Chapter Six

Universal Energy Fields

All energy exists within a quantized field within which its particulate entities are distributed in a complex statistical manner. The size and shape of these fields is determined by the type and source of the energy unit that is involved. The  kind of energy fields accompanying, for instance, sunlight that is radiating from the corona of the sun is far different than the kind of energy field associated with the light of a laser beam scanner that reads item numbers in a modern supermarket. The gravitational fields associated  with black holes in the center of galaxies is probably far different from the kind of gravitational field that may surround the  nucleus of a hydrogen atom or that may exist in the deepest depths of intergalactic space. The fields associated with weak forces associated with neutrinos  are probably far different than the intra-nuclear fields associated with strong forces. Regardless of the kind of energy we are considering, we must assume and take into account the associated field pattern that such energy produces. Different kinds of fields appear to occur in an overlapping and to some unknown extent a mutually non-interfering manner.

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In the consideration of time and mass and energy relations, there is a sense that time is critically related to gravitational fields and hence also to mass and energy relations. The understanding of time is central to a theory of the integration of the universal gravitational field, as well as to all the dynamic change processes that occur in the physical universe. The challenge of understanding time is that it is relative, and from a relativistic standpoint, our clocks that are used to measure time are part of the relativistic frame of reference of which time is intrinsic. Clocks are influenced by the properties they purport to measure, and we are in a similar kind of dilemma that exists in the consideration of any non-relative frame of reference for mass. We cannot have a measurement of mass that exists outside of a gravitational system of  which the scale is a part.

It is possible that the full structure of time may only be understood if it is construed as a dimensional continuum within which all change events are ordered in the universe in a consistent and coordinate manner. This continuum may have some degree of variability, as is evident for instance in the dilation of time as a function of velocity. I would be inclined  to relate time on a fundamental level to the basic periodicities that occur in nature, and, in this regard, especially to the property and function of "spin" as an intrinsic motion of elemental constituent entities.

Time implies a kind of duration in the universe. It moves in one direction and one direction only. The tricky and interesting part about time is that all things and events in the universe appear to happen at the same time in an instantaneous sense of "now." We assume this to be the case though we may never be able to know this for certain based upon our observations that always bring the past into view but always hides the present from us.

The continuity of the structure of time assures us that the same event cannot happen more than once and that two things cannot occur in the same place at the same time, unless perhaps they are possible fundamental entities or energies. The same thing cannot  be in more than one place at one time.

We will find that we cannot fully separate sense of time from sense of space as we develop our understanding of time. Einstein pointed this out in powerfully eloquent ways. Time and space appear to be a part of the same basic phenomena, and this appears to be universally consistent whichever direction we turn in. Sense of time and space unites everything in the physical universe togethe

First, we must speculate about the nature of energy to gravitational relations that involve a degree of complementarity and possible  reciprocal equivalence in their expression. If we divide energy generally into positive and negative forms (positive being electromagnetic energy and negative being gravitational energy) then we can see that as potential positive energy increases in a system, so also does its negative gravitational energy increase. On the other hand, as positive energy is expressed and decreases within a system, the negative gravitational energy to which this is related also decreases in some proportionate manner.

- E(x) = -G(n)

  + E(p) = +G(n)

We must also consider the consequences of the rates of expression in such situations, especially when it comes to an understanding of gravitational energy. We can see that the equivalence of matter to energy expressed as the product of the speed of light resembles what can be referred to as a second order rate equation. The concern I have in this affair is attaching the concept of time as an instantaneous variable to the measurement of rates--rates of things change when things change energy systems. It is possible that gravitational displacement and replacement within systems occurs at certain specific and possibly discrete rates that are tied to the relative mass of such systems in a gravitational fields. These rates appear to be effected furthermore by the relative gravitational-mass density of systems.

Motion relates to mass and  to energy in the form of pressure as a matter of rate in time interval. We cannot in a sense have an absolutely instantaneous measure of mass--mass may in fact occur as a relative measure at a certain constant rate. This rate would change with acceleration of the motion, altering fundamentally the mass-differential of the system. Instantaneous energy may also be an expression of a rate--this would be different from the total energy in a system, which would never be instantaneously realizable.

All positive energy systems naturally seek a distributed, low energy state.

All negative energy systems (concentrative) naturally seek a concentrated, high energy state.

A high energy negative system is equivalent to a low energy positive system.

The measure of gravitational inertia of a system to change is a measure of the realizable entropy of the system.

Spime is not gravitation, but its relationship to matter gives rise to gravitational energies. Spime is the substance of space-time, it is a continuous energy-event that has no particularistic structure except when realized within the structure of the nucleon. Spime has negative mass and negative energy that is inversely equivalent to positive energy and mass.

We can only account for gravitation in the universe in terms of a complementary positive/negative structure in basic energy and mass relations between empty space-time and the energies and forms of matter that it contains.

Space as a variable may also be related, if we realize that all mass must be expressed and experienced in spatial terms, and that if this rate is truly simultaneous or instantaneous, then spatial terms are the only form of expression for these properties. These relate to the notion of the relative density of spaces, either within a nucleus, or within the solid/liquid mass of gravitationally unified objects, or in empty space. Space may have both negative and positive densities--positive density is equivalent to a tangible or sensible material form, and negative densities would be equivalent to an intangible and invisible,  insensible form that would nevertheless express differentials of gravitational fields.

It is possible that time is purely a function of volume, or of space, or size that is comprehended in an instantaneous sense. Time upon a very microscopic size constitutes a kind of vector that traverses space at an average density. There is less space to traverse at an atomic scale, hence time speeds by much, much more quickly than on a very large scale, for instance, if we traverse the galaxy and consider the relationship of time to such a vast space--the galaxy as a gravitationally unified system may be experiencing the passage of time at much much slower rate than at the rate of the molecules that compose the galaxy.  Periodic processes would occur at much faster frequencies on an atomic scale than they would upon a galactic or intergalactic scale. Perhaps the red shift may be seen as the function of temporal expansion due to the vast space that light traverses. Light itself speeds so quickly because its fundamental photonic structure is so tiny. Space in this sense, upon a subatomic level, may essentially "fall apart" or dissolve in terms of its temporal and spatial integrity.

Similarly, the effect of locational uncertainty for small particles may essentially be evidence for the loss of spatial structure at such a small scale. Space on a very large, expansive scale must exhibit a different kind of structure that may be nonlinear in its magnitude and effects. We might expect either a stretching or a ripple or folding effect upon spatial structure on very large scales, especially when we traverse between distant gravitational sources between galactic systems. A stretching effect may be similar to a ripple or folding effect in results, or it may in fact be similar to a kind of squashing effect--how stretching might be equivalent to squashing is dependent upon the point of view of the observer. Things traveling at light speed would seem to be traveling at a snails pace, and indeed, from the standpoint of  the very large, it might as well be slow.

At the subatomic scale at which spatial coordinates become uncertain, temporal effects become asynchronous, or rather simultaneously alternate--in  other words we may employ a Bose-Einstein statistics to the description of temporal states, or the event structure of temporal states at this level.  

Electrons exhibit complementary quantized states because they normally exist as non-discrete entities within energy fields. The relative mass of electrons is so negligible, and their proportional energy so great, that  they behave more like a quanta of light in a field than they do like a ball in a solar system model.

The instantaneous event structure on a large scale would simultaneously comprehend many many times more instantaneous event structures in a unified sense than upon an atomic scale--in such a case, the overall periodic event structure, the integrated temporal structure, must be concomitantly slower.

This relative scale relates directly to the size of the gravitational frame of reference that serves to define unified processes on a certain level or scale. Larger scales imply increasingly larger and stronger gravitational fields, implying as well a increase in the concentrative or  density  effects of fundamental space. This would imply a squashing or stretching of space, and slowing of periodic processes. The same space upon a very small small scale, may have gravitational fields that are locally more powerful, but which are only local in effect--at this scale, even within the same system, clocks tick faster.

In this kind of model, it can be seen that the same time period would occur at different periodicities in terms of its effects upon spatial structure, or rather, the effects of spatial structure upon the time period. I have defined time period as a natural cyclic or periodic unit, though the value of this unit I have not yet determined. If we can imagine that the same unit were to exist on a galactic scale, then its structure would comprehend a density of an almost infinite number of atomic points simultaneously.

We can see that time would be the same, or all things occur simultaneously, along the instantaneous wave front. This wave front would actually be a curve that is infinitely open on both ends, rather than a line. In relation to the subatomic size, the galactic scale would seem infinitely long, while vice versa, the subatomic scale would seem infinitely brief upon a galactic scale, though in essence both were occurring at the same time.

We can see that this is how the universe maintains its spatial-temporal integrity of structure at all scales in an instantaneous and simultaneous sense.  Furthermore, we can relate this integrity of structure directly to the gravitational structure and unification of the universal field of reality. Gravitation from this standpoint is nothing more than the dynamic effects of the structure of space-time upon the objects contained within its field.

We can understand gravitational concentration as a function of a kind of equilibrium that is established in forward-backward transitions in time upon a subatomic scale. It entails an increased density of units (gravitoids or spime) within a given space and time. The pressure effects that are a consequence of this increased density is equivalent directly to the pressure effects of a perfect gas, except that the structure and mechanical causes of these effects are fundamentally different. The relationship is more of an analogy than a homology, as in essence there cannot be said to be discrete mass-entities, so much as mass-moment events occurring upon a given rate. 

These mass-entities would exhibit  what can be thought of as momentary mass moments, at which point they would be as if little lead balls flying about, but they would be of a size that they would have a quantum structure and uncertainty attached to their occurrence. These mass-entities would have a composite structure, and they would exist within a background field that was constituted by  its component substrate--in essence they would be instantaneously, momentously  formed from the background itself, like little blinking points of invisible mass.

The isomorphic direction of such entities in space-time structure is a function of the energy dynamics and the fields that are expressed within it. Normally it may be omnidirectional simultaneously. Furthermore, as far as we know, there is no "edge" upon which its effects are felt, only limited internalized boundaries around mass objects, spherical in large proportions, in which its relativistic effects are felt towards a common origin or source. We only experience its effects under conditions of creating such a boundary event or layer, through solid matter and its motion.

The spiral effect of light in space-time may be a consequence of a twisting of light in its traverse due to the differential influence of gravitational fields--this twisting would yield a spiral or helical state path trajectory if the source were continued through time over very long distances.

Forms of Energy and the Constituent Structure of Spime

There occur four different forms of physical energy. Of these forms, electromagnetic radiation is by far the most available and best understood. It is my claim that these forms of energy form a complementary system, that attractive energies like gravitation and the strong force are forms of negative or "potential energy" that has effects opposite than the thermodynamic consequences of positive or "realized energy." 

There may occur other discrete forms of energy, for instance gravitational radiation, that we have not yet accounted for or understand very well.  It is also my claim that these various forms of energy reveal the understanding of the underlying structure of the space-time manifold in which they occur and through which they propagate--it suggests that this space-time is of a unique constituent structure, such that larger event-entities are composed of smaller and smaller event-entities, and these entity events exhibit classical quantum effects, uncertainty, Einsteinian probabilities, and form what can be considered discrete classes of phenomena at several different levels of analysis. It is difficult to apply a "size" to such energy-events, as the ability to localize them as discrete points requires an enormous amount of energy. 

It is my argument that these entities are used in the composition of all forms of matter and energy, that differences in these forms can be accounted for only in terms of a constituent structure model, and that complementarity of structure suggests that we cannot clearly distinguish at this level between what is constituent and what self-consistent and spontaneously organized.

I see energy that is formed and released, in the core of the earth, or by an atom, or in processes of radioactive decay, to be essentially the build up of local concentrations of these composite energy-entities in differential fields, and the propagation of energy in some direction is not so much a release of these concentrations, so  much as it is a pattern of informational disturbance to the spime field itself that becomes transmitted across the field in highly specific and informationally loaded ways. Space-time is like a huge continuous signaling system that branches out in all directions at the same time. Photons of light are essentially ripple signals of a certain kind propagated across the background field. They result in instantaneous and continuous realization of energy events across the entire length of its trajectory, and when it achieves some target, it becomes realized, much as kinetic energy is realized from the momentum of a ball or a rock, upon the object that it intercepts.

Nuclear Equilibrium

If the structure of nucleons consists of bound electrons and positrons, then differential rates of radioactive decay that appears to follow no normal obvious correlation with molecular weight, may be explained in terms of an internal stability or exchange equilibrium achieved by different isotopes, possibly due to the conformational structure of their nuclei. Rates of radioactive decay, as measured by the half-lives of radioactive nuclei, may be related to the overall amount of radioactive matter released from the nuclei. The total amount of radioactive energy released would be a function of the total number of nucleons, or rather, the fraction of the number of neutrons to the total number of nucleons, of a given species of nuclei. The variability of the rate of this release may refer to the stability of these neutrons within the nuclear structure, and possibly to the capacity of nucleons to exchange or hybridize their restrictive energy fields with one another. The rate of loss would be considered therefore to be the inverse of the achieved equilibrium of any particular conformational structure of an atomic nucleus. Because rates of decay of atomic nuclei are specific, it is possible that they represent rather discrete sets of variables relating to this conformational structure.

The rate of radioactive decay would be considered to be a function of the rate of loss of nucleons within a given sample of an element, with an average of one decay event occurring per atomic nucleon within the sample. If we have for instance, one mole of uranium-238, we can expect its half-life to be a function of the average rate of decay per nucleon of U-238 in the sample. This in turn would be a function of the average conformational stability the nucleonic structure of U-238 had in the sample. If the half-live of U-238 were 4.5 million years, and by Alvogardo's number we know that a mole of U-238 atoms consisted of 16 e^-23 atoms, and we know the number of nucleons in U-238 nucleus was 238, then we can estimate the average rate of decay as the following:

((6.34 e²³ atoms per mole)1/2)/(4.5e^{+6 years}) ((365 x 24 x 60 x60) seconds/year) (238 nucleons/atoms U-238)

 = 9.386 e⁷ unitary decay events per second per mole

This is a high rate of radioactive decay, and it must be construed logarithmically as  a function of the half-life of U-238 and the relative changing equilibrium of the nuclear structure over time as it tends towards greater entropic stability as an energy system.

The actual  number of decay events per second predicted by this model would be modified possibly by the ratio of unstable to stable isotopic configuration of a Uranium nucleus, which may be a function of atomic mass to atomic number of the system, or

Atomic mass/(2(atomic) number

If the actual radioactivity of a sample of U-238 were less than this number, then we might invoke a model of nuclear equilibrium to explain this discrepancy, as a relatively high level of equilibrium stability would entail that the actual rate of decay would be less than this rate. The variability of half-lives of different isotopes cannot be explained as function of the size of the system itself, and I believe some kind of equilibrium model must be defined to account for these differences.

Nuclear equilibrium can be defined as the degree to which a given nucleonic configuration is stable, given that there is continuous exchange or sharing of structural elements of subcomponents in such a system, and that there is therefore operative a kind of Heisenbergian uncertainty as to the nodal points of such a structure. The following kind of rule paradigm may apply to such systems:

1. In general, larger nuclear structures are more unstable (more entropic) than smaller ones.

2. In general, nuclear structures with a higher ratio of neutrons to protons are more unstable (entropic) than structures that are more balanced.

3. There may be operating some kind of consistent conformational or geometrical model governing the nuclear configuration for any given atomic weight/number that may be more or less stable.

4. Relative stability/instability may be also related to the relative gravitational mass of the system, if we understand this mass to be a function of the degree to which electronic-positronic energy is somehow concentrated and probabilistically focused in a given area, and if we understand this relationship by means of the principle of equivalence, or:

e = mc²

If our model holds, we can calculate the energy associated with a given radioactive decay event if we define such an event as the loss of one nucleon in atomic number and a reconfiguration of the nuclear structure of the atom. It is understood that many radioactive decay events do not alter the atomic weight associated with an sample of element, but only the atomic number--a new isotope is created with a new configuration of radioactivity. The atomic nucleus becomes reorganized or reconfigured without substantial loss of weight.

The complex pattern of nuclear equilibrium must therefore be related to the types of decay events which  may occur, with the only kind of event capable of inducing a change in mass being the loss of an alpha particle, and the emission of a beta particle representing the nucleonic transformation of a neutron into a proton-electron pair and a capture of a positron representing the transformation of a proton into a neutron.

From this model, a neutron must be a captured electron-positronic pair, and a proton must represent a captured or bound positron. Gravitational energy is in a sense therefore positronic energy, or the field associated with positronic localization or concentration in space. In this model, neutrons cannot therefore exist in a non-nuclear or free state, and only arise within a nuclear lattice structure. It follows that in a nucleus, the nuclear structure becomes something of an orbital or cloud structure similar to that of the external structure of electron orbitals. In a probabilistic sense, nucleons become vertices of some lattice configuration as estimates of the likelihood of occurrence at some particular point within the structure. The layering of the nucleonic lattice structure of a nucleus must be related to orbital layering of the electronic structure about the nucleus, suggesting that the nuclear lattice structure occurs somewhat as layers  of an onion, and that positrons tend to orbit in pairs. Larger structures would have weaker positronic forces with greater numbers of positrons embedded in the interior of the structure.

We might imagine two alternative possibilities for such a model, but based upon the following pattern replicating orbital structure:

(-5(-7(6(5d(4(3p + 1s)-(1s=0=1s)-(1s + 3p)4)5d)6)-7)-5)

Is it possible that as nucleons become attached to the nucleus, the configuration results in a concentration of energy towards the center of the configuration, with a gradient of discrete energy levels occurring such that the strongest forces are in the center but have the shortest range, and the weakest forces are at the periphery but have the greatest electromagnetic range. This tremendous concentration of energy towards the center of the configurational structure would result in a gravitational effect that would confer to the nucleonic structure the property of mass.

Such a configuration may be arrived at by a simple "string of pearls" coiling of an alternate proton-neutron-proton-neutron structure, with additional neutrons being added especially at higher levels. What would result is a sphere of orbiting protons and neutrons, with each proton shell being intermediated by a neutron shell surrounding it. The result would be an atomic nucleus very much layered like an onion.

The concentration of protons and the gravitational forces associated with this can only be accomplished by means of mediation of neutrons that would permit the indirect binding of protonic spheres within a closing packing configuration

Mass defect would be related to the degree of sharing of energy that occurs by nucleons in the structure of the nucleus. We might also guess something of the structure of a nucleon by means of its relationship to the electron/positron pair and the relative ratio of mass between an average nucleon and an electron/positron, which would be 2/(1800 x the mass of an electron). The dissolution of a nucleon therefore would require a specific number of events of gamma and electron-capture/positron-emission before would totally disappear. 

The degree to which conformational structure would promote the sharing and exchange of energy between nucleons, the slower the rate of release of such particles. It follows that nucleons that are not as tightly bound to the nucleus, or that exist in a conformationally unstable state within the nucleus, will be more likely to release radioactive decay products than otherwise. It follows as well that atomic nuclei have some rest mass structure, some conformation at which there is near-zero radioactive decay. This would be seen as the most stable structure an element can achieve, and would probably be at a point where the number of neutrons is approximately equal to the number of protons within a nucleus. It follows as well that any conformational structure that approaches this optimal nuclear arrangement, should have a longer half-life than some other alternative conformational structure in which the overall difference between neutrons and protons is greater.

