Chapter V

The Systematic Structure of Spime

A General Field Accounting of Quantum Quarkiness

by Hugh M. Lewis

In order to successfully do so, we must arbitrarily assume a level of finiteness of spime patterning that cannot be directly accounted for by any known means of experimental observation. This in and of itself is not fatal for such a theory, if there is good reason to assume the possibility of such occurrences based on other more observable forms of evidence. The great and mounting evidence of subatomic structure and patterning actually lends great plausibility to the notion of spime. If at each turn of the knob of our resolving capabilities, we find a deeper level of analysis to physical reality. There is then no reason to assume that this process does not continue to virtual infinity, whether we can ever obtain deeper levels or not.

At the outset, there is an inherently conservative model to claim or seek a basic fundamental constituent unit of which all known particles can be accounted for. Self-consistent models reflect this attitude. Everything we see about the ordering of the physical universe suggests infinity in both extensive and intensive senses. Such a consideration of the possibility of intensive infinity of physical reality leaves us with the paradox of Zeno's arrow that we can reduce our units of analysis ad infinitum. It is not unreasonable to not want to look deeper than we do if we have not fully uncovered the layer of reality we have already reached. Any deeper inquiry is bound to yield theories that are untenable, half-baked and unstable. And yet the atomic theory of matter was hypothesized by early Greeks without the necessary means for directly vindicating their theory. Theoretical construction should not be made the servant of empirical substantiation, especially when such substantiation is inherently limited.

The spime theory of gravitation arose out of a basic sense of contradiction and inadequacy of certain conventional arguments made in astro-physics today. It was constructed logically based on known general postulates about physical and observable properties of our reality that are basic.

Part of the difficulty in considering a spime model is to get past our own preconceptions about the basic structure of things in the world. There is an inherent inclination to view all things as stable, constant and unchanging. We seek physical things as hard, and we find empty space between them. It comes as a paradox that is hard to envision that at some level of our microscopic analysis, the basic everyday world gives way to a world of energies and relative states.

It is important to understand therefore that at the hypothesized level of spime, which should in theory be below that of even quarks, that space and time as we conventionally construe it become a kind of "substance" that has fluid like properties and that is everywhere at the same time. This substance is without material-like properties, as we understand it, though it must have some mass. The closest and most remarkable approximation of its properties I can get at are the occurrence of physical change.

Indeed, the entire concept of spime arises from the need to reconcile the notion of continuous change with the paradox of how the universe continues to maintain a grand coherence about itself. At the level of spime, the universe should hypothetically become self-consistent in the sense that elementary theories prescribe, at least with what we know about our own universe and physical reality. But this doesn't mean at the same time that it is not still a constituent or composite model, that it might not be made up of even smaller kinds of things that define its properties, and these of even smaller essences, and so on ad infinitum. But there is a sense that if we broach the level below that of something like spime, we are reaching a point where it becomes possible to construct alternative universes.

In fact, I hypothesize that spime carries considerable mass, and its dynamic perturbations upon displacement create a relative mass that is equivalent to gravity or inertia. As we sit within it, unattached to any gravitating object, then we feel its relative masslessness because of a form of spime buoyancy that enmeshes us everywhere, equally in its structure. The self-consistency of the spime model is that we cannot escape it even if we choose to, and therefore we are always enmeshed in its structure.

Therefore, for the most part, scientific instruments fail to detect it, largely because they are themselves part of that structure. This is not to say that we cannot at some point devise experimental means to test our hypothesis relating to such a structure of the universe. I don't think we have really sought to look for it before, and we have not thought about the universe in precisely this way before.

If we seek to ask what lies between spime particles, we must only answer either more spime, or else the constituency of spime. At the level of spime, again, normal conventions of what space and time can be are violated in a fundamental sense. It is as much a phase, an energy, a field, as much as it is a discrete thing. That it must have particularistic qualities, like that of any quantum, is also apparent, as any wave model would probably not be successful in its description.

I have come to the conclusion that the external matrix of spime is inherently fluid dynamic in its structural patterning. To impose a rigid lattice structure on the universe is too inflexible and creates too many accounting problems. But a fluid dynamic model also has its own problems of accounting. We can see the possibility for consistency and coherence of change phenomena in a fluid model in terms of fluid pressure and resistance that is the basis of inertia and mass itself. It can be said therefore that spime exists under the weight of its own total pressure. This pressure is what confers mass to all known objects within its fields. It is inherently a pressurized system. Perhaps what we take to be the expansion of the universe, the apparent recession of distant galaxies, is in fact a demonstration of this inherent fluid pressure of spime. Perhaps the theorized decrease of the gravitational constant is but a measure of the gradual "depressurization" of the entire spime system or at least this part of the system.

The notion of spime pressure must be accounted for in a self-consistent and constituent manner. It is pressure that is internally created by the qualities of spime itself, which has some minimum binding potential. What we take to be the self-binding force of gravity, and it has some minimal mass, that indicates both a fundamental sense of resistance and a fundamental physicality of its particulate components. Perhaps we can see the attractive aspects of this binding potential as in reality a negative binding force that is the result of pressure elsewhere that is essentially repulsive in every direction at the same time and therefore leads to the automatic filling of all holes created it itself. At some level in our accounting, it perhaps makes little difference.

In such a model, spime is not so rarefied or so diffusely randomized as not to provide significant resistance to all motion and presence of mass. At the same time, it is not so dense and rigid, that it cannot permit the omni-directional diffusion of many forms of energy through it simultaneously without seeming to confer very much resistance or interference to this propagational pattern at all. The apparent universal constancy of the speed of light suggests a basic property of its progational capacity--that light can slow down in dense configurations has been demonstrated.

We might speculate that part of the self-consistency of the structure of spime is that of its universal relativity. Things that are traveling at the speed of light endure the paradox of having nearly infinite mass, and virtual masslessness. At this extreme speed limit, mass and masslessness become essentially the same thing. Resistance is infinite, and yet at that speed, the wall of resistance is broken.

Another way of looking at this self-consistency is to understand that in which every direction we may wish to sweep, we cannot create a hole or fissure or tear in the fabric quality of spime. If holes appear in spime, they are essentially unnoticed by us. In fact the entire spime structure may be replete with temporary holes of all sizes, that instantaneously appear and disappear again to be filled in by surrounding spime.

And something like fluid pressure, we cannot apparently or easily increase or decrease its internalized state. We can perhaps pressurize the system by "heating" it. It is entirely possible that its densities throughout the universe may be quite variable. It appears, according to the theory, to seek a state of uniform density, which in a sense should be minimal in its pressure, but this itself may be a relative thing. It is possible that in the vast intergalactic regions of apparent void, that spime is stretched out or at least spread out in a less pressurized way, or at least may exist in a more calm state.

It also suggests that in gravitational vortices we may manipulate the pressure and relative density of spime in such a way as either to create holes in its structure or at least to rarefy it in ways that do not otherwise occur.

Indeed, spime is much like an ocean and we, in the larger sense of the planets and galaxies, are like the fish that swim within it. It is hypothesized to have its own currents, and its own sense of motion and substance, but it is something that not only embeds and engulfs the physical universe as a frame of reference or universal coordinate system, but also composes the universe at the same time. In this sense, spime is not something fundamentally apart from ourselves, but which composes us and exists within us in the most fundamental of senses. And unlike the ocean, we cannot just float to its surface to find the edge at which it stops.

