated than production at the base and consumption at the apex. Gravitational energy is continuously converted in gravity-based systems into  heat energy, and this conversion leads to the production of new  matter in solar furnaces. Much of this newly produced energy is released into the surrounding areas of space, and much new matter appears to enter into the universe as hydrogen nuclei, gama particles, and even as rogue or captured but isolated planetoid systems. At each level, there appears to be a vast energy sink or reservoir. I should say such sinks or reservoirs are infinite, and permit the infinite stockpiling of different forms of energy and mass at different levels.

Time as a Universal Property of Gravitational Unification

Time is considered a dimensional property. It appears to exhibit  close relationship with mass and energy systems. We conceive of time as an ongoing continuum of the present. It strikes me that the key facet of understanding the relevance of time is to understand that it is a manifestation of the integration of reality in a simultaneous sense, and it stands therefore  at fundamental odds with our relativistic conception of space-time as being fundamentally conditioned by the speed of light, which condition creates a kind of observational event horizon to our ability to see the universe, in a contemporaneous manner. The presupposition of universal simultaneity stems from:

            1. The basic observation of simultaneity within a local framework, and the consistency of pattern of distribution over time, including the ability to predict the synchronous motions and movements of distant bodies over  time.

            2. A basic assumption about the fundamental temporal continuity of structure of systems in the universe, derived from observations as in one above.

A way of understanding this presupposition of universal simultaneity is with the model of a rubber sheet. If we can imagine the entire universe placed upon a rubber sheet that is contiguous in all directions, then this sheet can be twisted and turned and stretched and folded in many different directions at once, and yet the basic distribution of objects along the sheet, according to its surface, would not change significantly. All things that occur simultaneously on the rubber sheet, will occur at the same instant. The entire sheet will experience time within the same continuum, regardless of its distorted shape  or its distribution.

Time has a continuous structure, but it appears as if natural phenomena on a basic level have a periodic structure that is a function of time.  The underlying structure of time affects the relative periodicity that is associated with this structure.

Relativistic dilation of time is the consequence of the changed energy that is expressed in the system, and this is possibly a function of the altered mass of the system within which the light is capture. We can consider this relationship in something like the following:

T_p(E) = M(G_x)

In this formula, T_p would be the time relative to the frame it occurs within a given system, as this would be determined by periodic structures

E is the total energy that is associated with such a system

M is the measure of total mass of the system

G is the gravitational potential of the system coupled with unknown variables.

It can be seen in this kind of formula, that as the total energy of the system would be in inverse relationship to the periodic increase of time, such that as the energy of a system increased, its periodicity would decrease, and vice versa, as the energy of a system decreased, its periodic structure might increase.

It is clear that these relationships are in equilibrium with the measure of mass, which is a function of the gravitational field in which such systems occur. The dimensional (or possibly, dimensionless) property of time appears to be embedded in the structure of gravitation as a universal phenomena, such that this gravitational phenomenon confers upon all structures a periodic phenomena.

Within this framework, all change events would be synchronously coordinated within the larger frame of reference that it occurs. It can be considered that even relatively stationary objects exhibit some form of intrinsic and intrinsic motion, and are involved in change events that are of a periodic structure. Gravitational displacement and replacement that are hypothesized to occur in all matter reflect the continuously changing structure of even objects of relatively dense and solid mass.

The implicit rule that is being followed, in a universal sense, is that all change events must be continuous and coordinate within a larger system of gravitational relations, such that they are rendered synchronically simultaneous in the "now" with all other change events occurring in our universe. The structure of the universe then is like a forever unfolding field of "now" that is spread forever in all directions. This "instantaneous field structure" unfolds continuously and confers a periodic pattern to all events. All historical structures and state-path trajectories and developmental sequences within this structure can be considered chaotic.

Within this framework of understanding, the function of mass relations in gravitational fields may boil down to the problem of synchronic coordination of structures that operate at different levels of energy or within different gravitational frameworks. The concept of gravitational unification may, likewise, involve the synchronization of all periodic clocks within the framework of the gravitational system. Synchronization of clocks would entail that they achieve an equilibrium of energy such that they function at the same relative periodicities of structure. An object falling from a height to earth is having its clock "reset" to be in synch with that of the earth. The basis of its communication is gravitation, and this is felt in terms of increased mass and directional motional displacement toward the earth. The object only achieves this temporal synchronization with the earth when it comes to a complete stop somewhere upon the earth's surface.

To understand how this temporal synchronization may work in terms of gravitational replacement and displacement, it is perhaps necessary to understand that "spin" of a certain kind or form of fundamental constituent particle/events may become harmoniously synchronized with other "event-entities." The fundamental spin may be akin to its periodic motion--the spinning of the wheels of time itself, so to speak.  This spin may relate to the relative mass of the object, a fundamental property of the object in terms of mass spin which may be the source, among other things, of gravitational radiation.