This suggests as well that protons and neutrons must also be interacting in more complex ways within the structure of the nucleus than we understand, and that they tend to seek to arrange themselves in time in the most stable mutual configurations that can be achieved. Radioactive decay  therefore must be seen as a naturally entropic process of a structure or arrangement of nucleons (and their electron-positronic subcomponents) into some most stable or least entropic conformation.

Alternative conformational patterns or dynamic structures of the same species  of element may be relative to the same mass size of the system, and hence the gravitational framework of the system would be the determinant of the degree of excess nuclear energy contained within the system that could be released by radioactive decay.

Half-life can be seen therefore as a function of the difference between the nuclear size and shape of a system and some hypothetical standard size for that system, times the total amount of "free radioactive energy" within the system above its most stable level,

The effects of gravity may be related to this process, if we understand that gravitational unification somehow entails the mass binding of atomic structures as a function of the relative density of these mass structures.

Observing the isotope pattern of the periodic table of the elements reveals that for every two proton-neutron pairs added  to the configuration, there will be an extra neutron added as well. This suggests that this third neutron is the least stable component and provides a means of appending alpha-particle configurations into a larger structural configuration. The neutrons most likely to decay would be from this set of third neutrons. This makes sense if we understand the nucleonic structure to be paired in successive and alternate orbitals, suggesting that the intermediate neutronic orbitals may be capable of accommodating one or more extra neutrons per level.

This model suggests that the most likely candidates for radioactive decay are the neutron-proton configurations in the penultimate shells of the structure, especially for higher order structures, and that this decay will mostly come from the intermediate neutronic levels that contain extra neutrons. It suggests that the overall structure tends to reduce itself consistently to fewer and fewer orbitals at a lower and more stable level.

It is evident that it is not the great stability or permanency of nuclear structures that require explanation, so much as the relative instability and impermanence over the longer frame of time that is the function of radioactive decay processes. The relationship of mass defect in the atomic nucleus in relation to the total nucleonic energy and its relative entropy as a system is entirely analogous to the relationship of Gibb's free energy in a chemical system. I would predict that in such a comparison that gravitational energy that occurs in association to a larger system has a comparable function as the relative temperature term in the Gibb's-Helmholtz equation:

DG = DH - T(K) DS

Thus we can state:

DNm_{(Nuclear Mass)} = DE_{(total nucleonic energy)} - B_{(Mass Defect)}

where

B_{(Mass Defect)} = G_{T(relative gravitational energy)} DR_{(radioactive entropy)}

Furthermore, in this equation, it is apparent that the gravitational energy that is associated with the total system is a function of the total atomic size of the gravitationally unified system. This relationship also resembles a regression equation for a line with a slope defined by the gravitational energy of the total system. In this model, the total nuclear mass of a system will be a function of the total gravitational potential of the system.

Several predictions are forthcoming from this model regarding the patterning and formation of nuclear structures.

1. Two protons cannot be joined but by the intermediate conjunction of a neutron pair 

2. An additional odd proton cannot be added to a nucleonic structure but by the addition of a virtual neutron pair, making possible the addition of a fourth even proton to the configuration.

3. Neutrons form spontaneously in the fusion of atomic nuclei and exist independently only within an atomic nuclei.

            a. A neutron is a captured hydrogen atom that contains an electron within the orbital sphere of the nucleus--it is an "imploded" hydrogen atom that has captured its own electron.

4. An independent neutron perforce becomes a hydrogen atom.

5. A proton is nothing more than a stable-state or captured positron.

6. The most simplest and straight-forward model of nuclear fusion is the sequential addition of hydrogen atoms to a nuclear structure, which, depending upon their sequence order, will be integrated either as a proton or a neutron to the nuclear structure.

7. Whereas only two protons may occupy any nuclear orbital structure at any one time, more than two neutrons may occupy the intermediate nuclear orbital structures.

8. Excess neutrons in such systems render such systems more highly radioactive.

9. A neutron that spontaneously decays into a proton from an intermediate orbital will allow an adjacent proton to decay into a neutron, resulting in electron capture.

10. An intermediate orbital that contains only one neutron will be highly unstable, either decaying into a proton, forcing the shedding of an alpha particle from the level above, or the capture of a proton.

11. Electrostatically, the proton orbitals will exist at distinct, discrete energy levels.

12. Neutron and Proton orbitals will hybridize into "alpha spheres".

13. Alpha spheres will hybridize into "super-orbitals" that reflect the structure of the periodic table of the elements.

14. Isotopic variation of elements is a function of the nuclear entropy associated with such systems.

15. Nuclear decays is based primarily upon the nucleonic instability of neutrons and their tendency towards charge dissociation in the formation of hydrogen, and their role therefore in the packing and possible layering structure of the nucleus.

A complex equilibrium exists in the spheres between neutrons and protons, such that decay from a proton to a neutron will be balanced by decay from a neutron to a proton.

Trends of radioactive decay of elements suggest that there is more likely to occur a loss of neutrons than a loss of protons. All other things being equal, two isotopes of equal atomic weight but of different atomic number, the isotope with the lower atomic number will be considered to be the least entropic system.

Principle of universal balance or symmetry

For every electron in the universe, there is a corresponding positron.

An electron may be distinguished from a positron as the right hand is distinguishable from the left hand. Both are mirror isomers of one another. In relation to one another they create an electrostatic field that is dipolar. The simplest configuration of this electron-positronic system is a hydrogen atom:

The localization space of the positron appears to be much smaller than for the electron. This is associated with the greater mass of the positron, and these qualities have to be accounted for systematically compared to the opposite qualities of the electron. We might say that a positron is more evenly spread out, in terms of its Einsteinian probabilities of occurrence, but over a much shorter radius. The radius of the electron-sphere is defined by its relationship to the radius of the positron sphere. A way of understanding this is to see the positronic sphere, or proton, as being a more condensed and more evenly but narrowly focused distribution of potential positive energies.

The focus of a positronic particle in a protonic sphere produces the qualities we associate with protons, which are a distinct mass that relates it gravitationally to the space-time manifold in which it occurs in an instantaneous sense.

From this model, we may deduce the following hypothesis:

The tighter the positronic orbital, the denser the mass and the stronger the electro-static charge associated with the field it produces.

A total of two positrons of opposite secondary spin can occupy any single orbital at any given point in time.

The packing of positronic orbitals within a nucleus creates an uneven distribution of charge potential associated with that packing structure.

The strong forces that bind together nucleons within a nucleus represent a form of very powerful but very local form of gravitational energy. These strong forces are a consequence of the fusion of mass that results in the associated nucleonic particles occupying a cumulative space less than the total space of all nuclei if added individually. Mass defect is the measure of "shared" energy within the nucleus due to the overlapping and sharing of orbital structures of the different nucleonic particles.

A. Strong forces occur at short range, weak forces have an accumulative effect at long range.     

B. Positrons can only exist in a stable protonic form.

C. Electrons may only exist in orbit around protonic structures.

D. Though there is universal symmetry, protons and electrons may exist in a range of instantaneously variable energy states, and this system is in overall equilibrium but local imbalance.

E. An electron (or a positron) is a quantum of light that is directionally folded upon itself. It is in a sense a photon that is forever chasing its own tail and that has no where else to go. As a consequence, an electron represents a instantaneous point that violates certain fundamental properties concerning the continuity of the structure of space and time and movement. For instance, the existence of an electron, so defined, would violate the principle of thermodynamics that suggests that all light energy must forever escape from whatever system that contains it, including an electron system. The light energy contained within an electron has nowhere to escape to, but appears to be permanently trapped within itself. It is a single point that cannot exist simultaneously at one discrete point during one discrete period of time. We cannot therefore consider an electron to be an object of matter as it cannot be discretely localized or counted or even weighed, so much as it represents a probabilistic distribution of a certain kind of energy phenomena that becomes locally distributed in space-time.

All electron/positron pairs will orbit in their spheres at a variable rate that is a function of the speed of light and the frequency of spin.

The Chemical Degeneracy of Fused Matter

This model of electron-positronic interactions as the basis for matter begs the question of why the basic differences of interaction between the behavior of electrons and that of positrons. Why is it that electrons do not concentrate within nuclei in the same manner that positrons seem to? Why would so much greater gravitational mass be associated with positrons than we electrons?

I believe that part of the answer to this problem lies in the question of the degeneracy of matter as we understand this to occur, especially upon earth, and its probable history of formation. The only known source for the formation of higher order elements is through solar fusion processes that occur within stars. It is known as well that Iron is the most nuclear stable saddlepoint in both fusion and fission reactions. If we find for instance a predominantly Iron core within the earth, and we find Iron to be a ubiquitous metal element upon the earth, then we must ask ourselves  serious questions about the origins of the earth and how these elements could have been formed in the first place. 

The point of this digression is to suggest that the original formation of matter within solar fusion furnaces leads first to a nucleonic structure that would probably have been enriched with neutronically loaded isotopes. Electrons would have been blown off from these early formations of matter, and the formation of chemical configurations would have  come as  a secondary phase. We would expect therefore the early formation during a period of the universe of stars that became strongly charge imbalanced in the positive, and the occurrence in space of thick and extensive electron cloud formations. I would wonder whether such a system by burst or break up under its pervasive charge imbalance, leading to the formation of dust clouds and debris fields that would then recoalesce back into planetary formations. I can imagine tremendous space-lightening storms occurring within which new chemical elements of a degenerate form of chemical matter would form. This matter would then  have the structural properties and distributions that we are more or less familiar with, except that in its earliest phases it would be much more enriched towards neutronic imbalance and hence would have been much more highly radioactive.

The degenerate state of matter as we know it must be seen from an entropic standpoint as representing greater entropy of charge dissociation than the previous bound nucleonic states. The matter formation events that created the original matter in the first place would have in the long run undergone continuous entropic decay towards more disordered but more entropically stable states.  More disordered states would be also more stable states, such that the time involved in the degeneration from the original events would increase logarithmically.

Another way of answering the initial question about  the fundamental assymmetries of properties between symmetrical electrons and positrons is to suggest that for some unknown reason positrons are much more gravitationally bound than electrons, due to their positivity of charge or possibly to their direction of spin, that may be somehow coordinate or interactive with the underlying structure of physical reality in a manner that leads to fundamentally different outcomes than with the behavior patterning of electrons. I would suggest that positive  charge states are capable of possibly interacting with gravitational fields in a manner different than negative charge states. 

We can understand this difference possibly if we see a negative charge state as represented for instance as a kind of pimple or raised bump in space-time, with the consequence that there would be radiative and expansive forces that would tend to continuously flow away from and displace these "bumps," whereas positrons would constitute small "holes" or "divits" in the surface of space-time with the consequence that its forces tend to be attractive and concentrative rather than entropic in trying to always fill in the spaces, leading to their tendency to collect together. In this analogy we must see space-time as always trying to flow down hill, and to always tend to fill in the lowest areas. If space time is always trying to flow away from an electron bump, then the consequence would be that electrons would be  in continuous motion and would never be localizable. If space time is always trying to flow toward a positronic "hole" then the consequence would be the collecting and localization of positrons within a common and stable formation.

This model suggests that positrons would be much more gravitationally bound than electrons, and once formed in a spontaneous manner, should behave like hydrogen plasma or nuclei with similar fluid dynamics and to which we may apply the ideal gas law. If this is true, then we have a ready answer for the formation of new hydrogen nuclei in the universe as a product of light-energy collisions, and therefore a foundation for understanding an basic state of universal equilibrium. Hydrogen ions would accumulate in cloud formations in space as a consequence of repeated and continuous collisions of light from different sources, and due to their colligative and concentrative properties, these formations would tend to accumulate and coalesce into denser and denser formations.

Another spin off of this kind of model is the construction of a new design for an engine that would possibly utilize differential gravitational forces that could be built up between positive and negative terminals of an electro-dynamic system. We would also expect to be able to produce and accumulate hydrogen nuclei through the interaction of light systems within a vacuum. These remain uninvestigated experiments that would demonstrate the possible efficacy of this model of systematic energy-matter interactions.

This model also highlights something basic about the history of the universe, and that is that though this history appears to be as old as the universe is wide, (hence if it is of infinite expanse it will have been of eternal age), the universe may have undergone general phases of its evolutionary development in which the patterning and organization of energy relations were fundamentally different, and the distribution of matter may have been unlike what we see today. If we confine ourselves to a 16 or even 20 billion year time limit to the origin of a cosmic egg, we must ask if we cannot have  a 32 or 32 trillion year history preceding this latest phase. A part of the problem lies in the cosmological principle and the issue of non-isotropic (random) patterning of the larger universe. 

A cosmic egg model would impose upon the universe an overall isotropism of structure that would violate the cosmic principle as it is stated, and hence would represent a contradiction. Similarly, if we hypothesize general  state-phase changes for the entire universe, then this must also connote a general revision or contradiction to the cosmological principle. Either we would have to revise the cosmological principle to permit general isotropic structures, or else we would have to accept the possibility that various galaxies and regions of the larger universe may be undergoing essentially separate phases of evolutionary historical development that may or may not be coevolutionary in some larger but  still finite scale. If we could resolve our scale of telescopic visibility to a degree much greater than we are capable of today, then it might be possible to see the finer grained processes of evolutionary development in the universe that would  allow us  to have a better and more realistic accounting for the natural history and life-trajectory of matter and energy.

The hydrogen atom represents the most basic form of matter than occurs in the positive state universe. If our model of universal symmetry of electron-positron structures is correct, then we would not need to look for anti-matter or anti-state universes or regions of our universe. We can explain by  this manner the formation and accumulation of so much hydrogen in the universe. Such a model must be reconciled sufficiently with with what is known of the fundamental structures of the atomic nucleus. It is possible to imagine the formation of a variety of alternative particle states from various combinations of positron-electron couples.

At the same time, the model contains what I believe may be a solution to the basic problem of the origination of positive state or thermodynamic energy in the universe and also an accounting of a unified field that connects thermodynamic or electromagnetic energy with gravitational energy. If we see a quantum or photon of light as being something that is fundamentally charge dissociated and dipolar, we might understand a graviton or a quantum of gravitation energy (or spime, as a fundamental physical unit of space-time) as being quadripolar and non-charge dissociated, as being something like a neutron that does not exist in a condensed formation but in an inherently diffuse state. 

Whatever events may result in a charge dissociation of spime might lead to a separation of gravitational and thermodynamic energy. The kinds of conditions necessary for such events to occur remain a mystery.  It is  possible that they are common background events of the mysterious structure of our current universe. New radiation at low levels may be continuously generated from apparent "nothingness" in the intergalactic depths of space. This would probably only be evident as a background "white noise" that  existed omni-directionally.

Nucleonic Integration

Everything in the universe, in physical reality, is upon a fundamental level interconnected--indeed, this is quite literally so.

The fusion of matter is the only known process by which new matter is made. Fusion entails the recombination of nucleons of more than one nuclei to produce new heavier elements. Fusion requires a great deal of activation energy, and also releases a tremendous amount of energy from the mass defect. All the matter that we can see and touch, the matter of the earth and the moon, the matter of meteorites and comets that frequently collide with the earth, all were formed at one time within the solar furnace of some now disintegrated star.

If the model of electronic-positronic symmetry holds true, then it is possible that there occurs another more basic form of fusion that leads to the production of hydrogen atoms, or rather, of unbound hydrogen nuclei and a complement of electrons. This process would be the product of the collision of light waves at certain angles and certain energies resulting in the transformation of light energy into hydrogen matter.

Hydrogen matter can be said to be the building blocks of all other matter that we know. If hydrogen is produced by the head-on collision of light, then hydrogen must be ubiquitous and commonly created in the universe, which it appears to be.

What has not been fully explained in this model is how protons, or hydrogen nuclei, will tend to become fused to form heavier nuclei. They have one property, apparently, that of atomic mass, that results in their gravitational attraction and accumulation in large and dense sets. The theory of gravitation that I  have evoked is that gravitational energy is entirely equivalent to energy, as this is understood through the formula of equivalence, and yet mass of a system is relative to the size and relative density of a gravitationally unified system. We can define therefore the absolute mass of a single hydrogen nuclei as the mass of this nuclei in as an isolated entity in empty space-time that is not influenced by the gravitational field of any other object or entity of mass.  It would be its mass of self-gravitation.

This suggests among other things that the equation of equivalence is gravitationally relative to the system that the mass is measured within, and that therefore a great deal of energy is derived from mass defect as a function of the gravitational field that is associated with the mass. The nuclear explosions we can realize on earth should in effect be much more powerful in stronger gravitational fields as for instance that occur on the sun, and much less powerful in weaker gravitational systems, as for instance occur on the moon. Small and weak gravitational systems can be said to be therefore systems that exists a much lower levels of net energy exchange than larger and stronger gravitational systems.

Gravitation drives energy exchange or transformation processes, and the equivalence of energy to mass is dependent upon the gravitational field that it occurs within. The greater the absolute mass of a system (as measured by the total number of hydrogen nuclei and neutrons contained within that system and their relative densities, less mass defect), the greater the degree to which gravitational energy is converted into energy within such a system.

Mass can be said to be the measure of gravitational energy in a system that is equivalent to the potential energy realizable from that system. Energy realizable from such a system is a function of the gravitation of the system, and such energy is a function of time. It is the rate at which energy may be yielded from the system which is important--all such systems can be said to be rate-dependent. All such systems can be said to "leak" energy, both radioactively and thermodynamically. The amount of energy being leaked from such a system is a function of the system's entropy and its gravitational size.

The energy realizable from the nucleus of a hydrogen atom may not be intrinsic to the structure of the nucleus, but the outcome of the interaction of the nucleus within its gravitational field. The hydrogen nucleus becomes like a small gravitational generator that is capable of drawing-off energy from the gravitational field and converting this energy into either heat, kinetic motion or alternative radiation. The power of this generator is a function of the size of the system to which it is attached, the larger the size, the greater its power.

The total sum of the mass-energy available to a system (potential realizable energy) is a function of the size of the total system. The total energy may not be instantaneously realizable simultaneously, but only at some variable rate.

Protons appear to be virtually indestructible little entities, except that I will speculate that in fact they can be disintegrated within a black hole of sufficient gravitational pressure. The packing of protons in nuclei and the condensation of the nucleons within nuclei that leads to mass defect, may be the degree to which the intermediate spaces of the neutron structures are "squeezed" in a sandwich effect that minimizes the distance between the protons.

We might understand how this happens if we see that the collision of two photons of light head-on may result in a "rolling" up of light either in a clockwise or an anti-clockwise direction, with one of these two directions entailing an spin in an open direction and the other in a closed direction. The result would be a positron and an electron with fundamentally different properties. If a rolled up photon of light were spun up on itself in a manner that it turned in the direction towards its center, then we can imagine that this would always be drawing at the end of its opening gravitational field lines that would continue to fold to its center. It is like a vortex of space-time into which gravitational field lines would continuously flow.

This model leads to speculation that spime may be composed of photons of light that are connected in open loop structures which structures flow in circles and waves, rather than linearly as we associate the passage of light.

The spime-gravitational model of space-time that I have invoked understands normal space-time to be fluid dynamic. It appears to flow in certain directions, in a relative way. If we are seeking to leave the gravitational pull of the earth, we are essentially "going against the flow" of the gravitational field that would otherwise carry us in a smashing way back down to the earth.

The flow of gravitational space-time appears to be perfect flow, as it encounters no resistance normally. All things flow with it. Resistance is felt as the inertia of energy required to accelerate an object in a specific direction.