Important to the understanding of spime therefore is to get at its basic constituency, especially at the interface between relativistic material structure presented by bound states of elementary particles, and the fluid edge of the external spime matrix. In this consideration, the possibility of gravitation arises at the center of each nucleon. I would say that all centers of gravity are in essence virtual centers or diminishing origins, whether they occur within mass bound structures or not. In this sense, they arise as centers of balance between otherwise differential mass states, such that there is some degree of equilibrium achieved between the masses. The hypothesis of relative differential mass equilibrium is important to understanding the systemic aspects of the spime model, as a self-consistent and self-regulating system. It is important here to emphasize that even at the level of a single, finite nucleon, the situation within the spime matrix is created that a small center of gravity appears that has the consequence of creating a hole in the spime matrix such that spime will flow continuously into this hole.

The mechanics of how this occurs can only be explained by two related processes, that of the continuous spime replacement occurring within the internalized spime structures of mass objects, like protons and neutrons and other hadrons, which processes may be related to the decay and instability of such entities, and the subsequent displacement of gravitational radiation from the nucleon.

I make the strong claim that gravitational radiation is essentially anti-spime that is produced as the result of the crossing of spime substance into the internalized matrix of the nucleon. As anti-spime it can coexist within the externalized spime matrix without interference or apparent annihilation, such suggests that its properties are not typical of what is expected of symmetry. At the level of spime, while some speak of super-symmetry I will talk of sub-symmetry--that both particles and anti-particles may arise as the result of opposite configurations of the same basic substances.

Important to this model, I believe is to understand how gravitational radiation is produced as such. It appears, as gravitons, to be very similar to photons, and they are put into one class of classons. I would say that gravitational radiation is the product of the resonance oscillations of the nucleon. It arises as the characteristic signature of this pattern. The continuous induction of spime into the bound matrix structure of the nucleon results in the amplification of this resonance spin, that results in the periodic release of gravitational radiation, which I would claim is randomly and diffusely omni-directional.

To understand this, I hypothesize a basic model of particulate resonance amplification to describe how this can be so. I hypothesize at least three to nth orders of resonance-spin amplification patterns, as follows:

1. First order resonance amplification, what I call parallel spin oscillation, in that the spin is parallel to the axis of polarization of the elements. It describes a helical structure.

2. Second-order resonance amplification, what I call perpendicular spin oscillation, occurs if we imagine the spinning helix of a first order system to turn on a mid-axis that bisects it at the perpendicular axis to it axis of polarization. Thus, there are two spin characteristics created simultaneously.

3. Third-order resonance amplification, what I will call right angle spin oscillation, occurs if we imagine the mid-axis of the second order system bisected at the midpoint at a right angle to that axis, and spins in a third direction along that axis.

4. Nth order resonance amplification, what I will call diagonal spin oscillations, can occur if we imagine any diagonal axis of rotation intersecting the center of the object, such that spin is created around its axis. Nth order systems can occur in relation to any smaller order systems.

Each additional spin creates a new set of moments and polarity for an object. We can also refer to fundamental values of spin, such that we can say there is balanced spin and imbalanced spin. Balanced spin always equals one. Imbalanced spin is always some fractional sub of one. Balanced spin implies axial symmetry of the energy, in even distributional patterns or densities about the axis. The simplest imbalanced spin system is 1/2 and it describes a single helix structure. A balanced helix first-order structure would be a double helix structure with a value of one.

In this sense, we can understand that the gravitational center of balance is always at the center of an oscillating object. The principal moments of the oscillating objects defines the gravitational moments characteristic of the system as well as the polarity of the system. In all systems, there is one primary axis that is the principle axis of rotation.

It is true that large objects do not have to be spinning very quickly to produce gravitational effects. But it is also true that all such objects are composed of elementary particles that do always spin. It is the combined spin of all the elementary particles composing the large objects that creates that large objects gravitational potential.

Mass is therefore the product of spin, and its principle measure of its moment. Spin describes a bound energy state. It is energy that is bound about some axis of spin. Spime in essence is the stuff of energy that is unbound, or bound in the external matrix in a fluid state.

Propagation of energy arises from the energization of the spin-state that leads to imbalance or disequilibrium. Spin states may increase in their rate, or else increase in the magnitude of their radius. There is a threshold of stability of the system, that defines the load or carrying capacity of the system, such that spontaneous propagation of temporalized energy will result. This propagation is momentary and periodic in its occurrence, governed by the threshold mechanism.

It is my hypothesis that each discrete elementary particle or sub-particle has its own unique spin signature that gives off its own characteristic energy pattern. Any combination of particles will share the same signatures as that of the components that create it or, if collapsed into a unitary system, will achieve its own signature pattern.

It is evident that nucleons all share the same signature pattern that results normally in the propagation of gravitational radiation. The exogenous source of energy that drives this system is the energy obtained from the disruption of the normal spime matrix under the forces of the strong fields of the atomic nucleus. The charge gradient between the nucleus as the electron spheres may be critical to this process.

I believe that this describes a very important and fundamental process in natural information systems. All energy in its basic form exists in two alternate states. I will refer to these states as "spatialized" or "temporalized." Within the spime matrix, energy is trapped in an intermediate condition. It does not know how to "define" itself either spatially or temporally. In a minimal and universal state, this is quite a stable configuration, but it is in a sense locally unstable, as not a great deal of energy is required for its state alternation. In fact, I believe that state alteration is an intrinsic and spontaneous aspect of this system. I cannot say if it has arisen as the result of the perturbations occurring in its field, or is the ultimate cause of these perturbations.

This intermediate state, I would define as being diagonal in its orientation. I have arbitrarily set the temporalized state as vertical and the spatialized state as horizontal. These describe the directional vectors possible within such a system. I believe the fluid properties of spime are the consequence of this intermediate diagonal orientation of its substance in a spatio-temporally interdependent mode. I believe that the shape of a helix spinning in a 1st-nth order system sufficiently describes this state. 1st order spin characteristics confer upon it minimal mass-like qualities. I believe the diagonal spin axis may be inherently unstable and may shift infinitely. The result is that its moment is diffuse and unpredictable, and that its polarity is always shifting. Of course, being a locally unstable configuration, it can either be spatialized or temporalized. Spatialization of spime requires its crystallitic restructuring in a solid state that can be characterized as the horizontal arrangement of spime in a temporally independent mode. This spatialization of spime requires that its energy is captured within a well- defined spin system that is a consequence of the establishment of a balanced system equal in all its components to 1, and with the polar alignment of its principal axis in a single direction. I will refer to this as the positive spime-state.

On the other hand, the temporalization of spime occurs through the creation of anti-spime that is vertically oriented and may lack any non-parallel spin characteristics. Such negative spime is like liquid that has been evaporated into a diffuse gaseous state, rather than solidifid into a crystal matrix. Negative spime may not in effect be spime at all, but rather holes in the diagonal spime matrix.

Propagational patterns of temporalized negative spime are not achieved by the actual "movement" of a piece or particle of spime through the matrix. It is rather achieved by the nearly "instantaneous" communication of the energy signature of the negative spime in the direction of its original propagation. Thus, the signature is translated across the spime field, rather than being an actual particle that is carried this way. This is why radiation can propagate at the speed of light. It is in a sense "teleported" and recreated at its final destination. If it has not final destination, it is never recreated except in its transient form.