Understanding the temporal dimensionality of the universe is a critical point in the development of a theory of universal relativity. It predicts for instance that the gravitational field of the total universe may exist in a kind of timelessness. As a total energy system it may not have time associated with it, such that it lasts forever, in a sense, without fundamental change. Related to this would be the instantaneous and simultaneous structure of the gravitational field and of the gravitational clocks of all objects embedded in the field. If gravitational effects, possibly by a kind of universal quantum, can be found anywhere instantaneously in the universe, then dimensions of time and space become irrelevant to the system.

In this framework, occurrences such as the explosion of energy from fusion reactions or fission chain reactions, that involve mass defect of atomic systems, may be more accurately explained by the instantaneous realization of thermodynamic energy from the gravitational field by the sudden change in mass relations, and clocks, of the system. In such a case, energy realized in proportion to the mass defect would be drawn from anywhere and everywhere in the universe simultaneously, without affecting its realization or its field in any other way.

The changing inertia of an accelerating object may be a function of the drag of gravitational field lines that are the result of the shifting synchronization of the clocks associated with the object in its background field. This gravitational energy would be realized instantaneously, and may come from anywhere or everywhere in the universe simultaneously. What is changed, is the frequency or likelihood of occurrence of denser gravitational effects in a particular area or point or direction, than in the surrounding area.

*****

In spite of all this digression, we have still not answered clearly what exactly is the gravitational field or how exactly gravitational unification is achieved.

We conceptualize time as something that is deep and that goes on forever. We see it as a line of duration, always unfolding in the present, stretching out  into the past, and leading into the future. When we think of time, we think of the duration of the Great Pyramids and the transience of great civilizations. We think of the longevity of life and the temporariness of the Great Dinosaurs. We think of the age of the Sun and the Big Bang.

We associate with our conception of time things that remain unchanged and endure for eons, and things that are transient and ephemeral in a single day, like the rising and setting of the sun.

Time is a continuously emerging present. It has always been just this, and no more. It has no intrinsic sense of past and knows and tells us nothing about the future. It happens, happens, happens, and still happens each moment we think about it and draw another breath.

A paradigm of gravitational integration:

            a. All attractive forces have reciprocal transference of energy that exist in dynamic equilibrium. As gravitational points emerge, space-time is created, and this emergence is interconnected with surrounding points that are contemporaneous or of the same period structures.

            b. Gravitational integration is based upon a principle of universal simultaneity. Zeroth infinitesimal singularity describes the translational structure of the gravitational matrix.

            1. Though the cumulative effects of gravitation are felt mainly in the large, the immediate causes of gravitation occur on a very discrete level in a local sense. In other words, it is possible that gravitation only exists on a very local level, at some maximum dimensionally, before its effect breaks down or becomes disrupted or rather "interrupted".

            2. Gravitational patterning can be described as the continous emergence and articulation of successive "points" in space-time that can be said to blink in and out of existence continously.

            3. Gravitational patterning on an infinitesimal level may possibly contain regions of "nothingness" within its reticulational structure in which time nor sense of space  occur as properties.

            c. Gravitation appears to be continuously emergent in a chaotic manner in multiple points, that can be well described by chaos theory and Mandelbrot sets.

            d. Time is a sense of the continuous recreation of integration and pattern of gravitation on a momentary and instantaneous basis. Sense of time (definable physically as periodic process) is an emergent property of gravitational integration.

            e. Differential probabilistic densities of gravitational points in space-time describe patterns of dynamic flux of the gravitational field that is in dynamic equilibrium and the leads to gravitational effects that are observable. We can refer to these densities in a kind of statistics of probabilistic realities, involving an inherent or exact uncertainty. We see isotrophic directions in this field as composite vectorial forces, or tensors, continously emergent at various points and defining in a hybrid sense gravitational field lines and structures that can be described in gross terms.

            f. All physical structures are gravitationally dynamic and exist in some form of gravitational equilibrium with its surroundings. Empty physical space itself, what can be thought of as a perfect thermodynamic vacuum, can be said to yet remain gravitationally dynamic with its surroundings.

            g. Physical mass objects, particles, chemicals, compounds and their mixtures, that appear to be stable, on a gravitational level are continuously interacting with their gravitational surroundings in such a way as that there is a sense of continuous gravitational replacement and displacement occuring within the material structure. The consequence of this is that objects become gravitationally unified within a shared space-time context as a single gravitational system. This entails that periodic process of the object are influenced critically by this unification.

            h. Gravitational dynamics underlies thermodynamics and is the basis for all change and periodic process in the universe.

Physical Systems

by Hugh M. Lewis