The flow of gravitation also appears to be coursing in multiple directions at the same time, suggesting that gravitation fields are "stratified" upon multiple layers that relate to the magnitude and extent of the gravitational field. Local motions are defined by fields that flow in systems that are bound by larger systems, where the fields of flow are in different directions. A unified gravitational system includes not only the objects of mass associated with that system, but the surrounding gravitational fields that are defined by that system. All of these will move as a single system within a larger gravitational frame of reference.

The inertia of acceleration is in effect the energy required to shift the motion of an object of mass in a finite and precise direction against the grain of gravitation. It is far easier and less energy requiring to accelerate across a flat plane of the earth's surface than up a steep incline. No external energy is necessary if the acceleration is in the direction of the flow of gravitation. Once motion in space is established, the flow of space-time around the object gains equilibrium, such that the motion of the object will be a fixed property of the object in space-time. It's own gravitational fields will be associated with that object.

Spontaneous &  Self-Organized Energy Systems

We may understand the spontaneous generation of electrons and positrons from the collision of quanta of light energy. We can understand as well the spontaneous  generation of matter from the interactions of electrons and positrons that produce hydrogen atoms. Once matter is formed, it is possible to explain the generation of light and energy from the interactions of matter within its environment. What is lacking is an explanation of the original spontaneous generation of energy that produces this kind of process. The spontaneous generation of energy in the universe may arise from what can be called a gravitational vortex in empty-space time in which the normal non-isotropic flow of space time creates a fold or ripple effect

It is possible that heat energy or the universal microwave background represents both a black-body phenomena of a universal energy sink, as well as the process of the continuous spontaneous generation of photons of light energy from apparent nothingness.

Time and Universal Simultaneity

We must ask, according to the cosmological principle, whether or not time is the same everywhere. If time were universally unidirectional, then we can understand the consistency and order present in the universe. It is hard to imagine different regions of the universe operating upon different clocks, or unfolding in directions that were different than how we experience change transformations. The integration of physical reality is fundamentally temporal in nature, and I hypothesize that this temporal integration is an important structural aspect of our universe.

The claim that the universe is synchronized to a single clock, that we cannot conceptualize an ordered universe without such universal synchronization, is a profound leap of faith to make, and it appears to superimposed upon the cosmological principle a kind of isotrope structure that, according to convention, should not exist.

If we collapsed the entire universe into a two-dimensional pancake, we can imagine a projection of this pancake in a single direction of time. If this universe were static-state, we can imagine that as we took our time slices at periodic intervals, the conformational structure and disposition of the various elements contained within the universe would remain fundamentally the same or in very similar position.

If we took the model and imagined an expanding state universe, as is currently the accepted model, we might imagine that time itself is fundamentally "growing" as the universe gets older and older. This conceptualization of time, time is non-linear in its basic interval characteristics or units.

  Complex Space-time

Space-time as a coordinate reference system can be said to be infinitely complex, and is composed of a complicated set of energy-event processes that at least appear to be heterogeneous in structure and composition. A level of analysis is reached in which it is impossible to distinguish between the same system that may be self-consistent or componential in structure. Space-time as this is normally experienced and understood appears to have a great consistency and homogeneity of structure, but this appearance belies possible underlying heterogeneity of pattern and process. The entire cosmological principle rests upon a built-in presupposition about the fundamental uniformity of space-time. It is entirely possible that the structure and order of the universe upon one level of scale or size is completely different from the sense of structure and patterning upon other levels. The dimensional variables operating at the scale of the smallest possible analysis may be very different and fundamentally incommensurable compared to those dimensional variables at a very large scale. Clocks, measures of distance, volume, and change, may vary considerably and be entirely relative to the level at which it is analysis.

The heterogeneity and complexity of space-time upon an elementary level may in part be due to the infinitesimally composite structure of reality and a host of nth-particulates that may be occurring in reality. We may think therefore that all gravitation is of one kind, or all electrons, for instance, are of the same basic conformation and identity. Both gravitation and electrons may in fact be complex constructions of even smaller kinds of entity-event processes, and these may occur with differential frequencies that lead to a continuum of variations of electrons or gravitation, for instance.

For the sake of analytical convenience, I will roughly divide the scale of physical reality between: 

1. The very large, or macroscopic, which is the scale of the total universe as a system; 

2. The scale of the normal function of space-time and matter that we experience in our everyday lives and expect to find wherever we may travel in the universe;

 3. The elementary scale of the smallest known entities and event processes that are observed or inferred to occur.

One basic principle I will put forward is the central dogma of the cosmological ordering of event structures in physical reality:

1. The larger the scale, the longer and slower the temporal interval regulating all change events, while the smaller the scale, the shorter and fatter the temporal interval.

2. Upon the largest scale, which would be the total universe, the scale or interval of change events is so large that such change is infinitely slow.

3. Upon the smallest scale, which would be upon an elementary level, the scale and interval of change events is so small that it is infinitely fast.

Therefore,

4. We may risk the generalization that the phenomenal occurrence of space-time is relatively to the scale upon which it is observed.

Upon some basic level, normal space-time as we experience this may have a minimal size-duration scale, below which the structure of space and time as this is normally experienced will no longer hold, or will be different. Understanding the scale of event structures as these occur in physical reality, with the idea that all event structures occur simultaneously upon parallel (independent), stratified levels, leads to a relativistic comprehension of the systematic differences of these event structures at different levels and scales.

We may further specify the following kinds of rules governing our understanding of the very small:

 1. All elementary particles can be said to be fundamentally non-particularistic in structure. Even particles having definite mass can be said to be relatively uncertain about some origin of their normal trajectory. In other words, we can assign to a particularistic particle any exact distribution, shape or position at any specific point of time.

2. All elementary particles can be said to be, in a sense, probabilistic event structures that define pathways and regions at which certain properties can be predicted to occur with a given likelihood.

3. It is possible that if any componential entities or forces compose particulate entities, these componential entities may exist in equilibrium with their surrounding manifold and hence are fundamentally replaceable, while the particulate entity itself may be quite stable and long-lived as a composite or corporate structure.

4. Specific predictable properties or distinctive traits may be assigned to particularistic event-structures associated with such particulate entities, and these properties are used to identify the "particle" as unique and isolatable in the universe, and as related to the background structure.

5. All particulate event structures represent systematic and predictable perturbations of a common and fundamental field that I will call the spime-gravitational continuum. No known phenomenal event structures in reality or in the total universe may occur outside of this continuum, though we may speculate on the possible shapes and multidimensional structure such a continuum may have.

6. The properties and pathways attributed to any individual or unique particularity in reality is the result of the complex pattern of interaction the background field upon the structural trajectory of that particularity. Different elementary particles arise as the result of different operating conditions within the background field.

7. Such particularistic event-structures have an inherent equilibrium of structure and rate of pattern occurrence that is the result of the relations of space-time that created that structure. This equilibrium is associated with the properties of such particularistic event structures and defines the state-path trajectory and life cycle of such an entity. Certain transformational events would have to occur to alter the character and pattern of this equilibrium.

8. Some elementary equillibria in physical reality are more stable and long-lived than others. More stable forms in general tend to be more basic and more common in occurrence.

9. Upon the most basic level, all forms of energy are fundamentally the same, and all forms of particularistic event-entities are composed of the same fundamental forces, differentially expressed.

10. The formation and organization of matter and energy in the universe is essentially the stochastic differentiation of energy event patterns of the universal field upon all levels of scale simultaneously.

Going back to our original hypothesis, we may state that if scale of event structure is relative, then the largest possible scale, which is infinite, containing an infinite number of levels, exhibits a unity, even what can be called a singularity of structure. It is one that is nonetheless heterogeneously composed, and time and spatial distinctions have no relevance. This unity of structure is reflected in the fundamental field of which this structure is composed. The heterogeneity of composite pattern found within this framework is the result of the myriad, infinite permutations and differentiations that occur as a result of its perturbation and dynamics. The universe comes together at the scale of the very largest and the very smallest. There is a structural convergence upon these levels to a singularity. This is the level at which time is either infinitely fast or infinitely slow, or both, and at which we may hypothesize a kind of universal simultaneity and instantaneity of structure.

Making these assumptions, we may conclude in general that we are bound in our universe by the structure of light. Light is itself bound within the structure of the gravitational fields in which it occurs that is not necessarily bound by the structure of light. These fields themselves are probably bound within an even more fundamental framework of forces and event structures that are not necessarily bound by the structure of gravitation or space-time as we normally experience this.

Simultaneous event structures that co-occur at the same level of physical integration must be spatially segregated. Two independent event structures can only occur at the same time and place if they are segregated by their level of integration. Co-occurring event structures operating at different levels of integration may happen simultaneously, within the same space.

Mass Fields and Charge Fields

Unbound energies and particles effectively have no mass, and may or may not have a charge. Light and thermodynamic energy is essentially mass unbound, and may exhibit in the complex field only a property of charge modulation and propagation.

Properties in fields exhibit some interesting characteristics that are precisely the opposite of mass bound systems. Mass bound systems for instance can only be in one place at one time, and have discrete motional properties. Field systems that are mass unbound appear to be able to occur at multiple places at the same time, and to have omni-directional propagative properties. Two mass bound systems cannot occupy the same place at the same time except with extremely destructive consequences. On the other hand, within a field system different energy-entities may overlap and interpenetrate one another in the same place and at the same time almost, it seems without limit.

Electromagnetic radiation is the function of charge binding in atomic systems. Light energy is produced from charge differentiated fields created within the atom, between the nucleus and the electron shells.

These differences lead us to describe the open structure of field systems, and the associated energy-entity properties associated with these systems, versus the closed structure of mass-bound systems, and the associated energy-entity properties associated with these other systems. The energy-entity properties of both systems are the same upon a fundamental level, except they appear to be organized in different but essentially equivalent ways.

Mass & Energy Relations

If the measure of mass is a function of gravitational potential, as the measure of heat is the measure of thermodynamic potential, then we must conclude that this measure of mass is entirely relative to the gravitational field that it occurs within. The trouble is that the gravitational field itself appears to be a function of the total mass of a gravitationally unified system, with the proviso that the greater the density of such a system, the greater the degree of gravitational potential exhibited by the system.

Mass defect is observed, such that the unit mass of a free particle is greater than the unit mass of the same particle when found within a nucleonic structure. The difference between free mass and bound mass is referred to as mass defect. We can stipulate two important qualifications about this basic observation.

First, the measure of mass, as stated above, is the function of the gravitational field within which the system is found to occur. It appears that the free nucleonic particle is heavier than a bound one because it is within the gravitational field, but it is not a part of that field at its source by means of mass binding. On the other hand, a bound nucleonic particle that is bound within a unified gravitational field, exhibits less net mass because its own intrinsic size is shared within the system. Part of its own structure is distributed to the mass field.

The second observation is that all mass share in the same gravitational fields, but in differential amounts, largely depending on whether they are bound or found unbound within the system or its surroundings.

If mass defect is a function of gravitational displacement and the mass-sharing of a unified system, which is the result of the relative concentration of nucleonic mass within such a system, then it follows that the energy realized in nuclear fusion and fission processes is not derived from the nucleus of atoms, so much as it is derived in an immediate and local sense from the gravitational background structure within which such nuclei rest. Altering the mass structure of nuclei dramatically alters the mass energy field surrounding the nuclei, creating a sudden mass differential. This differential is equivalent again to the inertia of energy required to accelerate a relatively stationary object to some speed.

We can understand the nuclear stability of iron and closely related nuclei given the fact that these few nuclei require energy for either fusion or fission to occur, rather than producing prodigious quantities of energy. Iron nuclei represent therefore a gravitational mass-sink and we can speculate that the terminus of fusion production within solar furnaces is in the formation of large quantities of iron. Furthermore, if we find an iron core at the center of the earth, then we must speculate as to its origins and its dynamics. It is a molten core that continually produces large quantities of heat, but no dramatic fusion or fission events. The heat that it produces appears to derive from the same source that thermonuclear energy is produced from--it is derived from the gravitational pressure field that surrounds and contains the core. If the mass of the earth system were large enough, then it is likely that the core would achieve temperatures that would drive fusion and fission events simultaneously, and the earth would "melt" in energy to become essentially a small star system. It appears that star systems are not normally formed in this manner, but we must speculate that small planetoids might form the gravitational seed about which enough mass can be accreted from a surrounding field to produce sufficient mass to drive the system into a stellar pattern. We can expect as well that as stellar systems age, they will form stratified layers based upon lighter to heavier atomic nuclei, until at the core fission processes occur that reduce very heavy nuclei back into lighter and more stable forms.

Energy Sharing, Mass Moment and Instantaneous Event Structures

An extension of periodic processes is understanding the interactions and dynamics of the underlying substrate that affects such processes. Mass moment, energy sharing and instantaneous event structures offers a paradigm for understanding substrate level dynamics of gravitational fields in the universe upon which basic energy accounting is based.

Energy sharing is demonstrated at many levels in the universe, I believe. Light that comes from a common source, will create an integrated wave front structure such that light energy will become patterned in complex ways at different wave lengths. This sharing can be seen as a fundamental part of the fluid dynamics of the underlying field lines upon which they are based.

Energy sharing can be demonstrated with nuclear binding of nucleonic particles, such that mass defect is produced. Mass defect is associated, I believe, with the degree of gravitational displacement that occurs as a result of nuclear unification, and this displaced mass is shared as gravitational binding energy within a gravitationally unified body--thus the larger the mass of such a body, the greater the gravitational energy associated with that body, derived from the displacement of the mass defect of each nucleonic particle to the body as a whole.

This sharing is accomplished through the instantaneous translation of the energy through field lines that transect the direction and plane of propagation. The inertia of light in space time that accounts for red shift is a result of the sharing of this energy within its gravitational manifold. What is really being shared are the instantaneous event structures, the stuff of spime, that compose all objects, albeit in differential concentrations and configurations.

Gravitationally, we can say that energy sharing binds together the universe as a whole, and results in the resistance of inertia to motion conferred upon all mass objects, particularly in strong gravitational fields.

This concept of energy sharing accounts for all mass-based gravitational phenomena. Two gravitating mass objects attract one another because the field lines and structure of space time between the two objects are stronger than the surrounding field lines from any other direction--the intermediate space-time structure collapses more quickly between the two objects, resulting in mutual attraction. Another way of seeing this is to construe the two objects as being pushed together from their opposite sides by the differential of gravitational pressure that is created from the inner, mutual sides and the outer, contraposed sides. Gravitational unification of mass bodies occurs, unless motions of bodies serves to offset the force of gravitational attraction, as a result of the collapse of the space-time manifold or field lines occurring between the mass objects--in other words, there is an inherent inequillibrium between the bodies. Gravitational energy seeks always a state of relative equilibrium, resulting in unification.

Instantaneous event structures that can be accorded to the fundamental units of energy are what drives the dynamics of the entire system in four dimensions. Basically, it is composed of six rules:

1. Multiple (two or more) instantaneous event structures cannot occur at the same place at the same time.

2. Each event structure is of finite periodicity, and is followed by a negative event structure, or what can be called an anti-event.

3. There are an infinite number of co-occurring or simultaneous event structures, which fills an infinite amount of space in the universe.

4. These event structures follow a non-isotropic cosmological structure in the long run and the large, such that they occur with random periodicities in the total universe.

5. Differential, isotrophic event structures develop in local situations and frameworks that results in energy dynamics of gravitation and resulting electromagnetic radiation.

6. The total number of events always balances the total number of anti-events.

What is an event-structure? It is basically a moment of mass-unified energy that occurs in an instantaneous sense. Its rate of occurrence determines and underlies the periodic structure of the universe, and it is held to be constant throughout the universe. An anti-event structure can be thought of as the equivalent to a momentary "blinking" out of the event. The frequency of event structures may vary infinitely from zero to infinitely large, but the size of each event structure, its absolute energy, is always the same.

What is being shared in energy fields is the event structures in differential rates and distributions. This sharing occurs in all kinds of energy transactions in the universe.

The event-anti-event periodicity can only be accounted for in terms of each event structure drawing the energy of the surrounding field upon a fundamental level, which creates a "hole" surrounding the event structure. The event structure will occur at a set rate.

We can speculate that in the original universe, space-time was empty and uniformly flat, without any perturbation. Time in such a universe would be infinitely long and slow--hence it would be essentially eternal. Stochastic patterning of the event structures would eventually have grown increasingly out of equilibrium with itself, leading eventually to the formation of gravitational perturbations, waves and eventually to the formation of electromagnetic energy from local concentrations of gravitational energy. Electromagnetic energy would accumulate gradually, possibly increasing the perturbation of the underlying gravitational substrate. Eventually, electromagnetic radiation would reach sufficient concentrations leading to periodic production of fundamental particles with mass properties, further perturbing the gravitational substrate, creating more electromagnetic energy. 

Mass would eventually in time accumulate, leading to its stockpiling and resulting in vast differentials of gravitational centers. The result would be a universe as we understand it and observe it today. If we could look forward with a continuation of these processes, we would see a universe that would be increasingly dynamic, growing into larger and larger condensations of matter and energy. It is not to say that this process would ever stop, but that the universe will change gradually in its cosmological configuration. Eventually, the relative amount of mass to space would grow to a point where all mass might become super-concentrated in huge black-hole configurations. Inside these configurations would be the production of super-mass, and possibly the annihilation of mass back down to its gravitational, or spime, substrate, at which level it would rejoin the dynamic universe.

Dynamic Equilibrium

The dynamic state universe can be said to exist in a kind of dynamic equilibrium that is defined upon a fundamental level by its constituent energy-event structures. This equilibrium I believe accounts for all energy-exchange dynamics in the universe. In essence, we may say that upon a fundamental level, every event structure is followed by an anti-event structure. We may say that the size of the anti-event structure that follows an event structure is not necessarily exactly the same, and that it is only in the largest framework of the total universe that anti-events and event should be expected to balance out. We may say that in a perfectly empty universe, the likelihood of an anti-event or an event occurring at any particular point in space-time is equal or about 50-50. It is possible that event structures were at this time also infinitely long, or nearly infinitely long, or rather, very slow rates.

In accounting for the complex kind of equilibrium that can be said to exist in the universe, we must hypothesize that at the original state-stage of the universe, it was essentially singular state. It was more or less equally uniform in all directions and undifferentiated. In time, local discrepancies in sizes between event/anti-event structures, and local stochastic imbalances developed that would result in growing local imbalances of stable energy forms, first of electromagnetic radiation, and then, by some process as yet undescribed, in the formation of protons from electron-positron fields. We can speculate that a proton is nothing more than a captured and focused positron that is attached to a neutron, and that a neutron is nothing more than an electron and a positron in unification. Mass effects would result from the localization of the energies of these positrons and electrons about a stable foci--in this case, mass is equivalent to the momentum of motion. These processes must be considered as essentially one-way transformations, though it seems likely that mass energy reconverts slowly back to electromagnetic radiation, and electromagnetic radiation slowly shifts or retards back to the substrate of spime from which it originally came.

The microwave background radiation observable in the universe may be a function of the electromagnetic production of electrons and protons in space that is the result of the concentrations of light energy.

We must understand that the growing dynamic of universal equilibrium is always relative in a universal system that is infinite--there are no non-relative extensive boundaries by which this equilibrium can be defined in a non-relative way as a part of a closed system.