I suggest that even the energy potential that a unit of radiation carries, is not necessarily a true unit of energy, but rather is measure and its information that is created in some form "at the end of the line." Spime therefore transmits information as potential energy, rather than energy itself. At the time for the realization of energy, this is accomplished by drawing locally on the embedded resources in the structure of spime itself. The very basis for most electronic communication and information technology is rooted in this aspect of spime propagation fields.

This leads to the perspective that any energy propagation field or force field is in a sense an information communication gradient that contains information about energy. Energy is drawn locally from resources in spime by means of sub-spime units that can be organized into temporary energy states. It follows that any measured area and period of spime must contain an inherent amount of energy potential that is unexpressed either as mass or radiation. These inherent resources occurring in the external spime matrix are normally hidden from view, and remain so hidden until they are called on or put to use within some working system. As such, they remain self-consistent in a sense of being in a kind of natural equilibrium--a genuine reservoir of thermodynamic potential. They are unnoticeable because they remain essentially continuous and indiscrete. They are in a sense self-canceling and therefore self-concealing in the way that a net would cancel the weight of a person falling into it even if a person could not see the actual mesh of the net.

When a working system arises within this spime field, this system can, potentially, call on an infinite amount of resources contained within the external spime matrix. Working systems usually focus about gravitational centers in the natural universe. They are defined by mass that obtains a center of balance. Such systems can be either mass that achieves unity or mass that remains in disunity but achieve relative unity by mutual arrangement and motion. The former system describes internally focused working systems or first-order gravitational systems. The later decribes gravity-systems that are based on predictable but complex patterns of motion of multiple gravitation centers about a common center of balance.

The model of processes this indicates is as follows:

This model suggests that the three possible states that coexist within the same frame of reference simultaneously are interactive, and that there is conservation and equivalence between them.

Within this framework, gravitational radiation that is a by-product of internalized spime replacement is very similar in its properties to electromagnetic radiation except in one or two basic ways. It is electrically neutral, and it is quadrapole rather than dipole. Its electrical neutrality means that it is not able to be sensed by mechanisms that rely upon magnetic or electrical signatures. I believe that electromagnetic radiation is "opaque" to solidified matter because it cannot pass the charge differential existing between the electron clouds and the nucleus. Gravitational radiation passes completely through this cloud, and into the matter upon which it reacts. The signature of gravitational radiation is therefore to be felt by non-magnetic nuclear resonance patterns of solid matter.

If the photon is very similar to the graviton, and both are alternative forms of temporalized spime, then this should provide us important clues about the basic structure of normal spime in its fluid "diagonal" state. I can picture a unit of spime to be like a photon or graviton, that is in a sense turned upon itself in a shape that describes a half torus. A unit of spime is just that--it is not particulate nor of any definite energy patterns.

Spime in its diagonal state is expressed neither temporally nor spatially, and in this sense does not know itself in the way that we like to know things. It is both spatially and temporally expressed at the same time, in alternating phase transitions. It is doubtful that we could ever see spime in the way that we can see the subatomic particles, as there is essentially nothing to see. We may be able to indirectly detect spime by a number of different means, either by forcing its crossing to a temporalized or a spatialized state in predictive and measurable ways.

In this regard, the nucleonic quarks may have been so difficult to detect because, upon their disruption from the nucleus, they disintegrate into their spime constituents, and this spime remains essentially undetectable by any known instrumentality.

*****

Consideration of a systematic model of spime centers on a definition of a unit of spime as some physically meaningful entity. It should thus be measurable in some discrete way, and should thus be detectable. I will begin in trying to understand such a unit of spime as such, a unit that exhibits some degree of independent coherence of patterning that serves to separate it from the rest of the universe. It must therefore have some sense of a boundary or a mechanism that maintains itself in some kind of state-equilibrium.

Conventional models of elementary particles, even if quantized in theory, offer a description of fundamental substance of reality as essential particulate in nature, which implies, among other things, a sense of solidity or at least potential solidity and materiality. And indeed, even if relativistic and temporary, such elements do have particulate characteristics which renders them theoretical explanations of matter as such. But the description of our unit of spime, what I have dubbed the gravitoid, does not necessarily have the virtue of particularity even in a quantum sense, unless it is perhaps locked in a bound spin state within an internalized spime matrix.

As a unity, rather than as precisely an entity as such, my minimal unit of spime is as much a potential state as it is a realized form. Potential states exist in the universe, and even can be said to have self-mass and self-energy. It is a state that has a discrete pattern or set of patterns, that allow it at least to assume informational configurations that are variable and complex. If we cannot call spime matter, we can neither call it energy in the sense that we are conventionally used to doing. It carries the capacity of energy, and contains self-energy that seems somehow proportional to its self-mass but this is not expressed necessarily as such. Therefore, it is my conclusion that the self-substance of spime is fairly unique in the universe, though it is common and pervasive in the universe. It is strictly speaking neither like matter nor energy. I will hypothesize that in its normal state, it is largely self-canceling as either form or state. It affects its own vanishing or disappearing act, a sort of paradox of its intermediate state. If it appears in one form or state, it almost instantaneously disappears and reappears in the opposite form or state. It is inherently alternating in its states. It blinks on and off, though whether it is on or off at any one moment we cannot know. This is the paradox of spime that has made it such an elusive partner in the scheme of the universe.

I believe the spime unit itself, as a potential unity, to be a composite of even smaller unities. I have attempted to devise a somewhat factitious sub-spime structure that resembles subatomic particle theory considerably, but it must be understood that n-particulates and xyz-infinitesimals are in essence unities or sub-unities that lack any other substantive definition of themselves. Indeed, the names were chosen to emphasize this critical difference of their fundamental character compared to elementary particles of any class. They are merely hypothesized as a way of constructing a systematic explanation of spime unity that would allow itself to be reconstructed within the framework of naturally occurring or artificial working systems, into any physical entity that we know to exist.

As a unity, I hypothesize that spime exists as a range of potential states, or a kind of natural continuum of possible alternative states, each discrete in its signature patterning. The minimal properties I can think to associate with this kind of unity are the properties of spin, mass, distribution and direction. I was inclined to think of this as a kind of helical chain that is coiled upon itself, like a spring that can be stretched and compressed, and therefore had qualities of being elastic. The ends of the spring had some kind of minimal binding characteristics, and possibly the sides as well. I saw the spin and direction as essentially the same. It would always be unidirectional but simultaneously omni-directional in its potential. It therefore had minimal spin characteristics of a 1st-Nth order mechanism. As a unity, it cannot be seen so much as a unit of space as it may be a kind of "unit of time" that describes a start state and a stop state, or a period that may be expanded or contracted.

The internal coherence of such a unity was explained in terms of linkages of even smaller unities I called n-particulates. These perhaps have only one spin characteristic, which would have to be parallel spin. They cannot be said really to be anything at all but potential states interlinked in a manner that allowed their substitution, displacement, expansion and compression within the larger spime unity. There linkage pattern can only be explained by some form of end or side binding. Perhaps as linkages they cohere into a kind of torus structure. They do not exist so much side-by-side in any spatial sense as much as they can be said to exist from moment to moment in a sequential sense. They are thus a set of physical possibilities that are organized in a proximate sense. There may in essence be no real boundary between them except that they might be like increments of distance evenly marked on a string or ruler.

