Chapter IV

Gravitational Dynamics

& the Mechanics of Gravity-Based Systems

by Hugh M. Lewis

Gravity mechanics and dynamics is a derivative of spime-gravitational mechanics, and involves, I believe, the explication of the patterns of relation and change occurring upon matrix structures themselves, rather than within the matrices we have considered. Especially important are several considerations. The spime-fluid mechanics of the transition between externalized and internalized matrices of spime can be taken as the equivalent interpretation of the uniform fall of mass-bodies in equal gravitational fields.

Matter accretes gravitationally to an established center, not so much because there is a pulling force directly between the bodies, like a big rope playing tug of war between the bodies. It is more like the equivalent of the shrinking space-time matrix occurring between the bodies that tends to draw them closer together.

The equivalent of this is to understand the appearance of the near uniform recession of distant galaxies as in possibility being the relativistic expansion of the intervening space-time matrix occurring between our selves and these far-off systems. Space-time is somehow flooding out, adding itself to the vast spaces occurring between distant galaxies. It appears to do this at relatively uniform rates.

Light traveling this space similarly "stretches" out, though it remains constant in velocity and direction. Such stretching out would be the equivalent to a lengthening, or shifting, of the energy frequency of the light. Such apparent recession can be effectively observed only at very long distances, and is not so much indicative of an expanding universe as it would be of the relative process that happens at the frontiers or interstices of the system. In any direction we look, we are likely to find the same phenomena occurring.

The stretching occurring in the depths of empty space is in effect the reverse of the process of the "consumption" of space-time in the production of gravitational energy in mass objects. In fact such consumption can account for the Einstein shifting of such "stretching" of light, but not completely. As much as new "space-time" may be being added continuously perhaps in the darkest and emptiest regions of the universe, old space-time reaching us is being sucked up beneath our feet.

In this explanation, separate unbound gravitational energy that is radiated into the universe and that remains relatively independent of the space-time matrix except as its propagational substrate, must eventually find its way back into the fundamental fabric of space-time itself. It must do this without the help of rare gravitational centers in white sources or black holes that might create this condition.

It suggests also that the universe is slowly "unwinding" at the seams of space-time itself--an effect noticeable only over very vast scales. The stretching of space-time might be associated with the slowing of the universal rate of Change and the deflation of the value of the universal constant G. This type of model would suggest that the universe is conforming to basic principles underlying the laws of thermodynamics translated into spime-gravitational dynamics. It would also suggest that there may be in effect a gradual "expansion" of the universe at all levels, giving rise to a revised kind of "Big Bang" but also to speculation of the coexistence of alternative space-time constructs.

Another way of understanding this is to suggest the possibility that there may be myriad relative gravitational vortices occurring in the depths of space, that are a function of their serving as relative centers of balance between very distant and very massive gravity systems.

Just as spime is consumed in internalized spime matrices, spime itself must be created in some other manner outside of these matrices. Ultimately, it would entail the breaking down of mass-objects to thermodynamic energy, which is what occurs normally in stars, with its dissipation into the universe. A part of the energy mass dissipated from such systems, as thermodynamic radiation or gravitational radiation, must be returned as "spatialized" structures from temporalized states.

Thus, it is conjectured that temporalized and spatialized spime are identical complementary entities existing in two relatively stable but fundamentally different states. Spime liberated into the universe as gravitational radiation becomes capable in some regions of space, of being "caught" or reentering the externalized spime matrix such that it alters its state back to that of a spatialized structure.

In these regions, relative vortices may form that so stretch the material of the spime matrix and so minimize its energy construct, that it effectively "catches" the surrounding radiation as a kind of invisible net, causing it to be added back to the matrix itself. In other words, it can be considered that the chains of the helix structures stretch so far apart, that they essentially divide into two shorter pieces.

These shorter pieces then are capable of adding strands arriving randomly from distant sources, themselves 'stretched', to the point that they are caught and bound up into the resulting spime matrix.

Gravitational or gravitoidal energy, therefore, is basically energy that is emitted in one of several alternative forms, representing different independent states of either spatialized or temporalized spime helices, or both together. In other words, gravitoids as the essential unit of gravitational radiation may be composed of either form of helix in different combination that is essentially released from the spime matrix.

The mechanism involved may have to do with the relative orientation of the spime helix to the vertical or horizontal axis, such that a high-energy diagonal state may be the least stable condition. Energy levels beyond a certain threshold may result in release or freeing of energy from the diagonal position, and the resulting liberated strand can be returned as either a spatialized or temporalized construct. Gravitational energy therefore is neither purely temporalized nor spatialized in terms of this model, but exists in an intermediate state. Gravitoids must be two or more such helices bound together in such a state. The gravitational geometry of gravitoids may not therefore be exactly the same as the geometry of thermodynamic radiation. It may follow its own pathways of propagation through the universe, albeit probably very similar to that of thermodynamic radiation.