It is possible that in the initial states of the primordial universe, there was no "time" in the sense that space was infinitely smooth and flat--periodic process only emerged over a very long frame as increasing perturbation of the basic structure. The primordial universe existed essentially in a field of absolute zero--it was a perfect vacuum. What kinds of causes could have given rise to the first periodicities that affected this universe are unknown. In this primordial state, there would be no anti-event structure, nor would there necessarily be a complementary event structure. Event and anti-event arose as the initial differentiation of the background structure. It perhaps was the consequence of the absolute limits of the universe which states that it cannot be perfectly flat.

*****

According to this theory, it is possible to reconceptualize subatomic structure with the electron-positron as the basic event-anti-event particle pair. An accounting of other subatomic particles would entail that a neutron would be a bound electron-positron that had charge unification and properties of mass. A proton would be an addition of a positron to a neutron, and the loss of an electron to the orbital. Why electrons dissociate from the nuclear structure is unclear. Other subatomic particles identified, such as gluons, would be intermediate particle states that exist only within the relational matrix of the nuclear structure, and could possibly be captured neutrinos, which, by definition, would be essentially chargeless electrons. Radioactive emissions from nuclei bear out the model that the essential components of these nucleonic structures are electrons, positrons and high energies associated with their couplings. The occurrence of heavy helium nuclei as alpha emissions seems to be a logical part of the degradation of heavy nuclei that are inherently unstable. It suggests also that helium organization, of two neutrons and two protons, is possibly the most stable nuclear structure that exists, and is the preferred structure for building nuclei.

From this accounting, we see that structure and anti-structure in the universe would be incorporated into the structure of the atom itself. Why the atoms would be "right handed" versus "left-handed" in structure is unknown. It may be merely the stochastic result of the first formation of such entities--left-handed structures would have been annihilated by right-hand, and the more numerous winning out in the long run. I believe that charge differentiation of particulate structures is only possible in a manner as we see it--if every other particle was an anti-particle, mutual annihilation would be frequent and common. The sufficient explanation for this kind of process would require another structural mechanism.

The origin of mass in the universe could then be explained by the collision high energy light photons that produced electron-positron pairs in increasing concentrations. Electro-static clouds of these particles would give rise to complex interactions in turn giving rise to the formation of nucleonic structures. Once nucleonic structures formed by the pairing of positronic-electronic couples, then the formation of simple and stable hydrogen nuclei became possible. Hydrogen nuclei would have coalesced into dense clouds in gravitiless contexts, giving rise to the initial fluctuations of the gravitational field leading to the formation of solar systems.

In this description of the cold-fusion origins of the dynamic state universe, we have a sense of time gradually emerging from an infinitely slow and relatively energiless state toward an increasingly rapid and high-energy condition. The universe built itself up as a self-organizing, stochastic phenomenon from the smallest structures, which are hypothesized as the zeroeth-nth particulates, into the structures that commonly compose our universe today. This process follows a logical sequence of steps, requiring no resort to prime movers or unexplanable original states.

The Einsteinian model of the universe was built upon a blind relativistic model that determined that the speed of light as a universal structure was a determinant of the structure of the four-dimensional substrate. This is an accurate description of the observable universe, but it is not necessarily a sufficient model of the inferable universe, particularly if, in our cosmological principle, we assume some form of simultaneity of co-occurring event structures. Beyond the sphere of observability, that defined by the speed of light, the Einsteinian model falls apart, quite literally.

I believe the Einsteinian model is correct as a covering law model, governing what can be said to be isotrope regional compartmentalization of structures in the total universe. Big bangs and expanding-contracting structures are possible, but not upon the on the scale of the total universe. It is possible that black holes in time may grow increasingly unstable as structures, resulting eventually in the kind of gravitational explosion that would represent a mega-event. Even such an explosion though would be constrained by the same Einsteinian parameters that gave us the model for the explosion in the first place. It makes sense that it would set fundamental upper limits to the possible size and magnitude of such an event in terms of the region that surrounded and became involved in such an event.

Rates of Change & Energy Dynamics

The speed of light defines the maximum rate of change of the system at any instantaneous point. All changes proceed thermodynamically at or below the speed of light. Light is therefore the clock of the universe. The energy of light defines the amount of change that occurs at any one instant. It is its relative density and distribution. No physical system in a positive state can occur at a speed faster than that of light.

Though light occurs in discontinuous pulses, known as photons, recurrent pulses occur with a given structure that appears consistent and recurrent, and that reflects a larger dynamic involved in the organization of light. The inverse relationship between frequency and wavelength suggests that this is always in equilibrium at the speed of light.

Spontaneous Generation of Energy

The theory of the cold fusion of the dynamic state universe as I have elaborated this depends upon an explanation of how light energy in particular may be spontaneously generated from seemingly nowhere and from apparent nothingness. Light has a quality of being thermodynamic. It is ever expansive, and always escapes from any system that seeks to contain it. Like the Hoyle-Gold-Bondi theory of the steady-state, certain production of light per unit area of empty space, under the proper conditions, must be explained and validated in terms of theory, and hopefully, by means of experiment.

Such an explanation would depend upon a correct and precise understanding of the relationship between space-time and light energy as these things are known to occur. Light and space-time appear to interact in basic and important ways, and understanding the nature of these interactions should lead to a solution to our puzzle.

We might state something like the following hypothesis: Under certain conditions perturbation, light energy is spontaneously generated from the space-time surroundings.

Its pathways and fields of propagation can be said to be instantaneous event-variables that change continuously over time. If we cast what appears to be a continuous laser beam upon some distant object, say, from the moon's surface back to the earth, then we must ask if this stream of light is continuous and integrated, or discontinuous and composed of many small particular events. Evidence suggests that, depending upon our point of view and apparatus, both answers are correct--therefore both alternatives are also partially incorrect.

What we understand as a photon, or a quantum of energy with quantum-like properties, can be said to be more of an event of a certain discrete duration, than it is a "particle" with a certain contemporaneous size. We understand therefore photons and light more in the temporal dimension, than in terms of its spatial dimensions. If we invoke some kind of spatial parameters for its description, it is likely to be in terms of light-seconds or light years, or what is known as the speed of light which is known to be a constant. We are likely as well to invoke a parameter of its specific directionality. Light appears to be a form of motion, indeed, a traveling moment of energy, that is always traveling in some fairly precise direction at any given time.

Light is therefore a function of time, a duration of an certain kind of measurable effect. It is a transitive effect that is always escaping, always in motion, and, like electricity, that cannot be contained as itself unless it is first converted to some potential form.

Its continuity or relative discontinuity depends upon the point of view at which it is observed.

How can we measure the time of light in a non-relative manner? I speculate that upon a fundamental level, time is a discontinuous process. Our view of time as continuous is only a fiction of our size and our own relative periodicities. Time is punctuated much as the photons of light energy appear to be punctuated. It pulses at a discrete rate. It does not pulse synchronously across the simultaneous front of the universe, nor does it unfold upon an even field. Perturbations of the background field due to gravitational disequillibrium results in distortion of this field. Light affects this field of unfolding time, and is in turn affected and expressed within this field. What we construe as the field effects of light fronts, with their partial integration and sharing of quanta and their quantum effects, is due to their being an intrinsic part of this background field as a particular kind of perturbation from a specific origin point. I predict that this kind of perturbation is a kind of tunneling effect of light upon its surrounding field matrix due to the temporary, traveling and periodic charge dissociation of this field.

How can we convert what appears to be a temporal event phenomena into what can be considered to be a spatial and geometricized entity?

The challenge of explaining cold-fusion origins is that all electromagnetic energy as we experience this appears to be generated by means of electronic or nuclear activity. Electromagnetic energy appears to be released as a product of motion of a charged state within a magnetic field.

I will put forward a bold paradigmatic statement:

1. All energy is a temporally ordered phenomena. Energy as force is expressed as variation in time, and possibly, variation of time.

a. Energy effects the systematic variation of the temporal dimension resulting in relativistic alterations of the space-time manifold.

2. The spatial expression of energy is always motional and directional.

a. Energy cannot be permanently localized except as either matter or, possibly, "empty" spime.

3. There are maximum and mininum constraints in the expression of positive or disasssociative energy. There is also the indirect expression of negative or consociative energy in the form of gravitation.

a. Light Energy achieves its maximum speed, a constant, in the context of its minimum positive energy field of "empty space-time."

b. For positive energy, the minimum constraint is Absolute Zero, and the maximum constraint is the speed of light.

4. Matter is positive energy that has been permanently or relatively localized and hence spatially expressed. Matter is a stable end-state in the expression of energy.

a. All forms of matter will exhibit continuous motional and directional properties as an function of both their intrinsic and extrinsic energy relations.

b. All forms of matter will be gravitationally definable within the background spime matrix in terms of their relative mass.

c. All forms of matter will be chemically and thermodynamically definable in terms of their electromagnetic properties.

d. All forms of matter will be nuclearly definable in terms of their nuclear constituency, mass defect and radiation patterns.

5. We may speculate that energy as a temporally ordered phenomena is related to the construction of time as either a continuous or discontinuous variable: i.e. time as an absolutely or relatively quantifiable phenomena with quantum properties.

          a. Is time merely the property of the expression of energy such that static time is no variation in energy, and such that we might speculate that energiless systems are non-temporal and non-dynamic?

            b. May energy be the expression of time such that change in temporal pattern will result in change in energy dynamics?

            c. My we specify fundamental units of energy or, alternatively, natural periodicities of time, by which all phenomena can be ordered and "synchronized" in a simultaneous way.

6. How would the temporal character of energy in the universe be used to account for the principle of universal simultaneity, especially if positive energy is constrained in its expression?

I would propose an energy-time constant with something like the following formula:

ET = K_E-T

Where E is some fixed measure of energy

T is some time-interval that is inversely proportional to E

It seems to me that in order to understand how electromagnetic energy may be spontaneously created in the universe from apparent nothingness of empty space-time, we must see how temporal process could exist in an empty vacuum, at least as a potential energy system at some state of equilibrium. By our definitions above, in a completely energiless system, time would not be a factor of consideration. If we can attribute temporal dimensionally to any apparently empty system, then that system must contain some measure of energy, even in a potential or negative sense. We can say thermodynamically that such a system attracts positive energy naturally to it. An energiless system lacking temporal properties would essentially be a discontinuous state in the fabric of the physical structure of the universe. If there can be no discontinuous states in the fabric of physical reality, then there can be no energiless systems. Therefore, empty states must contain at least some minimal form of energy.

Such negative energy that I believe manifests itself gravitationally in relation to relatively fixed energy states of matter, can be explained in terms of what I refer to as state consociation versus state dissociation. Positive electromagnetic energy is state dissociated, and has the classical disassociative or thermodynamic properties. We must see such disassociative states as temporal events that may occur like ripples across three dimensional space, and that represents a periodic perturbation of the empty spime manifold. We may understand this if we see that spime is not empty so much as it exists in a preferred state of zero-equilibrium. The stable consociated energy state can be thought of as one in which disassociative tendencies in energy are self-canceling or exist in a kind of balanced equilibrium. Disassociative states are intrinsic to the fabric of space-time--it can under the right conditions, "pull itself apart" which negative energy effects may result in two interrelated consequences:

1. The spontaneous creation of more spime.

2. The spontaneous emission of positive energy, probably in the infrared or microwave background, as a kind of blackbody emission.

I have said that the two effects may be interrelated, suggesting that the process of the universe that is "expansive" or growing in terms of its fundamental dimensions, may result in the continuous production of thermodynamic energy as a result.

The challenge here is that in understanding an infinite universe, spontaneous growth, or the apparent creation of something from nothingness, would affect the relative size of the universe, but not its absolute magnitude, as there is not basis by which its absolute magnitude could be defined. If we say, for instance, that infinite state universe:

1 increased in size to infinite state universe;

2, and infinite state universe then gradually increased in size to infinite-state universe 

3, each time contributing proportionately more energy to the total energy volume of the universe, there would be several unchanging parameters:

         We can rank the universes on a relative scale from small to large: 1 to 2 to 3.

         We can rank the universes on a relative scale from least to most energetic: 1 to 2 to 3.

We cannot rank the universes on any absolute scale of size or energy, as all are equally infinite in size, and therefore, essentially zero in volume of total energy to size.

We can say that spontaneous generation of both positive and negative forms of energy are concurrent and part of the same process of an expanding universe, and that this process is possible as a result of the inherent dynamics of the universe in terms of its fundamental structure. I have argued previously that this inherent dynamic is tied to its periodic process, such that for each temporal event or manifestation of a positive state, there is a corresponding consequent manifestation of a negative state, which may not be exactly equal in proportion to its predecessor positive states. These states occur stochastically and randomly in the universe, but in the long run of the larger structure, the emergence of local or regional isotropic structures are not only possible, but highly probable. The result will be an uneven stretching, bending and disequillibrium of the structure of space time resulting in its relative expansion and its spontaneous growth in both size and energy.

The isotropic bending, twisting and stretching of the universe can be said to occur regionally and locally. Essentially, it can be seen as the deformations of the temporal event structure of the universe creating disequillibrium or differential gradients within this fabric. We could not physically see this bending or stretching or twisting, as even the light that we see through our most powerful telescopes would conform to the same processes as the rest of the physical universe. The universe maintains its total integrity of structure regardless of its local stochastic perturbations of structure.

Its disequilibrium and deformations could only be experienced along lines of energy gradients and differentials, and related temporal differentials, if we were able to compare different zones or areas in a simultaneous manner. We may say that deformation of the temporal dimension results in spatial discontinuities which, though invisible, are expressed in terms of relative motion and instantaneous direction. I believe it would also be experienced by means of observing its consequences, which would be the emission of a background field of radiation, presumably in the infrared range.

To attempt to answer as succinctly as possible the original question of the spontaneous generation of thermodynamic universe from apparent emptiness, we must see that: 

1. There is no absolute emptiness in the universe, as any void is automatically filled in with potential or negative energy. 

2. Local isotropic discontinuities in the event structure of the universe leads to a pattern of dynamic growth of local regions as a result of a process of continuous filling in of empty spaces. 

3. This process of "filling in" results in a secondary production of thermodynamic energy as a consequence. 

4. This can be explained by a growth process in which one final event structure dissociates to become two or more other initial event structures, with the differential of potential energy between final and initial states resulting in the formation of positive energy.

The closest analogy I can think of to explain such spontaneous emission of light from space would be the flashing of lightening in storm cloud formations. Of course, the difference is in terms of the structure and scale of the fundamental processes involved. The universe is continuously "flashing" light photons as a part of the fundamental background structure that is inherently dynamic.

It is by this model that we apply and can understand the term "universal relativity" that suggests that we have few if any absolute states by which we can define a fundamental baseline to the structure and patterning of the universe.

In an infinite system, any nonrandom or stochastically determined phenomena possible, would become random and stochastically undetermined within a larger framework.

We can say that an infinite and open universe is an infinitely empty universe, and any non-empty state is a relative and partial condition in relation to the total event-structure. No matter how much energy we may put into such a system, the total amount of energy to the total volume of space to fill it would always be equal to, or at least infinitesimally approximate to, zero. Even if the total amount of energy were infinite, the relative ratio of energy to its container would always be virtual zero.

The functional explanation of the spontaneous growth of the universe by stochastic random process is a bit tautological and seems to defy all we know about how the universe occurs and proceeds in time, from ordered to disordered states. If we presuppose some orginally ordered state universe, as exemplified by the cosmic egg hypothesis, then we must ask how that original maximally ordered state occurred or was created in the first place, without invoking recourse to the hand of a supernatural force or entity. An original state universe must be a zero-state universe, whether this is defined as a single infinitesimally small point, or we understand it as an infinitude (it would be relative, once again). Zero and non-zero state models would be essentially undifferentiated in the original state.

We are obviously caught on the horns of a scientific paradox, as the spontaneous generation of a universe from nothing, and an infinite state containing another infinite state, defies in a fundamental way what we understand to be basic about the universe. The only recourse we have to such a dilemma is to invoke a meta-state model of a universe that goes something like the following:

1. If the total universe is infinite, its total size is absolute though any measure of it is relative.

2. If the universe is expanding, it is not totally expanding, but only partially expanding, implying that whatever new product is created from this expansion, is taken from some other part of the system.

3. The metastate universe is necessarily a multi-state system, implying the coexistence of multiple state universes.

The dilemma, in other words, is how can we invoke a closed model of equilibrium, in which there is a set amount of volume and substance, that always achieves some dynamic balance, if the universe is infinite, which implies an open model and therefore makes closed equilibrium impossible. We answer this in a multi-state model by saying that such a system can be relatively closed through its compartmentalization into subsystems. Any such equilibrium achieved would be relative equilibrium in a partial and semi-closed system. This again is the invocation of the principle of universal relativity that suggests that in an infinite total universe, there can be no closed systems or non-relative states. The questions to be asked then is how does partitioning or compartmentalization of the total system occur?

Electron-Positron Dynamics and Nuclear Formations of Matter

If light is being continuously produced in the universe from its background dynamics, and if the universe is infinite and infinitely empty, then, in a similar manner that we invoked stochastic determinism of multiple partial states that are locally isotropic, we can invoke in the continuous production of light energy and its stochastic distribution within the universe (based upon the constraints of the speed of light and its direction) the eventual formation of electron-positron pairs within high light density regions. These pairs would flash into existence as a result of headlong collisions of light.

Because these collisions always yield anti-particle pairs, we may suggest that all light is always dissociated as a "clockwise" event structure, and that particle-anti-particle pairs always occur in both contraposed clockwise and anticlockwise spin orientations. We may speculate that the fundamental structure of spime always occurs in an integrated clockwise-anti-clockwise bound or consociated formation, and that it is the twisting of spime that releases clockwise energy in a positive state, and possibly, anti-clockwise energy in a comparable negative state.

We must speculate therefore that the background universe will have relatively continuous densities of free electrons & positrons that exist as forms of radiation. Just as light may collide in dense, distributed structures throughout the universe, in "light clouds" so too in a similar way must concentrations of electrons and positrons also exist in dense "cloud formations" the result of which would be the production of hydrogen nuclei which in turn would form their own cloud formations. Gravitational effects and disequilibrium would be expected to increase in these different forms of cloud densities, and the relative sizes of these formations would be expected to decrease.

The results of the collisions of electron-positron pairs may not be only the production of more light, but possibly the formation of neutron structures. We might understand this in terms of the mutual attraction of opposite charged states, the mutual repellence of like-charged states. Where it is conventionally expected that particle-anti-particle coupling would result in mutual annihilation, I suggest an alternative possibility that it would result in the formation of a larger entity that had its own distinctly dynamic properties.

Gravitation, Field-lines & Light

The construal of energy as a purely temporal process, with its only temporal manifestations being that of motion and direction, as a translation process, allows us to think of energy not as a thing or something that exists in the material universe, so much as it is a process or something that happens with and to the material universe. And if we are inclined to see in energy a causative nature, that it results in effects that are observable and even measurable, as for instance with our light gathering and measuring instruments, then perhaps we must also see light, as a temporal phenomena, as something that is a medium through which other causes may be expressed upon the material world.

The continuous moderation of light energy as a temporal phenomena. Its currents and periodicities suggest that it is like a reverberation of a string that is tautly tethered between two supports, that when plucked, will form a discrete series of vibrations. We can see that the plucking of the string of light occurs at one end of the line--at its source, and that it very rapidly moves down the line as far as the line will stretch. We cannot envisage any true line in empty space, but we can infer a hypothetical string that constitutes an infinitely discrete direction that is instantly propagated through space-time.