To explain n-particulates as some form of minimal subunity of spime, I have invoked as a final level of explanation xyz infinitesimals. These things are fundamental in a minimal sense in that, even if they are composite or constituent structures, we would not need to go to any deeper levels to explain spime unity. The minimal characteristics of this set of things I would claim represent the minimal necessary properties to explain all physical phenomena--namely direction and action. In this sense, I will point out the fundamental unidirectionality of the observable physical universe, either in time or space. I would suggest that xyz infinitesimals would have a fundamental asymmetry which always "points" in one direction (or another.) "Action" I would say is essentially the essence of "change" however we wish to explain this. I would not call it energy, as I believe it explains energy but cannot be explained by the thing it creates. Its sense of action is both instantaneous and spontaneous--it is like an instant, or a moment that is infinitesimal. How to explain this in clearer or more concise terms I cannot now imagine.

Its explanation has rested on the idea of the minimal properties necessary to explain the system. In this I will speculate that even on the level of xyz infinitesimals, we have a sense of symmetry, such that some "unities" exist as "anti-unities." Direction I will specify as being either right or left. Action I will specify as being either positive or negative, reflecting what I believe are the basic unities and anti-unities.

Any particular component composed of these fundamental unities can be in theory expressed in terms of these basic unities or their anti-unities. Arbitrarily, I will assign a value of 1/4 to each of these sub-unities, seeing as how all together compose an essential unity of 1. In our system of notation, we can assign variable as values to each sub-unity. Thus w, x, y, z represents not only a specific state characteristic, but also a specific or final value, such as 2/4, 8/4, 10/4, etc.

The wxyz infinitesimals may occur in a number of discrete combinations. A minimum symmetrical structure might consist of only two opposite particulates, but recurring dualities suggest the presence of at least four entities: two sets of antithetical structures that are complementary to one another. However many there may be, they are presumed to be of equivalent potential, whether this is expressed temporally or spatially. In such a structure there are 15 degrees of freedom of possible combinations achievable in minimum units.

In such a framework, if symmetry dictates that each combination must have its opposite, then there can be no combination for the total, which would mean that all four particles cannot co-occur simultaneously in the same state-dependent relationship. It would also mean that particulates cannot occur singly or in single sets. This would reduce the possibilities to 10 combinations. If such a minimal quadrilateral structure can account for most observable or predictive states occurring, then there would be no reason to presume a more complex model. Whatever model that is presumed must be minimally sufficient to account for all known processes and or entities.

The four particles will be distinguished on the basis of their spin and polarity. To be arbitrary, I will speculate that w particles are associated with right-spin, while z particles are associated with left spin. I will speculate that x particles are associated with positive polarity, and y particles with negative polarity. I will speculate that left and right spin cannot co-occur together in the same particle, therefore wz combinations are impossible. Therefore we are left with 9 possible combinations. If we put together an xz particle, or set of xy particles, we get a particle with positive-left handed spin. The resulting paradigm for the three particle entities are as follows:

Constituent or composite theories of elementary particles, especially the covering law model identifying quarks, have been highly successful in unification of three of the four basic fields--the strong nuclear fields, the electromagnetic field and weak field. The predictive systematics of elementary subatomic particles lends tremendous weight to the notion that these particles are composed of constituent particles.

In my parton model, quarks come in pairs of three spime units each with a spime value of 1. Therefore, quarks are composed of smaller units of spime that together render values of much less than that of a quark. The spime units themselves are composed of a class of particulate entities that I call n-particulates. N-particulates have the minimal properties associated with all particles, and they have a property that in a bound state, their values are non-discrete, but relative to the spime unit as a whole. They are in themselves valueless entities, except that they share the load of the unit within which they occur. These hypothetical n-particles in turn are composed of xyz-infinitesimals. I would suggest that quarks have not been observed, because they cannot exist in a non-nuclear or non-composite state. They are intermediate but non-basic particles that are composed of smaller entities of spime. Thus quarks retain their property structure in a bound state, but disappear if this state is disturbed or unbound.

In conventional theory, the class of elementary particles called the "classons" that are comprised of gravitons and photons have not been completely reconciled with the other families of elementary particles, namely the leptons and the hadrons. Photons and gravitons are very similar to one another.

My contention is that these known entities are not the substance of spime, but the residual by-products of the conversion of the spime matrix to an internalized form of normally occurring matter. The conversion of the external spime matrix as normally occurs in outer space to internalized spime found within nuclear matter, particularly the nucleons, describes a full circle of natural processes, a "unified field," within which all the as yet known or hypothesized entities of the physical universe find their existence and gain their expression. At the same time, it is apparent that the properties and characteristics of these entities can tell us a great deal about spime structure and its organization and function in the universe.

*****

According to this theory, normal matter is essentially an extreme concentration and reorganization of normal spime into a solid matrix structure that has relative permanence. Thus we can hypothesize a universal net equivalence and conservation between spime, energy and matter, which indicates that the process of conversion of spime to matter is always mediated in the form of energy dynamics. The fluid properties associated with normal spime are transformed to yield the solid properties associated with normal matter. Attendant to this process, I believe, is the production of anti-spime in the form of gravitational displacement.

For normal matter to maintain itself in a permanent structural matrix, it must continuously give up a form of energy that we call gravitational. Gravitational attraction is the apparent result of the flow of spime into the internalized matrix as the result of the continuous replacement and gravitational displacement of spime units within the matrix. Gravitational radiation is the result of this displacement process.

Things do not fall freely to the earth as the result of gravity. They flow continuously into the earth as the result of the flow of spime matrix around and through the falling object. The effect of gravitation is not unlike the effect of centrifugal force on an object attached to a string that is swung around a pivot point, and the string becomes gradually reeled in.

We can explain these processes in terms of basic physical principles that states that there can be no discontinuity of space and time. There cannot be nothing in an absolute sense in the physical universe. The binding force of normal spime is nothing but the consequence of spime filling itself in at every turn and in every moment.

The laws of thermodynamics are violated in the narrow sense, as long as we apply this model only to the consideration of energy as this is conventionally construed. If we broaden this paradigm to include gravitational energy, then we find the principles embodied in this paradigm are fulfilled on another level. The universe seeks equilibrium at a state of maximum entropy. Maximum entropy can be defined as a state of universal rest, which would be the equivalent of a uniform distribution of spime and all that is contained in spime. Many phenomena, such as universal red shifting of light and the changing of the gravitational constant, and the cosmic constant, are explainable in this way. It would also be a state of universal masslessness. Mass, in this framework, is therefore entirely relative to the spime matrix in which it arises. Mass is the direct equivalent of the inertia of motion. The state of absolute rest is unattainable in either a local or universal sense. The paradox of the universe may be that in its infinity it can find no center of balance about which to define itself. At the same time, the probable coexistence of alternative universes entails that in the grandest scheme of things, the universe is a perpetual motion machine of the fourth kind.

The structure of space-time can be diagramed and modeled in a theory of hyper-volumes. In general, the amount and form of differential gravitational spime displacement about an object is directly proportional to the total amount of spime incorporated into the matrix. Because there is no field boundary about this volume of spime displacement, it occurs on an infinitely receding gradient that approaches, but never reaches zero.