It follows that spime cannot be produced directly from thermodynamic radiation or matter, without this first being broken down into gravitational energy, which occurs in the internalized matrices of mass objects. It conducts out to the surface and radiates from such objects, propagating across the universe essentially like light. It returns to the matrix in several pathways--by interacting with the dynamic fields surrounding mass-bodies, by entering the mass-bodies themselves, and by entering relative gravitational vortices occurring in space that has the effect of stretching and producing space-time from the gravitational energy entering the system.

This describes the alternate reverse pathway that returns gravitational energy and ultimately all the physical universe of light and matter, back into the stuff of space-time. Where gravitational centers located in mass-bound objects "suck up" space-time or spime and convert this to gravitational energy, thermodynamic energy and even matter itself, gravitational vortices have the reverse process of taking the gravitational energy in its final state, and returning it back to the externalized spime matrix.

Many of the processes that occur in the one direction may involve processes that are happening in the other direction as well. In other words, where we find the production of thermodynamic radiation from gravitation, we are also likely to find the reverse deconstruction of thermodynamic radiation back into gravitation.

The only other context in which the reduction of thermodynamic radiation to gravitation may be found to occur, without the reverse process also occurring, is within the super-mass of black holes. This basic bottlenecking of the conversion process entails that there is a basic natural "gulf" of production between spime-gravitation on the one hand, and thermodynamic energy and matter on the other hand. This gulf in the production rates and pathways that bottleneck in certain mechanisms leads to a sense of fundamental difference between these two systems, as if they were entirely independent of one another.

Thermodynamic radiation may eventually, if old enough, reduce itself back down to gravitational radiation by some other means. It may simply "unwind" itself in some mysterious manner, perhaps shedding off gravitational energy as it goes. On the other hand, there may be other mechanisms, like "white sources" or intensified gravitational vortices that essentially serve to reduce thermodynamic energy to intense amounts of excess gravitational energy or even spime.

Because of the possible bottlenecking of pathways, especially between those of gravitation and thermodynamic production, and secondly between thermodynamic production and mass production, there are large, relatively independent reservoirs of these kinds of different physical states that are "stockpiled" as a result of many, many eons of continuous production.

In this stockpiling of "matter," resulting steady and harmonious motional systems in dynamic gravitational fields, coupled with random broadcasting of gravitational and thermodynamic energies into the universal reservoir, the bottomless sinkhole of space itself, must have the effect of essentially delaying or forestalling the principle of mass-accretion. The achievement of unity would result, in the total scheme of things, in a kind of universal implosion. Even more massive amounts of thermodynamic radiation must be expended into the universe, to travel forever in great circles through relatively empty space. Gravitational radiation must also, if it is similar to thermodynamic radiation, exist in even more prodigious quantities in the universe--not all of it necessarily returning to the fold of space-time itself.

Hence there is a very real and natural sense of the inherent stratification of the physical universe upon different levels of phenomenal patterning, one that belies perhaps the possibility of an underlying unity occurring throughout and between these levels. It is possible, in my mind, that we have not yet observed or calculated the conversion processes normally occurring between different levels, except for the equivalence of energy to mass, even though these processes may in fact be quite common, because we have not yet thought to look for it. What we see are the obvious results of part-processes going in one direction only. We don't realize that we may in fact really be seeing two-directional processes occurring simultaneously.

If we speculate that:

E = mc²

And if we can hypothesize the universal equivalence between gravitational energy, thermodynamic energy, mass and even space-time itself, then we might also speculate upon alternative equivalence formulas involved in the entire paradigm of physicall causality:

S-T = (x)G²

G = (y)E²

Where (x) and (y) would represent some as yet unknown quantities or complex relations.

If such formulas had any kind of approximate validity, then we can directly deduce the relationship of mass to space-time as being something like the following:

S-T = (xy) m⁴c⁸

A formula similar to this would entail that probably space-time is a tremendous value, and that the release of space-time from mass would be a tremendous quantity. It would entail as well that mass bodies normally replace a tremendous volume of space-time in their duration as a bound state.

Several other deductions can be made. If this model is correct, then it is likely that we will not discover easily "wormholes" of negative space-time or

that we may never travel at warp speeds, but it does suggest that humanity may one day attempt to build one of several kinds of "doomsday" devices that would involve one or more of these alternate pathways of destruction.