We might say that the string of light is not so much real as it is a possible or potential string that may be set straight at the exact instant of the plucking--the speed of light, always a constant in empty space-time, would be the degree of inertia exhibited upon the string by its surroundings as the light propagates through space-time. We may call the string in more fitting parlance a kind of instantaneous field-line that propagates through the manifold of the universe.

I will speculate that the same background field that creates gravitational attraction and forces, can be used to explain the phenomena of light radiation. Very similar kinds of properties appear to be associated with both forms of energy. At the same time, as alternative forms of energy they appear to be fundamentally different from one another as well. Both represent, I would say, a fundamental form of motion that occurs temporally and that leads to different spatial consequences. Such motion cannot be confined, except perhaps in the energy-binding of matter resulting in a temporally fixed or relatively unchanging entity.

We may describe such expression of energy in another way, and that is as a fundamental manifestation of change in the universe--or what we could call, on another level, thermodynamics. Changes are only recognizable by their results, by the differences from previous states through transformation. Energy can be seen therefore as a transforming force primarily--or, to put it in another way, as the expression of this transformation. Furthermore, it is a way of measuring and analyzing processes of transformation in a systematic manner.

We might say that energy always occurs with a given ratio or density per unit area and time that it occurs within. This density aspect of energy fields is quite variable and continuously fluctuating.

I will speculate therefore that, from a relativistic point of view, energy density and transformation phenomena, temporal rates of cyclic change measured temporally in terms of periodicities, exist in a kind of dynamic equilibrium such that if we increase the energy density of a given system, we decrease or depress the periodic rate of change associated with that system. If we lower the energy density of a system, then we will increase or elevate the periodic rate of change associated with that system.

We may state the following kinds of implications:

1. The higher the relative density of energy of a system, the more rapidly the changes to the system that occur.

2. The more diffuse the relative density of energy of a system, the more slowly the changes to the system that occur.

3. Decreasing energy density has the effect of relativistically "enlarging" the clock like increased gas pressure expands a balloon. Elevated energy density has the inverse consequence of "shrinking" the clock of change.

1. The smaller the point in space-time, the more rapid the periodicity.

2. The larger the area in space-time, the slower the overall periodicity.

3. A point infinitely small and infinitely dense in energy, will occur at an infinite rapid periodic rate.

4. A distribution infinitely large and infinitely diffuse in energy will occur at an infinitely slow periodic rate.

5. Any singularity point is infinitely fast.

6. The total universe, as a whole, is infinitely slow.

            a. All dynamics are local isotropic dynamics.

            b. All energy exchange dynamics, in the largest structure, equal zero or cancel out.

It follows that an extremely dense energy system, as perhaps that found in a black hole, will essentially be a system in which time has accelerated so rapidly as to be almost infinitely fast in temporal periodicity. A system that so rarefied of energy, as perhaps that in empty space-time of the deepest intergalactic voids, must be zones where time may slow down to an infinitely slow pace. Light traveling at its own constant speed will have its own relative clock, which I assume to be quite slow compared to other kinds of systems, such as our own material systems on earth.

The consideration of motion of course complicates this model. It is possible that motion has the reverse effect of the relationship of relative energy density to periodicity. A system in rapid motion may have the effect of slowing a clock down, while a system that exhibits no motion may be relatively fast in occurrence. How this occurs exactly is unexplained--that it appears to occur has been demonstrated theoretically and experimentally.

We must understand that in a synchronous-state universe, the all clocks must occur or rather recur at the same instantaneous moment. Synchrony is the way in which the universe achieves integration and holds itself together. If the strings of light are to be construed in any possible way, they must be construed as the simultaneous tendrils of time that weaves together the loom of space.

We might put the matter in a different way. The differential between relatively stratified clocks must result in a kind of energy disequilibrium, the result of which is the automatic or spontaneous manifestation of a kind of counterforce that restores simultaneous or synchronous equilibrium to dilated or expanded clocks. If we see gravitational energy as the clocks that hold the universe together, and understand this as the expression of the instantaneous and simultaneous temporality of the universe, then we can see that any distortions of its equilibrium will result in the manifestation of positive forms of energy. Gravitation, as a form of energy, is a purely temporal and periodic process. To get a better handle upon the question as to what is time and what is change, we must understand these purely in terms of the relativistic fluctuations of energy within infinite three space. The sheet of time can be said to consist of a continuous field of potential energy (i.e., gravitation) that is unified by a common thread of time. The only constraint we can impose upon this background field, as a substrate of the universe, is that within its structure there can be no absolute discontinuities, especially and most importantly, very large ones. We know of no normal way of rending or tearing this fabric of time apart. It may be stretched, twisted, bent and rippled, but we cannot break it apart by an known agency.

What are the implications of this? If the universe is expanding, then either it is expanding within the continuous sheet of time, or the sheet of time itself is somehow expanding. Either way, it is impossible to conceive of a limit beyond which this sheet of time will no longer occur or "happen." In other words, in such a synchronous universe, any expansion must necessarily be a relative phenomenon.

We might understand space therefore as the three degrees of motional freedom that are afforded to the temporal dimension. Time and change in the universe cannot be manifest or expressed in anything less than three dimensions. Synchrony can be seen in this way as a manner of integrating all possible motions or the expressions of change or energy that occur may occur in physical reality. All change events are universally, instantaneous coordinated, no matter what the relativistic differentials. Relativistic differentials lead to motions and to dramatic change events, what can be considered as relative disequilibrium in isotropic systems. Synchronous coordination of these events allows all such events to happen simultaneously. It does this by means of three dimensional, or spatial separation and segregation of differential energy events.

Another way of saying this is that the only way energy events of different sizes and magnitudes can be maintained synchronously to one another, is by means of their relative spatial isolation.

Distance is irrelevant to a synchronous or instantaneous event structure, or the sheet of time. It may be infinitely large in size, and yet occur as if a single infinitesimally small point. The relative size of the universe therefore is really on a matter of the energy dynamics that occurs within that system.

All energy however dynamic, holds itself together or remains integrated through universal temporal synchronization of its event structures. We may refer to this as the absolute periodic structure or rate of the all physical phenomena in the universe, and relate this to the gravitational constant as well as to the speed of light.

I will speculate that this periodic structure is, in the absolute sense, universally and randomly discontinuous in occurrence--it occurs in discrete events or instances much as a movie film is made up of discrete still frames. All physical processes, all change, and all time, is therefore "animated." Its discretely discontinuous structure confers some minimal size or rather, periodicity to the structure of time. It is the discontinuous nature of its structure that results in the kinds of dynamic differentials of its patterning that leads to the transformational consequences of the formation of light energy and matter, and its spatial segregation within an apparently expanding physical or positive-state universe. Otherwise, if time were of a continuous structure, it would remain in infinitely flat and stable zero-equilibrium. It could not fluctuate from one moment to the next, and such fluctuation is the origin of the physical universe.

If this is true, then it also may follow that there may be some minimal sense of discontinuity of event-structure in the universe on an infinitesimal or near-zero scale. This may in itself, upon another reducible level of analysis, also become only a fiction, if we can hypothesize infinitesimal components of time itself on ever smaller scales of event structure.

If two objects in motion at different speeds have a head on collision, we can see the resulting explosive annihilation of both objects as the radical, instantaneous setting of the clock or periodic structures of both objects to the same temporal frame. This occurs instantaneously, releasing a great deal of energy in order to restore equilibrium. We can say that two differently "timed" objects, or two objects that, by virtue of their size exist in different temporal frames of reference, come into headlong contact, then a momentary disequilibrium or discontinuity of event structure will be realized, resulting in sudden annihilation or instantaneous transformation of their positive state structures. The result of this annihilation will be the restoration of balance to the overall system.

Positive energy has no where to go but to radiate or escape into the surrounding environment, on any size or scale. Negative or gravitational energy always integrates and coordinates clocks, and has no where else to flow but into an object of matter or toward the moment of positive-state energy.

This kind of model leads us to conclude that the universe is probably infinite in size and open in structure. If we can infer that the universe is universally synchronous in cosmological structure, because there can be no absolutely discontinuous states, and that therefore the total universe is infinitely slow, then on the total scale, time is irrelevant. It has no beginning, nor end. In other words, it can be inferred to be eternal. If so, then we can infer as well that the 3-D space in which time gains expression is also open and without end. To ask what is the beginning or origin of the universe is a moot point--it always existed, and will always exist. This is not the same thing as saying that the universe is not dynamic, or has not existed in differentially dynamic states, and is not continuously changing into different states. There is no saying that the pattern of the universe that occurred in some remote past was structurally isomorphic to what is occurring now, or what will occur in the remote future.

If the universe is infinite and eternal, it must be a non-zero state universe, and it must be a meta-state system. This is not tautological to our first inferences of inferable simultaneity of remote structures in the universe. Like the theory of thermodynamics, which predicts, that energy cannot be contained but must always have a surrounding to escape to, we cannot picture therefore the total universe as a finite energy system that is not extrinsically a part of some larger structure to which it connects thermodynamically. 

Another way of saying this is that if light reaching us from solar systems 16 billion light-years distance, must also be reaching 16 billion light years in the opposite direction simultaneously, and that light reaching us from opposite directions, must similarly be reaching in opposite directions simultaneously, and if we can infer a thermodynamic radius of at least 64 billion years across, with ourselves at the center, then we can also infer 64 billion more light years in any direction from the circumference of this huge light-sphere. Of course, conventional relativity demands that at some point the light stream from one direction may have originated from the opposite direction. The trouble is the implied imbalance of structure to such closed curvature--there is no necessary reason why light from different sources should all be curving in the same directions.

These I take to be logical proofs of an open and infinite structure of the universe, if we accept as valid our initial inferences. I have violated general relativist theories in two ways--light speed does not constitute a physical event horizon to synchronous or simultaneous co-occurring structures across the universe, and the curvature of light is in the large and the long run probably non-isotropec, hence inherently open.

*****

Physical systems, those known to be constituted by atoms and molecules and their subatomic particles and forces, are the most pervasive and ubiquitous systems we know, and by far constitute the greatest mass and widest distribution of any form of natural system now known. Until the discovery of other biological life forms in the universe, biological systems as we know these to be are but a very small portion of the sum total of physical systems, a subset confined only to the thin biosphere of the earth, a biosphere which is mostly within a range of 6 miles altitude above sea-level and about 6 miles below sea-level. And human-type systems really represent only a minor component of biological systems. Therefore, physical systems as we know these demand a primary accounting for structure and pattern before we can consider the other systems that are based upon them.

Physical systems theory demands a comprehensive accounting that will allow us to understand the relationships between fundamental forces and entities as these occur in the universe, and how they become organized to create larger structures and formations of the universe. We are in this regard interested in both a descriptive explanation of the universe as a total system, and a related explanation of the fundamental and composite structure of physical reality that can account for the distribution and dynamics of the universe as a whole. I assume in this regard that: 1. the universe is a whole, single entity that is minimally integrated upon some foundational level. (in other words, it constitutes a kind of natural system); 2. There is some minimal degree of cosmological unity and consistency of pattern in relation to the basic structure and dynamics of physical reality. (such that, what can be predicted in our corner of the universe will apply, if correct, in equal way to all areas of the universe.); 3. Both the total pattern and its fundamental structures are interrelated, and are discoverable through scientific technique and knowledge.

I have constructed a basic theory of the universe and of the physical structure of reality that rests upon the validity and coherence of several central notions. These notions are:

1. The presupposition of universal simultaneity--that the universe co-occurs in an instantaneous sense everywhere at the same time, and therefore that the universe in a total sense is unfolding along the same temporal wave front.

2. The presupposition of universal relativity--the relative rate of periodic process as this occurs is defined within the energy framework in which it is situated, and this is variable in a systematic and predictable manner.

3. The presupposition of gravitational equilibrium--all natural energy processes exist within a framework of complementary dynamics such that there is a tendency overall to maintain a form of what can be called gravitational equilibrium between different energy systems. As in any energy system in equilibrium, there is an inherent tendency for the system to restore its equilibrium in case of disturbance or disruption.

4. The presupposition of universal instantaneity. Basically, the fundamental structure of physical reality is composite, and its instantaneity is or can be said to be infinitesimally reducible to what I have termed the zeroeth entity, which is similar to the principle of singularity.

5. The presupposition of universal infinity and openness. I take certain conditions universally observable, for instance, the principles of thermodynamics and the complementary principles of gravitational dynamics, to infer what can be said to be an infinite and unbound state of the universe. We cannot designate any known or knowable real system in the universe that does not obey the fundamental laws of thermodynamics. Any real system, however large or distant, would require an unlimited surrounding manifold within which the principles of thermodynamics would be realizable. Only a system in which the laws of thermodynamics do not apply would qualify as one that could have a bound or finite state. Even in such a bound, finite state, the question of what exists beyond such a state is begged to be asked.

It is within this framework that I have come to elaborate an expanded cosmological theory of the universe in relation to what can be called a unified field theory about the fundamental structure of reality.

I would claim that finite-state universes are inherently contradictory and therefore probably impossible. We can say something like the following claim of ontological truth value: any system that is logically contradictory cannot exist in reality. In other words, real systems that actually occur must by definition be logically non-contradictory. Our ability to prove this is a function of mathematical skills and experience and depends upon our ability to accurately define real systems in terms of their underlying rule structures. We can say that relations governing the patterning of the universe are logically ordered and non-contradictory to the nth degree.

I would claim that probably the total universe, as it is represented by the observable universe, is part of an even larger "meta-state" system that is composed of multiple differentiated universes. Just how such stratification separating universes occurs is impossible to determine, since such alternative state universes would be by definition directly unobservable. There is a sense that they may be stratified along different temporal or even higher order dimensions, the patterns of variability of which we do not yet comprehend.

In the universe, whatever is logically possible, given known rules of physical order, becomes in the long run and in the large most probable. The universe is such that, even if the odds against a chance event occurring are so remote as to be virtually impossible, within the framework that even will almost certainly occur somewhere or sometime within the larger framework. Life on earth is an example of a natural stochastic self-organizing system that appears to have been fairly improbably and unlikely--and yet, despite the odds against its formation on any given planetary system, it is probably, indeed almost certain, that other forms of life will in time be discovered upon distant systems in the universe. The distances separating such systems are so vast and remote, relative to the larger structure of the universe, that it would be like an atom on the earth's surface being able to locate an atom on the surface of Pluto.

The arguments I put forward in relation to my theory about the universe is based upon basic observations of physical structures as these are found on earth, commonly in fact. It is also based upon what can be called reasonable and non-contradictory inferences that can be drawn from known local phenomena and patterns. There are probably some aspects of reality and the universe that we will never know for certain. It is by no means certain that we will establish contact with alien life before our own extinction. It is probably the case that we will never be able to directly observe the total universe, or even a significant portion of the total universe, in any instantaneous manner. Similarly, and related, it is also probably the case that there are sub-subatomic entities and events that will always be below our capacity for direct or even indirect observation.

If we boil down the universe to the most basic events and entities, we must ask whether these basic structures will be continuous or discrete and discontinuous upon some fundamental level. What appears continuous on one level, may belie an elementary series of fundamental steps on another level. We might predict, for instance, because of the quantum uncertainties associated with certain subatomic particles, that fundamental event structures become increasingly continuous and indiscrete in basic properties. These quantum effects in fact suggest that particles may essentially occur at more than one place at the same time, at least with equal probabilities. Does this really mean that the entire "particle" is actually thirty-three percent here, thirty-three percent there, or thirty-three percent somewhere else, at the same time. In other words has the energy of the particle, and its identity, been essentially spread out within a given area that is definable some complex calculus of probabilities.

Does this also not mean that everything is necessarily quantum upon a lower level of organization of such entities, such that event-structures at the lower level might not appear discrete, however small or short-lived this may be? There is a clear sense, upon a fundamental level of analysis, that the distinction between continuous and discrete is rather spurious and no longer applies as a useful description of such event-processes or its structure.

The Nature and Structure of Periodic Process

Periodic process is principally known or construed in terms of the frequency of light. The periodicity of a given quantum of light energy is known to be equal to the speed of light divided by the wavelength of that quanta (i.e., it is equivalent to the light's frequency) Frequency, furthermore, and therefore periodicity with which it is equated, is a measure of the strength of light, or the amount of energy per unit time that is represented by that light. Presumably, each sinusoidal wave represents a subunit of energy of a specific amount. I would venture that, no matter the wavelength, or the rate of periodic process, each cycle of the process represents a single subunit of energy that is in all cases equal to any other cycle of the process, no matter the rate.

I would claim though that all energy of any form in which it is discovered, will exhibit a similar kind of periodicity of structure. I would claim furthermore that the energy structure underlying this universal periodicity is always the same--in fact it represents a kind of energy constant that can be said to be universal, or at least universally relative.

It appears that periodic processes upon a fundamental level are themselves periodically structured on another level. This periodicity of structure is equivalent to a blink of the structure on and off at regular intervals, and all periodic structures in the universe exhibit a similar blinking structure, and this blinking structure is possibly relative to the first or primary periodic structure.

Examination of this periodic structure leads to an examination of what energy is in a basic sense, especially as it is found always to occur in a substrate of the essential space-time fabric of the universe itself. In other words, I would assert that the periodic structure of basic quantum units of energy represent what can be said to be isotrophic interactions with the surrounding space-time matrix in a regular manner.

It may be the case that what we understand as periodic structure in a diagrammatic form, may actually be a kind of phase structure that is associated with the propagation of energy in some specific direction.

Furthermore, we must ask what might be the relation between periodic structure, or phase-pattern structure of the universe, and rotational spin characteristics of fundamental entities or composite complexes.

If we see the electromagnetic continuum as extending infinitely in either direction, towards increasing wavelength or towards increasing frequency, then we can see that energy towards the red would reach a level of being infinitely smooth, or essentially without periodic structure at all. We could represent such a phenomena as a straight line, essentially. If we could imagine that such a possible line extends omnidirectionally at the same time from all possible points in the universe, that this conception is possible because such a line is in a sense "negative" energy--it has zero-energy associated with its propagation. On the other end of the continuum, infinitely dense energy would essentially become a solid structure, like a particle of infinite energy, propagating forward in some direction.

I will venture a set of propositions about periodic processes in the fundamental structure of the universe:

1. Physical particle structures are composed of phase-structure units of energy that are coiled upon themselves.

a. These particle structures can be seen as basic vibrational structures that occur confocally in the spime substrate, resulting in a local distortion and concentration of fieldlines connecting this substrate region with the surrounding spime manifold.

b. Any particle structure exists in fundamental equilibrium with its surrounding spime manifold, such that, at any given energy level, there will be an associated mass index and rate of periodic replacement associated with that particular particle.

c. In other words, a particle structure is nothing more than a stable organization of spime in four-dimensional space-time that exists upon a discrete potential energy level

2. Rate of spin is equivalent to the frequency of the phase structure.

a. We may distinguish clockwise and anti-clockwise spin, and for convention, say that positive state particles are derived from clockwise spin, anti-particles from anti-clockwise spin.

3. Propagation of energy from the particle structure is a result of the change in energy characteristics of the particle.