Saddle points of virtual zero exist between the hyper-volumetric spaces of two or more objects in relation to one another. Differential motions of these objects can create eddies and ripples in the external spime matrix that have the effect of interference patterning that leads to a kind of destructive resonance patterning. This destructive resonance patterning is tantamount to noise or random chaos in such systems.

It is to be speculated that in such saddle points that approximate a local condition of rest, that gravitational energy conjoining in such points may not cancel one another out and essentially "slip" back into the fold of spime itself. To the extent that universal cancellation of gravitational energy may be occurring everywhere simultaneously, albeit unequally, it is to be wondered if this process of reproduction of spime does not occur everywhere at once on a continuous basis. Its manifestation would be, in the large scale, the appearance of expansion of spime, which would be interpreted as acceleration.

It is possible to speak of currents occurring in the spime matrix on a grand, even intergalactic scale, that direct the flow of spime and objects within its structure. Uniform motion is the equivalent of rest in a dynamic state of continuous transition--uniform motion is a form of relative rest. In a sense, the entire universe is in a state of perpetual motion. Its degree of uniformity defines the degree of relative equilibrium it has achieved. Its degree of dynamic discontinuity is a measure of the degree of disequilibrium. In a universal sense, total entropy is the equivalent of total order and uniformity.

Essential to understanding of the structure of spime is the structure of the atomic nucleus. In a sense, the atomic nucleus can be considered to be an inverted concentration of spime that is normally dispersed. In the nucleus we find protons and neutrons that are bound by muons and strong forces. If we could surgically operate upon a proton or a neutron, without destroying its existence in an explosion of radioactive energy, then we would understand the structure of the spime matrix itself.

The strong binding force of the nucleus can be considered to be the condensation of the equivalent gravitational binding force of the spime volume that it represents. The decay of protons into neutrons and neutrons into protons can be understood as the composite dual structure of spime that alternates on a continuous basis. It is apparent that in the matter-binding of spime, this dual structure is unwound and separated, and rejoined into like groups. The separation into positive and neutral sets suggests that normal spime matrices in its bound (spatialized) state occurs as a monopolar entity or structure.

It suggests that the conglomeration of such like pairs can only occur when the double helix structure is dissociated from itself. This dissociation entails the release of a great deal of energy bound within the double structure. The decay of nuclear mass is the equivalent of the phase alternation of spime that accompanies the process of continuous spime replacement within its structure. Replacement can only occur with phase alternation of structure. Gravitational radiation is the energy that is released from such a process. Gravitational radiation is therefore the released binding energy of the n-particulates that constitute spime. These particulates occur symmetrically as n and anti-n particulates. Gravitational energy can therefore be explained in terms of the xyz infinitesimals that constitute n and anti-n particulates. I would venture that the weak force of neutrinos is in effect the n-particles themselves that exist in an unbound state. This ties gravitational energy to the universal energy field.

It suggests that there is a relationship of spin, angular momentum, and polar axis that gives rise to two alternate but complementary forms of energy. Gravitational radiation and electromagnetic radiation are the forms of energy that are given off as the result of spin momentum of elementary particles. Electromagnetic radiation is associated with nuclei and electrons-positrons. In a sense, such radiation can be seen as the accumulation of gravitational energy in concentrated states. Both forms of radiation are differential forms of unbound xyz-infinitesimals.

At the level of xyz infinitesimals, there is only unidirectional motion and inherent asymmetry between these entities.

Binding of infinitesimals is accomplished by strong and weak forces, which are in a sense the complement of radiation energy. It is the product of the moment spin of such energy about a common axis.

We might say that any binding energy has a complementary form of radiation energy associated with it, propagating perpendicularly to its binding axis. Radiation energy is the cumulative temporal outcome of a spatialized state of binding. It is periodic because it is intrinsically alternating as a periodic oscillator. This phenomenon I believe can be explained by the continuous accretion of xyz infinitesimals to bound states, which results in state differentials resulting in periodic release of radiation.

Radiation, spime, and matter, are all constituted by xyz infinitesimals in different discrete states and amounts, thus creating different properties. The minimal bound state of xyz infinitesimals is in the n-particulate that constitutes externalized spime. For each discrete state, there is a specific arrangement of infinitesimals associated with that state.

In this sense, magnetism is not the consequence of electronic radiation, but the substrate of such radiation. The obverse of this is that any radiation has an associated form of binding energy that has as its axis perpendicular to the direction of its propagation.

*****

At this stage in the general accounting for spime systematics, I will hypothesize a theory of the relationship and origin of gravitational radiation within the nucleon. The nucleon is presumed to be the most stable physical structure occurring in the universe, and is the only structure to which gravitational radiation can be clearly attributed.

The theory is that any particular set of xyz-infinitesimals may cohere into only a single state at one time. This is the basis of the continuity and presumed synchronicity of the universe. These infinitesimals may be transformed into alternative states, as suggested by our fundamental equilibrium model of a second-order feedback system, such that it may assume either stable or instable states.

The phase alternation, or blinking of spime, is based on a principle of the oscillating pendulum that achieves periodic moments of saddle-points and centers of phase structure. This describes the normal diagonal structure of the spime matrix in its external configuration.

In general, we may say that spime that has been rearranged into an internalized nucleonic state, as quark structures connected by strings, achieve a stability that describes equilibrium about a central point of oscillation. Even within this structure though, alternation can and regularly does express itself in terms of minimal phase-alternation between neutrons and protons, such that each decays into the other.

I will conjecture that the neutron is the most stable state attained by nature. Its phase alternation into a proton is attendant to the release of negative electromagnetic energy, which we can understand to be the filling of a hole in a saturated system.

I will speculate that gravitational energy only actually arises in and is the result of the quadrapolar oscillation of neutrons, or rather the spime constituents of neutrons that are in a neutral charge state. The decay of the neutron into the proton leads to a less stable energy system in which one of the poles of oscillation are dissociated between positive and negative electromagnetic charges. The result is the release of electromagnetic radiation, rather than gravitation.

This model suggests that electromagnetic radiation is an alternative pathway to that of normal gravitational radiation that arises normally in the electromagnetic polar dissociation of the bound state of the nucleon. The complementary aspects of neutrons and protons in the nucleon reflect the phase alternation structure of these basic particles that is derivative of the basic phase alternation pattern of internalized spime. It suggests that when electromagnetic radiation occurs, then gravitational radiation will be dampened in the same system. Both are in effect discrete alternate states that may be achieved by xyz infinitesimals, such that they cannot co-occur in the same discrete moment and place. That the two forms of radiation normally fuse and interpenetrate one another without great interference, even in relative dense or saturated matrices as in solar furnaces, suggests that though there may be interference, its effects are hardly apparent.

We might assume that in a sense electromagnetic radiation and gravitational radiation are phase alternates of one another in a temporalized state. The same unit of propagational radiation will alternately occur as at one moment light and the next gravitation, but never both at the same moment, but they will be constituents of different state trajectories of either form of information. They thus represent nodal points of intersection at any particular point in space-time.

This suggests that though protons probably accrete spime, they do not directly displace gravitational radiation. Rather their accretion of spime causes them to cross into a neutron state that is gravitational rather than electro-magnetically polarized. The self-gravitational radiation from any gravitating body, which can be defined as the total intrinsic gravitational displacement of the body at any particular moment or over a given period of time, will always be approximately one half of a function of the total mass of the system. Gravitational radiation as it is known to occur in the observable physical universe is therefore only possible in a discrete and stable state of the nucleon, as a result of a specific composite structure of its constituent n-particulates.