About the only useful application of such a doomsday device would be the annihilation of any meteors or asteroids that might approach the earth in a menacing manner. Of course, it is far easier to destroy than to build, and humankind might then be capable of undoing in an instant what it took nature billions of years to accomplish. It is possible that, on certain scales, other kinds of gravity-systems can be constructed that might have the effect of allowing us to locally circumvent gravitational fields or at least to counteract them or intensify or reproduce them. This might yield prodigious quantities of energy as well as allow certain kinds of motion not otherwise permitted, especially perhaps, the achievement of light-speeds.

*****

The geometries of space-time in relation to matter appear to be fundamentally different from the geometries of space-time in relation to either gravitational energy or thermodynamic energy. I will further speculate that these are fundamentally different from the internal geometries of physical matter and super-mass if there is such a thing.

The geometrical mapping of these patterns upon space-time are the result of different properties of these different forms of spime-distribution. To a great extent, geometrical mapping of these patterns seems to be largely density-dependent.

At this stage, I will speculate about gravity systems, that I distinguish clearly from the related but separate issue of gravitational-spime field dynamics. Gravity-Systems primarily concerns the motion and behavior of physical matter in gravitational fields.

To begin, I will suggest a basic paradigm of evolution of such gravity systems. All physical objects of matter have mass, and hence, have gravitational effects. Gravitational centers are implicit to each body. It is the formation of virtual centers of gravity in empty space-time that is of interest to me.

Take the basic model of a cloud of particles or of odd-sized mass objects in random dispersion and motion to one another. Each object would have its own center of gravity. The cloud as a whole would in a totally random state, and lack a central region of gravity. Its gravitational orientation would be relative dispersed and more or less uniform throughout the cloud. Furthermore, the gravitational disequilibrium occurring between the different particles or objects would tend to be more or less chaotic, random and would probably tend, on average, to cancel out.

The question becomes, how does this cloud create a coherent sense of a center of gravity from such a pattern of random dispersion, such that it leads to a non-random organization of the pattern of the cloud?

The answer to this question seems to be that it can occur in one of several possible ways, and its development can follow one of several different pathways. This constitutes a paradigm of gravitational dynamics of mass-based gravity systems that accounts for most of the evolutionary behavior we can observe among gravity systems in the physical universe.

A first-order independent gravity system can be referred to therefore as any mass object in the universe, of any finite size, at theoretical absolute rest that results in secondary local displacement of the gravitoidal matrix. It results in the compression of the surrounding space-time manifold, relative to the source and shape of mass of the body.

This displacement is a continuous process for the life of the mass-object. It is a process therefore that does not obey the normal rules of thermodynamics. An analogy of this sense of gravitational compression is seen in buoyancy, when a required amount of energy (equivalent to an object's mass) is required to hold a buoyant object under water, resulting in the displacement of water molecules.

In a sense, all mass-objects create holes in the gravitational matrix resulting in continuous gravitational displacement. These holes are like permanent depressions in the space-time matrix.

A first-order derivative gravity system would be any single mass object that is in motion. Displacement resulting from the motion, derived from the forward momentum of the object, creates a complex dynamic pattern of relative displacement of the gravitoidal matrix that results in a general directional compression of the space-time manifold. It would be as if we took our finger, pressed into a rubber sheet, and ran it across the surface of the sheet in a wide arc of our arm's motion. A submerged submarine traveling through the ocean would be another analogy.

In actuality, all physical bodies occurring in the universe are at least first-order derivative systems, whether they are part of larger systems or not.

A second-order primary gravity system is that constituted by any two or more mass-objects in proximate space-time relation to one another. Gravitational disequilibrium occurs between the objects such that the two or more objects result in an accretive disk, resulting in the drawing together of the objects until they achieve what can be called gravitational unity.

A second-order derivative gravity system is a second-order system constituted by two or more mass-objects that occur in some kind of relative motion to one another such that the direction and speed of their motion to some degree offsets the disequilibria otherwise occurring between them. They establish some kind of dynamic gravitational balance or harmony in a stable state of complex motion.

A third-order primary gravity system is one that is hypothesized to be constituted either by a very large first-order gravity system or by a complex and extensive second-order gravity system in which unusual and abnormal forces result in radical displacement that leads to gravitational implosion, collapse or complex accretion patterns.

A third-order derivative gravity system would be any third-order scale system that, by virtue of complex motions within the system, result in highly unusual patterns of gravitational turbulence and dynamics.

A fourth primary gravity system is one that I hypothesize to be constituted by the universal gravitational field itself. It obeys a complex set of laws that entails, among other things, that no object may travel at the speed of light without resulting in infinite or universal gravitational displacement.