4. For every kind of discrete particle, there is an associated kind of energy with a discrete phase structure.

5. The spin of a particulate structure is equivalent to the mass of the particle.

a. Mass replacement from spin is periodic, and leads to continuous displacement of positive electromagnetic energy.

6. Rotational energies associated with particles in orbitals is associated with the secondary phase structure of the energy that it transmits.

7. All event structures in the universe are synchronized to the same periodic processes, albeit at universally relative co-occurring rates.

8. Gravitational energy (the energy of mass) becomes translated through its concentrative pressures into electromagnetic energy in certain energy conversion contexts, leading to the periodic formation and release of electromagnetic energy from apparent nothingness.

9. Periodic phase structure of electromagnetic energy "tunnels" through space-time media at a constant rate, and this reflects a spiraling of the energy front.

a. the wave characteristics of a quanta of energy are the result of the interaction with the propagational manifold. In other words, it represents a perturbation of the spime substructure of space-time through which light travels, resulting in the directional translation of energy at the speed of light.

10. Light energy is nothing more then than a charge-based perturbation of the spime substrate of the space-time manifold, in some infinitely specific direction at a specific periodic rate.

11. The hypothetical field lines of spime, that in their zero-rest state are relatively flat and straight, propagate omnidirectionally from all possible points in the universe simultaneously. These field lines can be thought of as potential energy pathways that units all space in the same time.

a. These field lines connect all things together gravitationally.

b. mass based perturbation (perturbation of mass spin) results in gravitational energy differentials.

c. charge-based perturbation (perturbation of charge spin) results in electromagentic energy differentials.

12. Electromagnetic energy can only be realized as a result of the concentrative functions of the spime substrate that results in high densities of space-time in local space.

13. The strong force is the result of highly concentrated gravitational field lines that are the result of high local energy densities in nucleonic particles. Strong force can be looked at as a kind of short-range gravity that is unusually powerful

14. The red shift of light that is observed omnidirectionally and that is a function of the Hubble constant is a measure of the inherent loss of energy of light in its state-path trajectory over the long run.

It is remarkable that light is 99.999999 percent perfect in its propagation through space-time, and that it preserves its relative complex phase structure indefinitely with no significant degradation of its spectral patterning over the long run. I believe that the slight degradation of energy in the long term trajectory of light energy is a measure of its residual inefficiency, which can be seen as a function of its inherent inertia that is the result of its mass and slight gravitational interaction within the space-time manifold.

Field Theory

A universal field theory is the starting point of a revitalized cosmology that is free of the dogmas of the day, namely a big bang model based upon an uncritical general relativism. I believe that the model of general relativism is correct, but in a limited manner, and therefore it serves as a covering law model, somewhat like Newtonian mechanics, in a way that cannot account for all phenomena in a satisfactory manner. We are left with a fractured model of the universe in which gravitational bodies hang in empty nothingness and yet which gravitation conforms to the dynamic structure of space-time. A universal field theory is not exactly the same thing as a unified field theory, though the former implies and must be based upon the latter, at least eventually.

We can say at the outset that a universal field is the background substrate for all things and processes as these occur in the observable universe, which includes all those regions that we may be able to observe, if they fell within our observational sphere. This field is the same, according to the cosmological principle, in structure, over the universal scale of the largest and the longest run. There may occur local isotrope variability of this field throughout, but this variability itself will be expected to be both universally systematic, or ordered by the same principles, and also it will be patterned in a chaotic manner. Identification of the background field is important, because this field is always in interaction with the things that it embeds.

We can claim, as I have asserted, that this universal field is formed of a substrate that I refer to as spime, and this spime is a third phase of physical structure of reality alongside of matter and energy. This universal field is the infinite reservoir or energy sink to which all entropic processes are directed. It is by virtue of being invariably embedded within this universal field that all physical objects have the properties of thermodynamic systems in the first place.

We may say that the universal field is a four dimensional structure. It has the relativistic properties of space and time. This field is essentially invisible to all light radiation, which interacts only minimally with it. It has a field structure, which can be thought of as field lines mapping a complex topographic projection in three space. We know this field by its gravitational interactions with matter primarily, and large mass-objects that have relatively strong gravitational fields, especially black holes, have the property of shaping and altering the background field, even in a permanent manner. A mass object that passes through this field encounters no normal resistance to its movement, and its inertia of acceleration, if a perturbing force alters its speed or direction, can be accounted for in terms of the inertial frames of reference that its surrounding gravitational field always exerts upon such a system. 

In other words, the motion of the larger system remains independent of the motions of its integral entities. In a sense, it can be more accurately said that it is not the object that is set in motion, rather it is the spime-vehicle, the space-time manifold that envelopes the object, which is translated across a region due to its application of force or counterforce of some kind or other. In such a case, objects remain essentially as if at rest, and this is how they are experienced. On the other hand, the surrounding space-time or spime matrix that embeds them is what is traveling, like a bump or a bubble traveling through water, carrying the object in its grip. It follows that the energy of inertia exerted by a massive system is really the expression of the surrounding manifold to its own tendency to resist any changes in its dynamic state of equilibrium.

According to Einstein's theory of general relativity, gravitation is related to a four dimensional reference coordinate system in Rieman space. This system is shaped by the gravitational fields of objects embedded within it, and this determines the complex motions of objects through space-time. My interest in explaining the universal field rests in understanding this background four-dimensional reference coordinate system as essentially an "already unified field." In theory, this field is open and endless, and it has always existed. Things are defined within this field, as are processes of motion and energy relations, in a manner that can be said to be gravitationally expressed. This field in a substantive sense is not empty, but contains a special phase of physical reality that I have called spime and that has essentially a non-particularistic structure. 

Spime by itself cannot be isolated in the universe. The properties of this phase structure of physical reality are unlike the properties of matter or energy of any form we know, for it appears to behave in a manner that reflects Einstein's geometry. It appears to be fluid dynamic in its flow patterns, but appears to offer no noticeable resistance to things embedded within it, except in the form of inertial resistance to acceleration or change in motion. Everything appears embedded within it, and, according to my theory, composed of it. It appears therefore to occur in differential relative densities, and its density is in part determined by the dynamics of its coalescence. Energy and matter are the two normal forms that this coalescence may take. Thus, energy and matter, both composed of the same substance of spime that composes empty space-time, interact with this space-time field, or the spime field, in fundamental ways and is always a part of this field at all times.

It is in this way that we can understand the universal coordination and synchronization of all event structures by the means of their integration into a common and shared frame of reference system. All time within this system will be synchronized to this system regardless of the relative rates in question. Else, how can we explain the instantaneous coordination of clocks between two very distantly related objects in a sufficient manner if there is no possibility of direct linkage or communication between the two systems.

The universal background field is therefore a three space-continuum that is "moving forward" in time, or rather, changing everywhere at the same time. Gravitation then can be seen as the "holding" together of this continuum, and the differential motions that occur within it are defind in their state-path trajectory by their relationship to the space-time they exist within as event structures. In the larger framework, this structure can be said to be non-isotrope and therefore flat and open ended.

I speculate that the super density of a black hole creates a kind of gravitational vortex that has the consequence of disintegrating matter and energy caught within it back into empty space-time.

In such a model, all energy and matter would become trapped into the vortex of a black hole within which it would be swallowed up and consumed, resulting in an outflow of energy from the source in the form of pure spime. It is possible that this spime is released into the universe far removed from its source, or else may flow out of the black hole by means of a wormhole chimney or it may in fact flow out into another dimensional continuum of the universe.

The universe can be said to be both growing, and growing more dynamic at the same time. The universe is expanding not because its contents of mass bodies are all fleeing from one another, but because the intervening space between these bodies is being pulled apart and continuously filled in with new spime.

Empty spime can be said to have self-mass, which is thought to be possibly less than 1/2 x 10⁹ the average mass of matter on earth for the same volume. This self mass is of such a negligible density that apparently spime exhibits almost no noticeable resistance effects on matter or energy except in terms of its inertial effects on the gravitational systems of these objects. The mass weight of any object in space-time is really the gravitational relationship of that object embedded in spime, and represents a measure of the density of the spime manifold and displacement caused by that object in the manifold. This is related to the atomic density and size of the system, and could be related to the mass defect of nucleons with the atomic structure of the matter. The spime field densities and fluctuations and therefore their turbulence can be measured and understood in terms of gravitational effects upon matter and energy occurring within these fields. The gravitation associated with an object for instance, is determined by the relative density and rate of flow of the spime surrounding that object at any one instant. This rate of flow is fairly constant and uniform for a uniform body.

The cosmological history of the universe was therefore the product of the gradual shaping of energy from this universal spime background, and the shaping of matter from the energy that accumulated in differential concentrations in this background. The original spime field would have been relatively empty and flat in configuration. It would have contained little intrinsic turbulence. Turbulence, or isotrope deformation of the field, would have occurred increasingly over time as a product of stochastic probability that states that in an infinite universe, what is possible eventually becomes probable.

If we are to seek a unified field theory, we must see that gravitation is an effect of a universal background field that contains all energy, and all derivative forms of energy that we observe, whether strong or weak or electromagnetic, are derivative of this background field, configured form it, and embedded within it.

The production of energy from the spime field leads to the collision of photons which results in the production of positron-electron pairs, which pairs then accumulate and interact in given densities to form the basis of nucleonic particles, leading to the production of hydrogen nuclei and then the formation of denser forms of matter via their fusion production in solar systems. There is no anti-matter in the universe, because all matter contains its own anti-particles in the form of positron-electron pairs. Thus balance is conserved in the universe, and I believe the gravitational effects of matter, or mass, may be a consequence of this complex coupling of anti-pairs within the nucleon. If we cannot isolate an electron in an orbital cloud, neither can we clearly isolate either an electron or positron within a nucleon, although the distribution of the electron within the nucleonic structure is much tighter than in the electron cloud. The positive effects of protons are conferred by the existence of a positron alongside of a positron-electron couple.

If we see an electron as a charge negative state, as an absence of a positive charge, then it may not be necessary to posit the coexistence of an anti-state universe that exists tangentially to our own and, where ours might be said to be a clockwise reality, the anti-state universe would be called counter-clockwise. If this is the case, then the universe may be of an order of magnitude less dimensionally complex than otherwise suspected. The cosmological principle would hold for a single-state universe, but not necessarily for a multi-state universe. This has led to a revision of my earlier model of the dynamic state universe to exist only as a single state structure that is more or less the same throughout. If the universe exists in multi-state formations, then this occurs in an extensive manner in such that the alternative state universe exhibits emergent properties that are the result of the integration of our universe. Our systems would be like atoms in this larger meta-state structure. If we are ourselves dwarfed by comparison to our atoms, then the larger states may be in essence invisible to us by any direct means.

I really can conceive of no other way of explaining the universal field of the universe or its many gravitational effects, many of which are directly or indirectly observable. The relativistic structures and synchronization of systems within gravitational fields cannot be fully accounted for unless these fields had some kind of substantive structure. The universal field was the basis for all matter and energy, from which this was derived, and to which it returns and with which it continuously interacts. Even if we hypothesize a cosmic egg, we must see that this cosmic egg would have exhibited its own space-time properties in a gravitational background field relative to its formation. Even in such a case, the entire mass of the universe would still have been a part of a larger system of empty space-time.

A cold fusion origin of the universe is in my mind much more plausible than a hot big bang model. It makes sense that matter and energy arose gradually and cumulatively, as componential systems, by something that was less than them, and that this process was entirely stochastic and essentially a matter of blind chance. Matter and energy are nothing more or less therefore than the emergent properties of whatever it is that composes it, and this process appears to me at least to be infinitely reducible. We can say in the largest structure of the universe, and in the longest run, that something arose from nothing as purely a process of chance and happenstance. If there cannot be nothing in physical reality, then the nothing from which something came, was something that came from something else. Indeed, the essential substance of the universe, whatever it may be in its most fundamental form, can be said to be indestructible and therefore it was never made in the first place--it always existed, and will always exist no matter what shape or form it may assume.

*****

The central concern of physical systems theory can be said to be the hypothesis of a unified field, particularly, in explaining how gravitation is related to electromagnetic radiation. Upon a fundamental level I have developed such an explanation, but this explanation is still lacking in critical insight and in the rigorous mathematical formulation that would serve to tie it successfully within a larger body of knowledge about physical systems. The elaboration of rules of gravitational dynamics as being to a great extent complementary to the rules of thermodynamics still begs the question of how these fields occur, of how energy is transmitted, or if it is even transmitted, from its source to its destination. If a mechanical model can be applied to the explanation of the structure of physical reality, then we must mention that this model is at least a quantum mechanical model if it is anything, which entails that upon a fundamental level, determinative causality yields to uncertainty an precise and unequivocal formulation.

For myself at least, an ether theory is suggestive, though what this ether is may not resemble the notion of an elastic medium that served as the containing frame of reference for mechanical motion and inertial systems in the universe. I have sought to attribute, as evidence for this fundamental substrate of the texture of physical reality, certain qualities or properties that are undeniable and can be found to occur throughout. Clearest to mind are the properties of space and time. I do not believe we can isolate or point to a region of the universe, except possibly at the center of a black hole system, where time as we know it may not occur, or where our clocks, at whatever speed, would not move forward in equal measure. If the universe were truly a Machian construction of bodies in empty space, then time could only be found to exist in the presence of such matter, and possibly, in the presence of energy as well, at least as far as what we understand energy to be. We could not measure then the time of empty space unless we occupied that space with the physical presence and matter of the clock itself.

In a consistent universe, if all matter is fit to the same clock of time in a synchronous and simultaneous manner, then this could only be explained by either claiming that all matter is historically related and comes from the same source at the same time, or else that all matter exists within the same framework of temporal reference--a kind of universal coordinate reference system. My solution is to seek a kind of intermediate between these two kinds of solutions.

I cannot claim to know exactly how the universe's clock is kept set and synchronized everywhere at the same instant. I can only indirectly, by sound reason, infer that it is. If universal simultaneity is found to be a feature of all physical reality, then time as a simplesiomorphic trait can be said to have no value at all. It is understandable therefore only in its relativistic (i.e. differential) expressions.

It is my humble opinion that what we understand "empty" space-time to be, beyond a relativistic reference-coordinate system, consists of an essential kind of "substance (or, better yet, an "occurrence) that has its own properties. These properties are unlike anything else we can assign to reality. I have called this "substance" spime, an portmaneau of space-time, and I have asserted that like matter and energy, it is a third state or phase of physical reality, much as we can distinguish between solid, liquid and gaseous phases. The three states are in essence nothing more but definable phase state transformations of the same basic form. I have extended the equivalence between matter and energy, as a function of mass of a system, to a more general sense of equivalence between: 1. Energy and spime; and 2. Matter and spime. We can understand spime, energy and matter as the three fundamental phases of physical reality, all of which are characterizable by differential spatial-temporal distributions.

The key evidence I evoke for the idea of a substantial basis of spime are the following:

1. The gravitational effects of inertial mass systems in space-time.

2. The energy conversion that is derivative of such effects and that is continuous to the life of the system.

3. The independence of relative and stratified gravitational frames of reference.

4. The continuous motion of an object in empty space-time without change or interference, and the possibility of spontaneous motion as the result of gravitational attraction or interaction.

5. The inferable simultaneity of event structures universally--i.e., "now" happens everywhere in the universe at the same instant. The universe holds itself "together" in a consistent and predictable manner apparently beyond the observational limits of general relativity.

I believe as well that in time it may be possible to more directly infer the substantial basis of spime by means of unknown field effects on the patterning of light fields in space-time, though this must be derived through further experimentation. I will attempt to elucidate and justify my conclusion in terms of the four sets of reasons listed above:

1. Mass can be taken as the direct measure of gravitation force that is exerted upon an object. It is known that the rate of gravitationally induced acceleration is always the same within any gravitational field for any mass-bound object, regardless of its mass or size. This rate of gravitational acceleration can be said to be a constant for any object of any size within a uniform gravitational field. Accounting for why this is so, we must take into consideration an Einsteinian relativity of the shifting of coordinate reference frames for two unequal size mass objects. The coordinate reference frame can be said to be the space-time manifold that embeds the objects into the background field of the universe, and mediate its relationship with the universe, expressed as mass and energy. Somehow the two objects are "fit" into the structure of the universe in a similar way, such that they will exhibit the same rates of acceleration as a result. The objects are in a sense "moving" with the shifting frame of reference, or space-time manifold.

The relationship of a gravity system depends upon the unequal mass of two different objects. An object of very much larger size will exert a greater gravitational force upon a smaller or less dense object than the other way around.

The greater the size of a system in terms of its potential or rest mass, the greater will be its gravitational effects upon its surrounding field. In theory, the largest mass object in the universe would exert the greatest total gravitational force in the universe. In general, the dominant mass object will exert the unifying center of orientation about which all other subsystems will become oriented relative to one another.

Relative direction at the center of such a unified system can be said to be at relative rest for the entire system, even though this system may be embedded in a larger frame of reference for which the center of gravity is in directional motion. This directional motion of the system occurs independently of this systems own intrinsic unification and does not appear to affect that systems intrinsic gravitational strength. In other words, the momentum of a system in directional motion, does not appear to affect that systems rest mass within a unified gravitational field.

Two or more mass objects that are not joined together, cannot exhibit a uniform gravitational field with a common point of origin. Such systems can be said to be nonstable or systems having dynamic equilibrium, such that a complex set of motions will result that will create a complex gravitational equilibrium between non-conjoined components. To state this more simply, two or more gravitationally unified systems cannot produce a unified gravitational field system with a single center of gravity.

Gravitational effects of systems are dependent upon the formula:

4/3p r³

Such that gravitational energy will fall off rapidly for a system as we move further away from that system, assuming that the system is linear in its effects similar to the propagation of light and that the system is a perfectly round spheroid. In general, a gravitational field will conform to the overall shape and distribution of density of a mass system, as well as to its rotational motion. Evidence suggests that gravitational force will fall off more rapidly in a non-linear manner that never eventually reaches zero.

In any gravitational system of any size in relation to any other gravitational system of any other size, a point or limit will be reached between the two systems at which the gravitational effects of one are cancelled by the gravitational effects of the other. Within this limit, the gravitational effects of the mass object in consideration is always stronger than the gravitational effects of the alternate system. It is often the case that the disparity of size between the two systems is so great that the radius of gravitational equilibrium of the smaller system will be in fact but a point within the mass of the object itself. Under such conditions, the object can be thought to have no intrinsic gravitational effects itself, but is completely under the dominion or influence of the other system. The earth is much smaller and gravitationally weaker than the sun, and yet at the surface of the earth is is the gravitational effects of the earth that are dominant and not those of the sun or the moon, which are largely canceled except for possible tidal influences. 

In a unified gravitational field such as the earth, all things connected to the earth, including its atmosphere and hydrosphere, will move in a manner more or less consistent to the motion of the system as a whole, with but slight variation. Because the entire system is unified, its total coordinate reference system is moving at the same rate in the same overall direction. Any object that is released from a height and falls on the vertical vector towards the center of the earth will have its own immediate gravitational frame of reference that will be under the influence of the earth's own gravitational system. On a larger scale, the entire earth system comes under the gravitational influence of the sun, and is slightly perturbed by the influence of the moon. In relation to the sun, the earth as a unified system behaves as a single system. The sun's gravity does not strip the earth of its water or rain or clouds. It may in fact be stripping the earth of its free hydrogen molecules, but not in any direct way.