I would like to suggest that the neutrino is a discrete particle state of the xyz infinitesimals that is associated with this discrete gravitational state of the neutron, and forms a complement to the neutron just as the electron is the normal complement of the proton.

This suggestion also leads to an association of gravitational energy with the weak force that is only associated with neutrinos. I believe these may be complementary co-occuring forces just as electro-magnetism is expressed in form of electro-magnetic fields according to the Maxwell equations.

If two gravitoids collide, we can expect possible a crossing of state transition that leads to the production of a neutrino and an anti-neutrino. The weak field associated with the neutrino can be thought of as a bound state of gravitational magnetism that is associated with gravitational radiation.

The model that is suggested in this is that both electromagnetic and gravitational radiation are alternative results of possible state alternations arising in the nucleon that are the result of 2nd order spin characteristics of a particulate.

The four fields are unified within a common paradigm that construes them as equivalent forces with differential propagational properties. All four fields arise and are embedded in the external spime matrix. All four fields are in fact associated with the mass and charge-binding of matter or rather of internalized spime matrices that are in bound-states. They are the differential propagational effects that arise from alternative binding states.

Thus, the four fields are equivalent to one another in a basic sense, in that they represent the same potential energy that exhibits differential state-trajectory patterns. I will speculate that they all exhibit a property in the external spime matrix of generating field-lines that run perpendicularly to the directional axis of propagation. These field lines have a peculiar characteristic, in that whereas the energy forces push in the directional axis of propagation, the field-lines pull to an equal degree along the perpendicular. All energies therefore can be speculated to have both binding and repulsive characteristics that are expressed in different ways.

The spime matrix can be seen as an unbound, totally randomized n-spin pattern the primary property of which is information propagation across state-trajectories. We can say that actual particles of energy are not propagated across the spime matrix, so much as it is the energy-potential that is propagated as pattern information. This information can only be causally effective or realized in the context of internalized or bound spime states in which it has an effective of displacement. In a sense, a sun is a huge energy system that is propagating a huge amount of natural information into the universe. It achieves communication with a vast number of physical entities in the universe, the result of which is to induce within or upon these other physical entities some form of state transition. It is this same physical information that we use to understand and model the universe.

At some level within this structure, we must account for these in terms of xyz infinitesimals. The wxyz infinitesimals occur naturally in relatively equal proportions, or concentrations in the space-time matrix. In a sense, they are a single entity or perhaps a single instantaneous possibility that can occur in one of four different states.

In this model, we can picture the wxyz infinitesimals as in fact a single potential entity in its undefined state. It is potentially two-sided (charge potential) and two-directional (spin-potential). It can only express one side and one direction at one time. The two-sided charge potential is essentially the equivalent of a digital or binary bit of information (1,0) state. It is the action potential of the entity. This zeroeth-entity exists at the origin in the distribution above. It is an unlikely state for the zeroeth-entity to assume. The zeroeth-entity may randomly assume any of the four possible states expressing the alternative wxyz infinitesimals. This is a statistical distribution of equal probabilities that the wxyz infinitesimals will randomly occur about the origin of the distribution.

We might understand the structure of wxyz infinitesimals if we understand the normal state transitions that occur between these alternate possibilities. A zeroeth entity in a w-state may drift into a y or alternately a x state, but it is unlikely to switch across the threshold of the origin, which can be seen to represent an unstable saddle point, into the contraposed z state. From an x or y state, it may drift into the z state or alternately back to the w state.

At any one moment, we can imagine clouds of possible w or x or y or z infinitesimals that interact with one another on the condition that two opposite particles cannot directly coexist unless mediated by a complementary particle. From this we might derive self-organizational characteristics of these infinitesimals as statistical possibilities of space-time. Different infinitesimals will cohere in stable patterns of relation with one another that can be called coordinate state trajectories that control their drift.

For this model to work, we must assume that wxyz infinitesimals have a minimal property of mutual attraction. Like attracts like, such that clusters of similar infinitesimals appears to statistically co-occur in non-random patterns. As a result of this initial clustering process, which doesn't have to be a very strong force of attraction, we can develop more elaborate self-organizational models of n-particulates that organize spime on a fundamental level. Clusters occur with a stability of equilibrium that individual infinitesimals cannot have, due to their non-random distribution.

The basis of the mutual attraction I believe might be accounted for by the fact that each particular instance of an infinitesimal in a discrete or discontinuous state, leaves a hole or shadow-effect in space-time once it alternates out that place. This invites replacement of the hole by another entity. In effect, a transition of a particular infinitesimal from one state to another creates the possibility for the transition of another infinitesimal from some other state to the original state. That the likelihood of transition from a complementary state is greater than a transition from an oppositional state creates relative points of equilibrium in each of the areas to which particles find stable pathways.

Once two or more similar infinitesimals co-occur about a center region, they are more likely to remain together than to separate. Thus in an otherwise totally random system, the differential of state trajectories of alternating infinitesimals defines nodal points that are the basis for clustering and more enduring formations.

The basis for self-organizational stability of such clusters must arise from the minimal binding of such clusters into spin binding, or oscillatory patterns about a common pole that is created by the mutual oppositional mediation of infinitesimal clusters about a common saddle point of equilibrium. We would need to describe the state-trajectories of a minimal spin control mechanism of such a system.

In other words, complementary and oppositional clusters come into juxtaposition with one another in space-time, such that the mediation of two opposing clusters by a mutually complementary cluster accomplishes a stabilization of the two oppositional clusters in relation to one another, and in relation to the complementary cluster. Each of the individual clusters thus achieves state-stability within the contra-positional system that it would not separately have under random conditions. This arises from a principle that two contra-posed infinitesimals cannot coexist in contiguous or adjacent points without interposition occurring of a third complementary infinitesimal. While like tends to attract, opposites tend, on average, to repel or distance themselves. This self-distancing effect of oppositional states invites a third intermediary state.

The paradox of the physical universe appears to be that it cannot stand state-ambiguity or transitional states, though transitional states are intrinsic to its functioning.

Any infinitesimal can only assume one state set at one time that defines its identity at that instant. At any particular point in the space-time matrix, there can occur only one infinitesimal. Infinitesimals tend to randomly distribute themselves in normal space-time by means of forming tripartite coalitional structures that are represented by any of the triangles that cross three of the quadrants at the same time. These particulate structures always exhibit a minimal of direction and potential action in a bound state. These constitute n-particulates.

We must inquire as to the possibility of binding of n-particulates. Binding entails some spin-oscillatory characteristic that gives rise to charge-mass bound properties. Two opposite particles cannot coexist in the same structure, unless they are mediated by a third complementary particle. Once n-particulates adopt a particular minimally bound state described by this tripartite structure, then they may only alternate or cross within the parameters of this structure. The structure provides a common pathway for alternation.

Spin can be considered to be the consequence of this dynamic interaction between infinitesimals, and the fundamental expression of its charge-mass. Spin arises from the possibility of the intermediary cluster attempting to alternate across the zeroeth-threshold, when the mutual opposition of the contraposed polar states create a threshold of directional displacement perpendicular to the polar axis. I believe it creates an inherent spiral state of increasing disequilibrium/equilibrium of the intermediary cluster such that there is a pendular oscillation between stable and saddle nodes that defines the plane of the spin-moment of the system. In other words, "polarization" of a tripartite system leaves a shadow of a larger quadripartite system that is inherently unstable. Spin arises as an attempt to achieve state-stability of the intermediate system.