For a plasma system like the sun, we can see that the effective radius of gravitational unification of its hydrogen mass will be the surface or below the surface at which a system exists in terms of its overall diameter. This will be the limit beneath which hydrogen can be kept permanently trapped and unified as a stable system. Above this limits should be a sheath of turbulence at which hydrogen plamas is in greater motion and struggling to escape from the inner system. So great is the light and heat energy of such systems, that much hydrogen will essentially be blown out from the system at incredible speeds, lost to space as so much solar radiation or wind.

Gravitationally unified systems, even if they are complex and have dynamic equilibrium, will behave as single systems in a larger gravitational frame of reference that will be defined by a dominant source or set of sources of gravity. The behavior of the system in the larger frame of reference (i.e., the earth system in relation to the sun) will not affect the relative motions and behavior of the components of the earth system.

If we dropped an object from a very high altitude while in synchronous orbit with the earth, we should have to inquire as to what would be the resulting trajectory of the object once it impacted the earth. Such an object would not necessarily fall in a straight line, but its trajectory might follow a geodesic curve, that, over the long run would describe a spiral trajectory to the point of intersection with the earth. It must furthermore be asked if the same object were dropped from different points around the earth, whether the resulting trajectories would all occur in a similar curvilinear direction, or whether this would be random.

2. It is evident that large gravitational bodies exhibit properties of the production of heat at the core of such systems. This heat is produced continuously as long as the body remains and endures as an object. Very large bodies, of a mass roughly proportional to the sun, will produce a tremendous amount of heat. This heat energy is related to gravitational pressures exerted towards the center of the object, and indirectly, it may be related to the process of what I refer to as spime replacement. In other words, such systems effective produce heat energy from spime as the result of achieving extremely high degrees of temperature and pressure in the inner system. Excess heat is thrown off from this system on a continuous basis, and more spime is thereby induced into the system from the surrounding manifold of the background field.

This process, thus explained, would appear to defy the laws of thermodynamics for systems, no matter how large the energy reservoir represented by their mass, unless we can invoke a third kind of entity, like spime, to explain the process. Even the total conversion of all the sun's mass to energy would not produce near the total amount of energy that the sun throws out into space on a continuous basis year after year, without leading soon to the complete exhaustion of the system. The only explanation for the continuous production of energy by the sun therefore is if some mechanism like spime could account sufficiently for the difference in total energy of mass of the sun itself, and its total energy produced over the course of its lifetime. The sun can be said to be continuously renewing itself moment to moment, at every point. The rates of renewal, or spime replacement, are occurring faster at the center of the sun than upon its surface.

Heat energy bears a direct relationship to gravitational energy of a system, in an instantaneous sense, by the speed of light squared. We say this because we know that the measure of mass is really a measure of gravitational energy or force potential of a system.

We may explain therefore the movement of gravitational frames of reference, or of spime manifolds in relation to the objects falling to the center of the earth, in terms of the induction or continous flow of the surrounding spime manifold into the center of the gravitational body. The fact of the great mass differential between the body itself and the surrounding space-time manifold entails that this flow will be omnidirectionally concentrative towards the center of the object, and will tend to follow a spiral trajectory in reference to the trajectory of objects falling to earth. The induction of spime is the result of the continuous replacement of spime at its center, and its loss as heat. The object of matter therefore acts as a great gravitational lense that is capable of focusing spime, the substance of gravitation, towards itself in the center. The flow of spime is likened to the blowing of the wind, in that it has many similar kinds of fluid dynamic properties. Increase in gravitational pressures is an expected outcome of this concentrative flow that converges upon a common center. Though this flow is expressed in spatial terms as a form of induced motion in a predetermined direction, and with determinable rates, etc., the explanation for this flow pattern I believe is primarily a temporal phenomenon. The deformation of the spime manifold in 4-space, as for instance in the concentrative flow to the earth's center, consists of a structural pattern of transition in which the clock of an object is changed in its setting in a continuous way, reset to a new rate in an instantaneous sense, as it moves towards the earth in its free fall. It may be a moot point to say that the directional motion changed the clock, or it was the changing clock that set the directional motion. The gravitational manifold through which things move is also the stable conformation by which time flows and unfolds everywhere in a synchronous manner.

If we lift an object above our heads, and then drop it, it falls directly to the earth, without exception. This sense of motion was already built into the system--it was a potential part of the object in terms of its mass. Our lifting and holding back the object prevents its natural movement. Its coming to rest on the surface also prevents its further movement towards the center of gravity.

If we suspend any plumb bob in motionlessness, its tip will always point to the center of gravity of the earth. If we take any set of very fine measurements of the angle of a plumb bob from the horizontal, it will always read perpendicular to the horizontal line, but if we carry all these measurements over different places of the earth, we can gain a sense of the distance to the center of the earth by the intersection of the projected lines, and we can also gain a sense of the overall size of the earth by an estimate of its curvature.

3. The relative independence of gravitational frames of reference suggests that while only one gravitational frame of reference may predominate for a system at any one point in space and time, this point in space and time may actually be a member of a large number, even an infinite number of stratified gravitational frames of reference, such that its motion may be said to possibly occur in an infinite number of directions and speeds at the same time, without our realization of this background motion. Such possibility of omidirectional motion only becomes expressed, I believe, with the gravitational unity of a system is temporarily lost, and the system suddenly disintegrates. A system that undergoes sudden disintegration gravitationally can be said to explode in all directions at the same time. The primary motion of an object in a system would be that motion detectable by the object within its primary frame of gravitational reference. Any other motion, or secondary motion, could be said to be relatively insensible. We detect the motion of the pencil as it rolls of the desk and falls to the floor. We do not detect the motion of that pencil as it flows, with the rest of the earth, in its orbit around the sun, or in the solar systems orbit around the Milky Way galaxy.

We are as if on a speeding train. Inside the speeding train, all motions appear relative to the frame of reference of our cabin. If we drop a pencil, if falls to the floor of the train car. We only sense the motion of the train if there is deceleration or acceleration, or if we look out the window and see the scenery rushing by. Unified gravitational systems accomplish the exact same effect as the stability of our furniture and pencils within the train car or upon an airplane. If we drop our pencil out a window, we will observe the sudden shift of an independent frame of reference, just as if we elevate the pencil and suddenly let it fall to the floor. Even if we sense the motion of the train across the landscape, we do not sense its motion as a result of the rotation of the earth, unless we watch the sun set in relation to it. Nor can we sense its motion as a result of the earth's rotation around the sun, unless we follow carefully from day to day the path of the sun in its trajectory through the sky. These are insensible motions, or imperceptible motions, not because they seem to occur at an incredibly slow pace, which in relation to our system they do, but because they are moving at an incredibly fast speed through an incredibly vast space.

It is the nature of gravitational systems to preserve the original equilibrium of a complex system without disturbance, regardless of the motional patterns of this system in a larger gravitational frame of reference. Why this is so is not obvious, and compared to the motion of things through the earth's atmosphere, may seem counterintuitive. It is better comprehended if we see that the motion of the earth around the sun, incorporating the motion of the moon around the earth without interference, is like the motion of wooden horses on a merry-go-round. If we are riding our horse, we do not sense its change of position relative to the other horses around it. We can say that the entire frame of the carriage of the merry-go-round is moving synchronously at the same time. 

We cannot say that the forward motion of the earth around the sun, that gives to it its orbital trajectory and periodicity of motion around the sun, is the result of the moving of the entire gravitational field around the sun. If the earth were stationary, it would fall in a spiral trajectory into the sun in relatively short order. Even if the speed of the earth were slightly decelerating, this deceleration would eventually cause a decay in the orbit about the sun. It is the steady and continuous motion of the earth, embedded within its continuum, that prevents it from falling into the sun. It becomes like a ball on the end of a rope that is spun around and around oneself. The rope remains taught as long as the ball continues its motion. But we can say the earth moves about the sun with the moon of the earth fixed into its own orbit in a manner entirely unaffected by its secondary motion around the sun, which would be insensible motion. The earth and moon therefore pirouette about the sun as if they are part of the same system.

The relative motions of the earth and the moon about the sun occur as completely independent of the relative motions of Saturn and its moons about the sun. We know these motions to occur at the same time, but they occur in a completely or directly independent manner. These are considered separate and simultaneous systems that are independent of one another. The spime manifold affecting the Earth-Moon system in relation to the sun is separate from the spime manifold affecting the Saturn-Moon system, or any other planet system, though they all occur within the same solar gravitational frame of reference. They are not all on the same merry-go-round--each is its own merry-go-round traveling at its own speed.

This is explainable only if we can say that the local effects outweigh the larger range effects in the immediate frame of reference, but the larger range effects (gravitationally speaking) influence and determine the entire frame of reference within a larger system.

4. We may speak of the continuous motion of an object through empty space-time, if no perturbing or interfering force occurs, in a way as to suggest that this motion is an intrinsic part of the system of which an object is the central part. The entire local system is moving in a simultaneous manner with the object, and this motion becomes a property attributable to the system. We may say the following:

All things in the universe exist in continuous motion.

Nothing is at absolute rest in the universe.

All rest states are relative to the gravitational frame of reference they occur within.

Acceleration or deceleration of a system, or the shifting of the direction of a system, requires the input of force to change the equilibrium that the system exists within. What is experienced is the inertia of the system, and this inertia is a direct function of the systems mass. Inertia can be defined as the innate resistance of a system to alteration of its current state of equilibrium.

Direction or speed of motion of a object in empty space-time does not affect the conformational structure of its gravitational field, even though spime can be said to be continuously flowing through and around it. We would expect the kind of resistance encountered with all fluid dynamic systems, but in fact there is no drag or at least any appreciable drag to empty physical motional systems. This speaks of a curious structure of spime as a substance, and I believe reveals a special set of qualities about this substance. I would claim that it occurs in an instantaneous manner everywhere at the same time--it is ubiquitous. Secondly, it is not only ubiquitous, but universally substitutable. Third, its nature of interaction can be said to be instantaneous cross space--in other words, its effect is faster than the speed of light. Motionally it occurs in fluid dynamic patterns, but this is only local and relative motion. At the same time, this spime can be seen to be blinking on and off and occurring in one place, and then in an entirely different place, at the same time. It therefore appears to violate in this regard a basic principle of motion, such that we can state that the same entity may occur in two different places successively, without a direct line of motion between them.

Whatever the speed of an object through empty space time, its immediate or primary intrinsic frame of reference will remain as if at rest, and its motion through space will be said to be insensible. There will be no conformational changes to its surrounding spime manifold. The speed itself will be an intrinsic property of the system. It is therefore possible to imagine a system that is in motion in an infinite number of directions simultaneously, but remains in essence as if at rest. In a gravitationally unified system, all components of the system must move in a synchronous manner within any larger frame of reference, such that such motion is insensible within the system.

Larger scale motions of the earth-centered system, within some great frame of reference, will only be detectable over the long run by its shifting position among the stars. The number of kinds of changes of position of stars, or variation that can be detected, may lead us to be able to estimate the number of different kinds of motion that the earth as a gravitationally unified system may be involved within. Such estimates would as well tell us something interesting about the larger structural cosmography of the universe of which we are a part. This kind of measure is probably exacerbated though by the fact that starlight is so old and so long in reaching us, that we really cannot tell what the exact contemporaneous state of the universe is, though we can infer some kind of state system occurring.

I believe continuous motion tells us something interesting about the structure of physical reality. An object that is set in motion in physical space, if allowed to continue uninterrupted, would apparently retain the same exact speed and trajectory for eternity. It would travel forever across empty-space without its trajectory ever degrading or coming to an end. This structure suggests, among other things, that the universe is open and infinite, else any such hypothetical object would have to change direction or change its speed eventually as a result of meeting some "edge" to the system or as a result of its curvature.

The speed and directionality of motion are two mechanical properties that are associated with an object in the universe, and unless acted upon by some intervening force or counterforce, these properties appear to be invariable. It follows that if we accept a big bang model, and we find that the universe is slowing down or speeding up in its rate of expansion, then, according to this theory stated above, there must be some force that causes the universe to expand faster or some resistance factor that slows this expansion down. Otherwise, it would be expected that the universe would expand at a continuous speed overall, and that it would expand infinitely outward in an open system.

We can observe this with light systems, which has its own inherent speed that never changes in empty space. We can deduce that possibly there is gradual loss off intrinsic energy in such a system ( a form of gravitational inertia) which becomes experienced as red shift. We can conclude that all objects in their motion will yield a small amount of its energy over time to the surrounding manifold, but this energy may be yielded in different ways than in directional momentum. Is it possible that such an object will grow less dense, or lighter, over the very long run?

Any object must affect its surrounding field in some manner. The results of these effects are gravitational, and we talk about a gravitational field of some size, strength and shape, surrounding any object. This field is in a sense an intrinsic and constant part of this object, though it may exhibit variability during its lifetime. The field cannot be explained in terms of the intrinsic mass of the system, as this mass is leftover, completely, if the field were able to be removed. The mass of the system itself is a product of this field. If an object moves through empty space-time, its field moves in equal measure without distortion or change of its size, shape or strength. The continuum that it moves through is never the same, but the field and its embedded object are unified as a single system. Inertia of a system would be then the energy that is required to move the system through empty space-time, including its field and object.

All motion is in essence change in time as well as in spatial positioning. If all things in the universe are in continuous motion, and any single thing may exhibit an infinite number of simultaneous motions within the larger system, then we can say that the universe is mechanically complex and universally relative. Where we define differentials in motion depend upon the reference point we adopt. Such motional characteristics of the universe would also entail that it is a dynamic state structure, continuously changing.

We must ask in this regard whether or not the total system could be gravitationally unified. If it were, all sub-motions would occur in some kind of complex equilibrium, and the universe as a whole could be considered to be in motion itself within a larger frame of reference. The cosmological principle which seems to hold true over the larger scale, suggests that the total universe is not gravitationally unified as a single system, and that at some point, gravitational unification of larger and larger systems stops being a major factor in the overall organization of the universe.

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I have elaborated a theory of universal relativity that guides an understanding of the order of the universe and of the fundamental physical realities composing that universe. The universe can be said to be temporally integrated, and this sense of temporal integration requires a three-dimensional space manifold for its reiterative expression. The temporal integration of the universe is expressed in terms of its energy dynamics that are continuous and always seeking some relative state of equilibrium. The explanation for temporal integration of the universe can be said to be evidenced by gravitational effects that are the result of differential densities or concentrations of energy leading to the formation of matter. Our own experience of time upon a fundamental level is a consequence of our being a material part of the universe as a whole system.

In the larger universe, or in what can be called the total universe, the cosmological principle of time can be said to have no value, rather, it can be said to be eternal or rather without time. The total universe can be said to be infinitely slow and infinitely empty. It can be said therefore to be infinitely large, and also infinitely empty. It can be said to be a non-zero state universe, in the sense that we can assign to it no original or final or ultimate or fundamental end-states. It is a moot point therefore to ask scientifically where the universe began, as it always existed and had not beginning.

The experience of time as an irreversible process is purely a part of an isotrope event structure within some gravitationally defined frame of reference. The larger universe holds itself together by the fact that it is gravitationally integrated within an already unified field, and this integration can be said to be achieved outside of time itself, as far as we experience this phenomena. This can be understood in terms of how the speed of light as a universal constant affects all thermodynamic processes and rates of change in the universe. All positively expressed change phenomena occur as a function of the speed of light, which represents the maximum rate at which such change events can propagate from some origin in 4-dimensional frames. Gravitational integration can be said therefore to be a kind of potential or negative event structure that exists outside of temporal ordering or what can be said to be transition phenomena. The effects of gravitation that we experience occur within the framework of temporal ordering or what we can call transition phenomena. The way of understanding gravitational integration is as a vast system that is synchronized automatically to the same periodicities. In fact these periodicities can be said to be zero-periodicities. Local perturbations occur to this system that result in fluctuations of local equilibrium, being restored in the direction of the overall system that is of zero-time value or a state of absolute rest or changelessness. We most closely understand this state as absolute zero, and can even assign to it a definite number.

Another way of looking at the temporal integration of the universe is to understand that in the application of the cosmological principle, there is a principle of consistent congruence of structure. What we find to be congruent structure of time and matter and space in our little corner of the universe, is held to be of equivalent structure everywhere else in the universe, unless there are prevailing conditions that account for deviations from this structural patterning.

The inference from this is that the universe can be said to be a simultaneous state structure. It occurs everywhere at the same instant, though temporal periodicities defining the structure will vary throughout. We may say that in all the universe, time is non-reciprocal and irreversible.

We may state the following principles:

Synchronous event structures are by definition independent event structures that occur simultaneously. In order of event structures to occur simultaneously, they must be independent of one another. This independence of event structure is achieved spatially through segregation.

Such structures must be physically separated from one another, which separation entails spatial-temporal segregation. The speed of light, which is a constant, imposes a limit to the rate of change possible in any system of any volume, and sets a framework for the spatio-temporal segregation of independent, co-occurring event structures to take place.

If the universe were not spatially distributed, there could be no independent simultaneous event structures.

Interdependent or non-independent event structures must occur diachronically or in a chronological order of patterning. In order to two events to occur within the same spatial frame of reference, they must be separated by time. They cannot occur simultaneously.

Non-simultaneous event structures must be directionally ordered by temporal sequence. These event structures can only occur sequentially one after another, as part of the same state-path trajectory.

The energy of non-simultaneous or sequential event structures will never be the same energy, and this change in energy states reflects the dynamic and temporal aspects of change and transformation affecting these successive event structures. On the other hand, it is apparent that in time, the energy of simultaneous event structures will become shared across space, but only with other contraposed non-simultaneous event structures.

In this model, we can see that energy emanating from synchronous but segregated event structures at the bottom, requires a certain amount of time to reach the origins of the contraposed event structures, by then, the energy of the first even structure has been lost and replaced. We understand and assume this relationship to be fairly uniform and fixed by the speed of light, and we refer to the number of light-years as the standard yardstick for measuring the relative universe. When we observe very distant and deep galaxies, we are observing them not at their synchronous or simultaneous states, but at an earlier state. Neither can we observe our own original state, or rather the previous state at which our own system existed contemporaneously with the one we are observing.

We can assume that the more powerful our telescopes are, the further back in time we may see, and that the light from the earliest universe at the most distant edges of this universe, will still be a part of our own light system and, if we had the know-how, would enable us to analyze very primordial states from the furthest corners of the universe. What would be denied to our vision at all times would be the current state of the universe at its distant limits, and our own direct primordial states of the corner of the universe in which we exist. Only the cosmological principle allows us to assume on some minimal level a degree of non-isotrope of simultaneous event structure between our own and distant systems. How far this presumption can be extended across the infinitudes of the universe is uncertain.

We can assume this non-isotrope of structure to hold reasonably well within the observational sphere or compass of our observability. We can infer it to hold true for several orders of magnitude beyond this compass of our observational sphere if we assume both that we are not at the center of the sphere we are observing, and that light is traveling in fairly uniform ways in every direction from every source. This inferable sphere is pretty large in extent, but I believe even this kind of inference must break down with each order of magnitude we assume for its size, in greater and greater uncertainty.

In the background field of the universe, it can be said that all simultaneous event structures become integrated in a dynamically complex manner. We cannot draw a clear cut boundary between event structures at the level of their energy dynamics, at least, like we can draw a boundary around matter.

The unique and interesting structure of light is that no matter how dilute or how much cross-interference or deformation affects its trajectory through space-time, it always retains a minimum amount of information of the signal from its original source. This feature allows us to see things from very vast distances with a modicum of certainty about what we are observing. We can record transmission lines and determine the chemical or atomic nature and composition of the distant sources. We can use this kind of information to more realistically define the cosmological principle on a large and long run scale of space-time. 

We can refer to this unique structure as the pin-point accuracy of light, no matter how perturbed or otherwise integrated within the background field. Explaining this kind of pin-point accuracy of light may yield important theoretical understanding about the dynamic structure of physical reality. For instance, it may bespeak a relationship with what I refer to as the zeroeth-entity or property such that light can be said to cause a fundamental temporal-directional perturbation to the zeroeth extent. This would mean that no matter how miniscule the amount of light, it would be theoretically recoverable from the most distant and scantiest of sources. It may also entail the field-line integration of all simultaneous event structures as continuous wave fronts. In other words, light at a particular wave moment or instant will be inherently integrated with all other light of the same instant of the same instantaneous wave front. This integration can be explained in terms of the quantum properties of the zeroeth-entity. We should therefore find in any light field a topographical map of its state-path trajectory recorded as a series of interference or Fresnel lines, etc.

The instantaneously current distribution of event structures in the universe is complex and chaotic, self-organizing and stochastic. It was arrived at through an eternity of natural histories from earlier or preceding distributions. This is how we understand the temporal integration of the universe. Current states of differentiation and segregation, as well as integration, are a by-product of previous states. These states are dynamic and always in fluctuation. They do not come crashing together because it would require more energy to bring things together than to keep them apart. The current and unfolding spatial-temporal distribution of the universe, and the implied spatial segregation of independent event structures, was only achieved as the result of countless eons of natural cosmogenesis. 

Such patterning could not be simply or suddenly altered on any grand scale. If the universe is expanding, then it is doing so because this sense of physical segregation is gradually increasing rather than diminishing. It is an attempt to restore equilibrium to a system that is growing increasingly dynamic and turbulent, while at the same time diffusing out to broader and broader regions of space-time. It makes sense that the universe would seek an empty state, a vacuum of maximum distribution. The trouble is that because it is infinite and eternal, its vacuum will never be achieved. Diffusion is never into completely empty space, but always a form of cross-diffusion into the background field. Its measure of emptiness is relative to its infinity only. Furthermore, the universe is apparently growing increasingly dynamic as more energy is produced from the turbulence of space-time and more matter stock-piles from the collisions of energy. Event structures occurring in one corner of the universe eventually have a chaotic, butterfly influence on other event structures in another corner of the universe.

It can be said that in the universe, what goes around comes around, except that, unlike the earth's surface, the universe is an open ended structure. We peer ever more deeply into both its history and its primordial expanses. With time, as with energy, what goes around does not return, but is lost forever.

Entropy and the Central Dogma of Energy Organization

This model is ideologically illegitimate and paradigmatically incorrect, but it does not preclude the possibility of big bang events, as major cosmic episodes, having occurred, at least upon some regional level. The near exclusive acceptance of the big bang model can only be explained in terms of Kuhnian paradigmatics, and the natural human symbolic tendency towards ideological closure when dealing with unknown and uncertain variables. The acceptance of the received Big Bang model is regarded as uncritical and counter-intuitive to much of the evidence, and to a broader picture of the structure and processes in physical reality.

A theory of the unified field begins with an understand that upon a fundamental level all physical things or entities with physical properties are of the same kind, and are only differential expressions of this basic essence--consequences of different state-path trajectories. In this manner, we can find the unity of thermodynamic energy, gravity and matter as being equivalent to one another, and the basis of this universal equivalence is in the fact that all may represent permutations of the same basic set of fundamental states. I find that gravitational energy is probably more basic than thermodynamic energy, and thermodynamic energy is more basic than matter, hence matter may be reducible to heat energy and heat energy may be reducible to gravitational energy. 

Even gravitational energy may ultimately be reducible to some more basic form of pattern or process that I call "spime" and that incorporates the basic properties of space and time. This outlines what I will call the central dogma of the physical universe--more complex structures and states are built up from more basic and fundamental structures and states. There is an order of creation as well as one of causation in the physical universe, and we cannot therefore hypothesize the derivation of simpler and less complex states from the preexistence of more complex states. To understand this central dogma in the framework of thermodynamics and the laws of entropy, we must see that the order in the universe is achieved stochastically and self-organizationally. The relative efficiency of a form of natural work is accomplished through the organization and transformation of change events in some informatively logical manner. What is observed is the consequence of the overall tendency for all ordered states to seek a condition of maximum disorder, after the fact of their original organization.

The observation that all working systems are by definition finite systems, and are always contained within a set of larger surroundings for which it exhibits ultimately entropic effects, leads to the logical conclusion that the total universe must be infinite in extent. No matter what the scale or size of the working system we may specify for the universe, we can always see that this system will be contained within and constrained by a larger set of surroundings.

If the universe is extensively infinite, we may also assert as well that it may be intensively infinite as well, or infinitesimally reducible. In other words, in such a universe, there are no fundamental irreducible entities or states, but the structure of the universe may be said to be reducibly componential and constituent. Any self-consistent system, characterized by emergent properties, can be said to be a super-system that is composed of smaller subsystems in dynamic interrelationship to one another.

We may also say that the universe, because it is infinite, must also be essentially eternal--it has lasted forever, and has had therefore not ultimate beginning and will have no end.

The universal field that I write about is in essence the background field within which all kinds of physical phenomena are naturally configured, albeit in very different and often very dynamic ways. This field is mostly perceived by us as being a vast emptiness, a vacuum of nothingness that is filled with the debris and consequences of an original big bang event. And yet, in every instance of an event of whatever kind, this background field appears to exhibit fundamental properties that cannot be violated under any circumstances. I no longer see the universe as a vast emptiness filled with stars and planets and light and hydrogen gas. I see it as an invisible sea of a mysterious ethereal medium that is composes everything contained within it. An electron, a sun, a moon, these are all merely physical variants of concentration and coordination of this basic and most fundamental of substances

It is perhaps a misnomer to call it a substance, as it is not like the phase states of matter, either as a gas, a liquid or a solid, though some of its properties may resemble any of these alternate phase patterns in an analogical manner. It is not composed of reducible little "things" or entities, though such things may be one of its most omnipresent modes of expression. It is not even just an event or even a process of an ongoing series of events--events are fundamentally conditioned and constrained by it and are perhaps the indirect result of it. Gravitational and relativistic effects seem to be its most basic form of expression, or at least its most directly available consequences. I have termed the name "spime" as a portmanteau of "space-time" to describe this fundamental physical "state."

We may find in the conception of spime therefore the basis for a unified theory of physical reality in the sense that we can see all physical entities, events and states to be derivative of and composed of the differential organization of spime in the universe. All energy exchange events that occur, including both thermodynamic and gravitational events, are fundamentally the interchange and reorganization of spime upon a fundamental level. Spime can therefore be said to be the common currency of exchange for all kinds of physical phenomena, and to underlie the differential patterning of such phenomena upon a fundamental level of organization. It is difficult to think of physical reality in these terms because we are trained and are used to seeing reality in terms of "entities" or things that interrelate to one another via "forces" and energies. It was Einstein who first gave us a vision of reality that allowed us to define the equivalence of energy and matter, and to see the relativistic behavior of both in fundamentally inseparable space-time.

It is difficult indeed to conceptualize spime as any "thing" or even as a force or energy. It is neither a substance nor a force or energy. It exists, I suppose, more as a kind of infinite possibility, or perhaps, a potentiality for the realization of some event, than as anything in and of itself. We might say simply that "spime happens" and it is by its happening that it becomes known in terms of its consequences that we experience in reality. I believe, for instance, that evidence suggests that spime flows unevenly upon a local and even regional scale. Its flow pattern is not unlike the fluid dynamics of any kind of laminar flow. At the same time, this flow pattern is different structurally because it appears to occur in a stratified manner, such that flows may be contained within larger currents, and it appears as well that it not only flows but exhibits other characteristics of "stretching" and possible "twisting" of structure that confers upon it a semi-rigid and infinitely elastic conformation. At the same time, as a kind of low pattern, it exhibits no apparent resistance or friction. Resistance appears to be experienced in the form of inertia to acceleration.

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A universal field theory is the starting point of a revitalized cosmology that is free of the dogmas of the day, namely a big bang model based upon an uncritical general relativism. I believe that the model of general relativism is correct, but in a limited manner, and therefore it serves as a covering law model, somewhat like Newtonian mechanics, in a way that cannot account for all phenomena in a satisfactory manner. We are left with a fractured model of the universe in which gravitational bodies hang in empty nothingness and yet which gravitation conforms to the dynamic structure of space-time. A universal field theory is not exactly the same thing as a unified field theory, though the former implies and must be based upon the latter, at least eventually.  

We can say at the outset that a universal field is the background substrate for all things and processes as these occur in the observable universe, which includes all those regions that we may be able to observe, if they fell within our observational sphere. This field is the same, according to the cosmological principle, in structure, over the universal scale of the largest and the  longest run. There may occur local isotrope variability of this field throughout, but this variability itself will be expected to be both universally systematic, or ordered by the same principles, and also it will be patterned in a chaotic manner. Identification of the background field is important, because this field is always in interaction with the things that it embeds.

We can claim, as I have asserted, that this universal field is formed of a substrate that I refer to as spime, and this spime is a third phase of physical structure of reality alongside of matter and energy. This universal field is the infinite reservoir or energy sink to which all entropic processes are directed. It is by virtue of being invariably embedded within this universal field that all physical objects have the properties of thermodynamic systems in the first place.

We may say that the universal field is a four dimensional structure. It has the relativistic properties of space and time. This field is essentially invisible to all light radiation, which interacts only minimally with it. It has a field structure, which can be thought of as field lines mapping a complex topographic projection in three space. We know this field by its gravitational interactions with matter primarily, and large mass-objects that have relatively strong gravitational fields, especially black holes, have the property of shaping and altering the background field, even in a permanent manner. 

A mass object that passes through this field encounters no normal resistance to its movement, and its inertia of acceleration, if a perturbing force alters its  speed or direction, can be accounted for in terms of the inertial frames of reference that its surrounding gravitational field always exerts upon such a system. In other words, the motion of the larger system remains independent of the motions of its integral entities. In a sense, it can be more accurately said that it is not the object that is set in motion, rather it is the spime-vehicle, the space-time manifold that envelopes the object, which is translated across a region due to its application of force or counterforce of some kind or other. In such a case, objects remain essentially as if at rest, and this is how they are experienced. On the other hand, the surrounding space-time or spime matrix  that embeds them is what is traveling, like a bump or a bubble traveling through water, carrying the object in its grip. It  follows  that the energy of inertia exerted by a massive  system is really the expression of the surrounding manifold to its  own tendency to resist any changes in its dynamic state of equilibrium.

According to Einstein's theory of general relativity, gravitation is related to a four dimensional reference coordinate system in Rieman space. This system is shaped by  the gravitational fields of objects embedded within it, and this determines the complex motions of objects through space-time. My interest in explaining the universal field rests in understanding this background four-dimensional reference coordinate system as essentially an  "already unified field."  In theory, this field is open and endless, and it has always existed. Things are defined within this field, as are processes of motion and energy relations, in a manner that can be said to be gravitationally expressed. This field in a substantive sense is not empty, but contains a special phase of physical reality that I have called spime and that has essentially a non-particularistic structure. 

Spime by itself cannot be isolated in the universe.  The properties of this phase structure of physical reality are unlike the properties of matter or energy of any form we know, for it appears to behave in a manner that reflects Einstein's geometry. It appears to be fluid dynamic in its flow patterns, but appears to offer no noticeable resistance to things embedded within it, except in the form of inertial resistance to acceleration or change in motion. Everything appears embedded within it, and, according to my theory, composed of it. It appears therefore to occur in differential relative densities, and its density is in part determined by the dynamics of its coalescence. Energy and matter are the two normal forms that this coalescence may take. Thus, energy  and matter, both composed of the same substance of spime that composes empty space-time, interact with this space-time field, or the spime field, in fundamental ways and is always a part of this field at all times.

It is in this way that we can understand the universal coordination and synchronization of all event structures by the means of their integration into a common and shared  frame of reference system. All time within this system will be synchronized to this system regardless of the relative rates in question.  Else, how can we explain the instantaneous coordination of clocks between two very distantly related objects in a sufficient manner if there is no possibility of direct linkage or communication between the two systems.

The universal background field is therefore a three space-continuum that is "moving forward" in time, or rather, changing everywhere at the same time. Gravitation then can be seen as the "holding" together of this continuum, and  the differential motions that occur  within it are defined in their state-path trajectory by their relationship to the space-time they exist  within as event structures. In the larger framework, this structure can be said to be non-isotrope and therefore flat and open ended.

I speculate that the super-density of a black hole creates a kind of gravitational vortex that has the consequence of disintegrating matter and energy caught within it back into empty space-time We can picture such a vortex as below:

In such a model, all energy and matter would become trapped into the vortex of a black hole within which it would be swallowed up and consumed, resulting in an outflow of energy  from the source in the form of pure spime. It is possible that this spime is released into the universe far removed from its source, or else may flow out of the black hole by means of a wormhole chimney or it may in fact flow out into another dimensional continuum of the universe.

The universe can be said to be both growing, and growing more dynamic at the same time. The universe is expanding not because its contents of mass bodies are all fleeing from one another, but because the intervening space between these bodies is being pulled apart and continuously filled in with new spime.

Empty spime can be said to have self-mass, which is thought to be possibly less than 1/2 x 10⁹ the average mass of matter on earth for the same volume. This self mass is of such a negligible density that apparently spime exhibits almost no noticeable resistance effects on matter or energy except in terms of its inertial effects on the gravitational systems of these objects. The  mass weight of any object in space-time is really the gravitational relationship of that object embedded in spime, and represents a measure of the density of the spime manifold and displacement caused by that object in the manifold. This is related to the atomic density and size of the system, and could be related to the mass defect of nucleons with the atomic structure of the matter. The spime field densities and fluctuations and therefore their turbulence can be measured and understood in terms of gravitational effects upon matter and energy occurring within these fields. The gravitation associated with an object for instance, is determined by the relative density and rate of flow of the spime surrounding that object at any one instant. This rate of flow is fairly constant and uniform for a uniform body.

The cosmological history of the universe was therefore the product of the gradual shaping of energy from this universal  spime background, and the shaping of matter from the energy that accumulated in differential concentrations in this background. The original spime field would have been relatively empty and flat in configuration. It would have contained little intrinsic turbulence. Turbulence, or isotrope  deformation of the field, would have occurred increasingly over time as a product of stochastic probability that states that in an infinite universe, what is possible eventually becomes probable.

If we are to seek a unified field theory, we must see that gravitation is an effect of a universal background field that contains all energy, and all derivative forms of energy that we observe, whether strong or weak or electromagnetic, are derivative of this background field, configured form it, and embedded within it.

The production of energy from the spime field leads to the collision of photons which results in the production of positron-electron pairs, which pairs then accumulate and interact in given densities to form the basis of nucleonic particles, leading to the production of hydrogen nuclei and then the formation of denser forms of matter via their fusion production in solar systems. There is no anti-matter in the universe, because all matter contains its own anti-particles in the form of positron-electron pairs. Thus balance is conserved in the universe, and I believe the gravitational effects of matter, or mass, may be a consequence of this complex coupling of anti-pairs within the nucleon. If we cannot  isolate an electron in an orbital cloud, neither can we clearly isolate either an electron or positron within a nucleon, although the distribution of the electron within the nucleonic structure is much tighter than in the electron cloud. The positive effects of protons are conferred by the existence of a positron alongside of a positron-electron couple.

If we see an electron as a charge negative state, as an absence of a positive charge, then it may not be necessary to posit the coexistence of an anti-state universe that exists tangentially to our own and, where ours might be said to be a clockwise reality, the anti-state universe would be called counter-clockwise. If this is the case, then the universe  may be of an order of magnitude less dimensionally complex than otherwise suspected. The cosmological principle would hold  for a single-state universe, but not necessarily for a multi-state universe. This has led to a revision of my earlier model of  the dynamic state universe to exist only as a single state structure that is more or less the same throughout. If the universe exists in multi-state formations, then this occurs  in an extensive manner in such that the alternative state universe  exhibits emergent properties that are the result of the integration of our universe. Our systems would be like atoms in this larger metastate structure. If we are ourselves dwarfed by comparison to our atoms, then the larger states may be in essence invisible to us by any direct means.

I  really can conceive of no other way of explaining the universal field of the universe or its many gravitational effects, many of which are directly or indirectly observable. The relativistic structures and synchronization of systems within gravitational fields cannot be fully accounted for unless these fields had some kind of substantive structure. The universal field was the basis for all matter and energy, from which this was derived, and to which it returns and with which it continuously interacts. Even if we hypothesize a cosmic egg, we must see that this cosmic egg would have exhibited its own space-time properties in a gravitational background field relative to its formation. Even in such a case, the entire mass of the universe would still have been a part of a larger system of empty space-time.

A cold fusion origin of the universe is in my mind much more plausible than a hot big bang model. It makes sense that matter and energy arose gradually and cumulatively, as componential systems, by something that was less than them, and that  this process was entirely stochastic and essentially a  matter of blind chance. Matter and energy are nothing more or less therefore than the emergent properties of whatever it is that composes it, and this process appears to me at least to be infinitely reducible. We  can  say in the largest structure of the universe, and in the longest run, that something arose from nothing as purely a process of chance and happenstance. If there cannot be nothing in physical reality, then the nothing from which something came, was something that came from something else. Indeed, the essential substance of the universe, whatever it may be in its most fundamental form, can be said to be indestructible and therefore it was never made in the first place--it always existed, and will always exist no matter what shape or form it may assume.

For myself at least, an ether theory is suggestive, though what this ether is may not resemble the notion of an elastic medium that served as the containing frame of reference for mechanical motion and inertial systems in the universe. I have sought to attribute, as evidence for this fundamental substrate of the texture of physical reality, certain qualities or properties that are undeniable and can be found to occur throughout. Clearest to mind are the properties of space and time. I do not believe we can isolate or point to a region of the universe, except possibly at the center of a black hole system, where time as we  know it may not occur, or where our clocks, at whatever speed, would not  move forward in equal measure. If the universe were truly a Machian construction of bodies in empty space, then time could only be found to exist in the presence of such matter, and possibly, in the presence of energy as well, at least as far as what we understand energy to be. We could not measure then the time of empty space unless we occupied that space with the physical presence and matter of the clock itself.

In a consistent universe, if all matter is fit to the same clock of time in a synchronous and simultaneous manner, then this could only be explained by either claiming that all matter is historically related and comes from the same source at the same time, or else that all matter exists within the same framework of temporal reference--a kind of universal coordinate reference system. My solution is to seek a kind of intermediate between these two kinds of solutions.

I cannot claim to know exactly how the universe's clock is kept set and synchronized everywhere at the same instant. I can only indirectly, by sound reason, infer that it is. If universal simultaneity is found to be a feature of all physical reality, then time as a simplesiomorphic trait can be said to have no value at all. It is understandable therefore only in its relativistic (i.e. differential) expressions.

Physical Systems

by Hugh M. Lewis