Two contra-positional clusters coming into polar alignment creates a common origin that is inherently unstable saddle point. Tripartite structures are inherently imbalanced and therefore are asymtoptically unstable structures about the intermediary axis, thus resulting in spin characteristics of the intermediary cluster that is bound about an unstable center. There is an intermediary stable zone, which describes either a spiral or a concentric circle along the plane of spin momentum that describes the zone of maximum stability for the intermediary cluster. Thus a boundary is established between this system and the external random system which can be thought of as inherently disequilibriating. Spin is the result of the intermediary cluster attempting to balance itself in equilibrium about the oppositional clusters.

Spin is therefore the result of an inherently imbalanced tripartite structure that seeks equilibrium of the center point in the system. It invites a quadripartite structure that it cannot achieve, but which gives rise to state-transitions of the system such that it can result in the crossing of the intermediary cluster to its contra-positional status.

We may refer, I believe, to the inherent structure of the physical universe that seeks an inherent equilibrium or balance with itself in a grand sense. The formation of differential clusters and structures between clusters of wxyz infinitesimals create uneven shadow effects in the basic patterning of the universe, such that complementary and symmetrical formations can be expected to co-occur with any given development. A differentiated state of clustering may be locally stable, but universally in disequilibrium. This idea has important consequences I believe in understanding the fundamental processes of physical nature, such that we can expect differential structures to become balanced in some general calculus of equations. If we create a particle, we can expect the simultaneous creation of an anti-particle, and if we can hypothesize a positive charge state, we create negative holes that invite the opposite charge state. This sense of balance or grand equilibrium is very fundamental to the texture and design of the fabric of the universe, at whatever level of our analysis.

This sense of equilibrium leads to consideration of alternation of structure and pattern in time, or what can be called non-random change, as intrinsic to all change processes that take place in the physical universe, and is the informational foundation for order and coordination of change processes.

At the level of our hypothetical wxyz-infinitesimals, we may say that there tends to be in the large asymtoptically equal concentrations of the four alternate states of the zeroeth-entity. This is a function of random distribution of pattern, all things being equal. We can expect that the rate of change of the zeroeth-entity is constant, and this constant rate of change is the foundation for both the stability and the dynamic integrity of the universe. Therefore, no wxyz-infinitesimal can remain in a fixed current state without spontaneous transition to some alternate state. In other words, in our distributional grid above, we can expect that any particular instance of an entity is but a point expression of a state-trajectory of transition, that reflects movement between quadrants. Infinitesimals always move in some direction, and exhibit some transitional action. Underlying this is a kind of principle that works like this:

Just as we say that there cannot be nothing in the universe, we can also say that there is no physical state that does not change in the universe. The universe is both inherently dynamic and inherently stable. Thus whatever can be said to exist at any possible instant, can be expected to change into something else in time.

This structure describes what I believe to be the minimal structure of an n-particulate derived from the self-organization of wxyz-infinitesimals that are in essence non-random distributions of zeroeth-entities. It is my conjecture that all sub-atomic and atomic structures, and all known energy fields, are created by the differential forms of n-particulates that are created in this way. N-particulates of varying forms compose all known physical entities and give rise to all known physical properties of the universe.

The pathways this kind of model suggests is depicted in the tree structure below:

This model is a partial structure. The systematics of the n-particulates are not specified, nor are the complete paradigm of pathways between the higher level entities made clear.

In this model, all four known forces are described as arising from bound states related to the nucleus. The different properties of these alternative forces are due to the different initial states and differential state-trajectories each form of force exhibits, as a result of their arising from and therefore associated with different nucleonic particulates.

By this model, the four forces coexist as alternate and complementary forms in the same propagational field of the undifferentiated external spime matrix. They are essentially forms of information transmission, or physical communication, that allows the interaction of different particulates and conglomerations of particulates across the medium of the spime matrix. Therefore photons and gravitons do not exist per se but as discrete potential energy states the structure of which is transmitted through the spime matrix. Interaction of entities permits the creation or causation of differential change effects at a distance. If two photons collide head-on, they are known to produce an electron and a positron, plus electromagnetic energy. It is reasonable to seek the helical structure of contraposed photons coming from opposite directions as imparting closed loop structures with opposite spin characteristics, leading to electrons and positrons. But what we may really be observing is the informational organization of spime itself to create a situation that gives rise to these two anti-particles. In this case, it can be seen that the binding occurs as the perpendicular spatialization of the direction of propagation of the contraposed helices, creating a spin state around the central axis of rotation. This is a perfect example and evidence of how spime functions and interacts to produce mass and radiation in the physical universe.

Two general pathways of oscillatory alternation are described by this model of n-particulates, It describes two basic alternate sets of states that arise from what I will call mass-spin or mass-binding and charge-spin or charge-binding. These alternative pathways occur in the possible assembly of n-particulates into what I will call differentially bound entities. In general, we can say that all possible states occurring in the observable physical universe exhibit properties of differential mass and charge spin characteristics.

Charge binding is the action binding of the n-particle such that it is effectively mass-canceled. Its primary axis of spin is therefore polarized along the gradient of its action potential. Such a system can be said to be spatially independent but temporally dependent in a relative way. Charge binding always expresses itself positively in this observable universe.

Mass binding is the direction binding of the n-particle such that it is effectively charge-canceled. Its primary axis of spin is therefore polarized along the gradient of its directional potential. Such a system can be said to be spatially independent but temporally dependent in a relative way. It always expresses itself in a right-handed direction in the observable universe.

I believe it is important in understanding the composite structure of the physical universe to see how mass-binding and charge-binding interact in ways that leads to different pathways of expression. We might say that phenomena that are relatively mass-bound are charge independent and phenomena that are relatively charge-bound is relatively mass-independent. All phenomena and entities occurring discretely in the universe can be said to be relatively mass and charge bound to a greater or lesser degree, to the extent that they exhibit spin-binding or oscillatory stability as potential structures. We may therefore classify different state-entities according to these relative properties. We may say that all physically occurring state entities are both mass and charge bound to different degrees.

In any possible state, we can speak of the differential association of intermediary charge-states or mass-states that may become dissociated with itself along either its charge or mass axis. Hence we can speak of the complementary formation of protons and electrons as both dissociated products of the crossing of a neutron into a charged state. A dissociated state can be described as an intermediate state between a bound and unbound state. A bound state can be thought of as a relatively stable center and an unbound state as an unstable saddle-point. A dissociated state can be considered to be some intermediate nodal or spiral-state that may lead to either stability or instability of the system.

The paradox arises that we can have charge or mass bound entities that exist in dissociated states, and we can also have what appear to be charge and mass unbound entities that appear to exist in associative states. It appears that relative association of a property to a state is relatively independent of the relative condition of boundedness of a property to that particular state. In this we must understand that any state represents a range of variation about some stable point.

That stable equilibrium point defines a condition of normal boundedness/unboundedness of properties, but it does not describe the actual conditions associated or not with that state. We may say that relatively bound properties are intrinsic potentials of a state that defines its inherent structure, and the relative association of properties is the measure of approximation to those state-potentials that may be achieved by an actual system. All states exhibit some measure of variability in their expression in nature. It is this property of variability that underlies their tendency towards transition and alternation. Another way of saying this is that in the naturally occurring universe, no two states are exactly the same. All vary continuously within the boundaries of its property structure.

It must be understood in this model that n-particulates or their composites do not normally become dissociated along their principal axi, which is self-canceling. Hence spime is effectively "mass-neutral" or self-canceling and it appears also to be effectively "charge-neutral" or self-canceling. It can be said to have self-mass, but this is not expressed in spatialized terms. It is inherent to the potential structure of spime that we call it both mass-unbound and charge-unbound, hence no dissociative states can be attached to its structural patterning.

We must speculate therefore than n-particulates give rise within the nucleon to quarks that compose the nucleon, and that they give rise as well to spime in the space-time matrix that exhibits only propagational properties and otherwise exhibits self-canceling or self-neutralizing effects because of its infinitely random pattern of organization. When quarks are freed from their bound state, they immediately disintegrate into their respective n-particulates to return to the external spime matrix to "disappear" into its manifold.

Consideration of the relativity of charge and mass spin-binding, leads back to our previous discussion of the four force fields found to normally occur in nature, as differential properties of alternative internalized spime states are held to give rise to these various and alternative forms of energy.

This points up a fundamental difference between externalized spime, which in its hypothetical randomness, universal continuity and undifferentiated state, holds the potential for expression of any discrete state, and internalized spime. All forms of energy are held to arise from, and lead to effects upon, some form of bound matter. In this regard, spime is essentially unbound in every way except perhaps some minimal sense.

We do speak of the self-binding properties of externalized spime that exhibits some hypothetically minimal mass, potential charge and even self-gravitation. These appear to be an intrinsic part of the fundamental stability and continuity of the physical universe. At the same time, the most essential property of spime appears to be its propagational property as a "potential energy" field. It appears capable of transmitting any form of energy expressed in nature. This transmission appears to be spatially independent and constrained only by the speed of light, which can be taken as the standard by which time should be measured. And yet, spime does appear to have spatial properties associated especially with the interface with internalized spime matrices. If we take a physical object, which we can define as a bounded entity, then it requires a great deal of energy to accelerate that object through space, especially as we approach the speed of light. Its inertia of resistance is the direct measure of the gravitational displacement it exhibits in the manifold of space-time. We cannot otherwise account for gravity and its effects if we do not hypothesize some minimal structure of space-time. But light, and theoretically gravitational radiation, appears to be essentially "mass-less" such that it automatically travels its own speed, as if the structure of space-time were a void. Whatever "binding" effect space-time exhibits on all mass-objects at its interface, appears not to apply in a basic sense to these energies.

It has been my central contention that the fundamental differences between the different forms of energy forces known to exist are not so much differences of kind as they are differences of degree and property associated with their initial state and their state-trajectories. I have hypothesized that each form of energy has its own normal pattern of propagation that defines its state-trajectory. The actual structure of the information transmitted, and the mode of transmission, is probably very similar for all kinds of energy. The state-trajectory of gravitation I hypothesize to be fundamentally stable and concentric about the center of gravity. Waves or ripples that are the results of interference patterns propagate along field lines that are the obverse effect of this state-trajectory. These field lines have the side-effect of pulling upon all mass-objects in the universe that they come into contact with. Their effect is comparable to the magnetic effect surrounding electrical radiation and transmission.

This concentricity of its trajectory pattern arises from the bounded stability of its primary oscillatory mechanism of production--the neutron. The unification of gravitational bodies can be defined as the central point of stability or equilibrium, the virtual center of gravity, arising from a distributed mass of such neutrons in a similarly bound state. The field lines emanating from these neutrons all intersect at the same origin point and it is at this point that all gravitation is effectively neutralized.

Gravitational radiation has no photoelectric effect because it has no associated charge properties, unlike electromagnetic radiation. Its effect is upon mass, not charge, and this effect is only evident by the directional perturbation of mass-spin. In fact, I would suggest that true gravitational radiation does not really leave the sphere of the neutron. Only signals propagate along field lines from its source in directions that suggest concentricity about the center. These signals only affect mass in distant objects.

This leads also to a consideration of electromagnetic radiation, which I hold arises only as a consequence of electron spin, that is itself normally the result of the charge dissociation in the proton-electron complement. While gravitational radiation can be said to be inherently stable about a center, I would maintain that electromagnetic radiation is inherently an unstable saddle point about its source of production, such that it propagates away from this source and has transverse field-lines that intersect with this source. The source of its instability arises, I believe, from the fact that its source is relative unbound either in a mass or a charge state.

The energies relating to the physical universe appear therefore to be a discrete property of alternative bound states, and have their effects only upon these states. The only energy which appears to affect the external spime matrix in any way is gravitational energy, but it can be demonstrated, if we accept a model of continuous spime replacement in internalized matrices, that this is more the appearance of reality from the confusion of cause with effect. Gravitational radiation may be the consequence of this process, but not its cause. Gravitational radiation appears only to affect other physical objects at great distances from the gravitating body. Otherwise, the interaction between the external spime matrix and gravitational radiation appears to be minimal.

If it is true, as I have hypothesized, that protons are essentially non-gravitational because of their charge dissociated state, this does not mean that they are not without mass and do not experience continuous rates of spime replacement and are not subject to gravitational principles. It suggests that the resulting gravitational displacement may occur along another pathway than that of gravitational radiation. This may be either in the form of electromagnetic radiation that is the result of its decay or in the form of the strong force that is associated with its nucleonic binding.

Hydrogen ions of a single proton are observed to be lighter than air and not to obey the laws of earth bound gravity. On the other hand, the almost pure hydrogen plasma of the sun suggests that the gravitational forces in the sun are great enough to hold these nuclei into its core. At the same time, it is apparent that such a system yields prodigious quantities of electromagnetic radiation along with many sub-atomic particles and ion gases, on a steady and regular basis. It may be that in its design, what it gives up in gravitational potential, it yields in other forms of energy production.

If we speculate, according to our original thesis, that gravitational radiation is strictly associated with the neutron, then we might speculate as well that the state I have referred to as super-mass may be a form of concentrated neutron plasma. This plasma may be prevented from entering into a normal phase transition into protons by the fact of their coalescence into a super-gravitational system. We can only guess at its properties, though we can expect that it emits no electromagnetic radiation. I would speculate that if there is such a state as super-mass occurring in the observable universe, then we might speculate as well about the possibility of a fifth force or form of energy that is like a super-binding force occurring within this plasma. It may be just the magnified form of the strong force that normally occurs in nucleonic structures.

*****

I have come to the close of the first part devoted to physical systems theory. I have attempted to elaborate a model that appears congruent with what we know about the universe. There are many unanswered residual questions forthcoming from this model. For instance, how does matter achieve gravitational unification, and how do we define the basis for gravitational equilibrium in the universe? Exactly how does spin occur, and exactly how does spin account for so much in the universe? Exactly what are field lines? Exactly how would n-particulates, if such particles actually existed, organize themselves to constitute atomic nuclei, a host of different sub-atomic particles, and space-time itself? Such questions require a greater degree of systematic thought, description and experimentation to answer, and lie therefore beyond the scope of this text.

Natural Systems

2001