Absolute change (D) is a universal constant within such a system, hence all motion is constrained by the same frame of time. The speed of gravity is also a hypothesized constant within the system. All electromagnetic radiation is bound within the propagational matrix and cannot pass beyond a 'zero-gravity threshold' that defines the boundaries or intrinsic limits of the system.

The hypothesis of a universal constant (D) that is equivalent to a value of synchronization of the spime matrix. I will hypothesize that this constant is also equivalent or related to the universal constant of Gravitation or (G), and these values all underlie the important equivalences between relative rates of spime replacement, gravitational displacement, inertia of energy and mass.

Some theoretical evidence suggests that the universal constants are gradually changing, suggesting that the universal clock that they constitute is gradually unwinding. If this is the case, then this leads to two conclusions:

1. The universe as a total system is seeking a state of universal equilibrium that is manifest in the spime matrix. This is a translation of principles of thermodynamics to spime-gravitational dynamics. It is gradually slowing down and its apparent expansion is a by-product of this process.

2. The universe as a total system is somehow connected to alternative space-time constructs, and, at the sub-spime level involving xyz-infinitesimals, there is some form of conversion processes and pathways between these alternative constructs.

3. There may have been a kind of big bang that may have affected the observable universe, but this may have occurred much deeper in time than thought, and was fundamentally a different kind of process of total creation than theorized. Such a cosmic event would have been part of a larger multiple-universe system.

I will speculate that there may occur nth-order derivative gravity systems or even 5th order systems that occur, that would describe either alternative universes or extensions of this universe in other dimensions.

The presence of any physical bodies creates a situation of permanent displacement of the gravitational matrix. This displacement is continuous and constant for the life of the object. Movement of the object creates a dynamic of the gravitational displacement, not unlike eddies created in the wake of a moving submarine.

At this stage in the development of a model of gravity-systems, it is worthwhile to speculate on the occurrence of what can be called gravitational hammers or surges or even gravitational tsunami. There would also be more normal interference patterns that may result from the overlapping of gravitational fields by different gravitating bodies.

A gravitational surge or hammer can be conjectured to be either a very intense "wave" of gravitational radiation, or else a very strong dynamic flux of the normal space-time matrix as the result of a sudden alteration or disruption of an otherwise stable gravitation field. The results of such waves can be perhaps to sweep clouds of particulate matter in the universe in a direction, either spreading these out or else causing their directional aggregation into denser concentrations. It is doubtful that such hammers might be capable of moving very massive objects, and would seem to lose most of its force on broadcast propagation from its source. But it is possible that under special conditions it might result in the subtle shifting or disturbance of larger mass bodies such that they are tilted on their axis of rotation or shift slightly in their orbital trajectories.

Interference waves can be expected to occur in both patterns of gravitational radiation and in dynamic spime-flow models, especially when two or more massive-objects are in relative proximity to one another such that their spime-flow mechanics dramatically affect one another. The result would be expected to be periodic fluctuations of gravitational energy field patterns and complex differentials of such patterns in a periodic manner. The tidal patterns of the earth's oceans are examples of such interference patterns reaching the earth from the moon, and it is possible that the rolling of the waves themselves are evidence of such periodicity of interference.

The entire spime matrix comes to resemble a total gravitational energy field. It is like a football playing field, and the players are the gravitating bodies, and the balls used the energies displaced between them.

It is in consideration of the total spime matrix of the universe that we can see the entire universe as constituting a single unified gravitational field within which everything is embedded. All objects and forces must experience a residual effect from this background field, and it would constitute the gravitational energy reservoir, or sink to which all lost gravity would go. There may in effect be no physical center to this universe, nor even a single center of gravitational balance. It may be regionally divided up into multiple centers. But even on such a grand, super-galactic or cluster scale, we must speculate that there must occur complex motions such that these colossal systems fall into some kind of gravitational relationship with one another.

It leads to a strange paradox. If the universe is infinite, then perhaps there can be no central region or portion of it, and thus we exist within a background gravitational matrix that has no central focus or center of balance, which defies our definition of gravitation in the space-time construct. If we speculate that at least the observed or observable universe is finite, then we must conjecture that it indeed has such a focal region where things have been known to happen. It suggests that eventually all matter must eventually aggregate to this region. A closed model of the universe would suggest that gravitational radiation, of finite mass, itself has curvilinear properties that would make it circle back upon itself in a cosmic compass of incredibly vast proportions. In such a framework, gravitational radiation may eventually cancel itself out completely--expending itself upon its rebound.

The electromagnetic field may be a subset of this field, and the mass system constituted by all physical bodies and other matter of the universe is also a subset of this encompassing background system. This universal background field that I believe to be the universal gravitational field encompasses and embeds the total potential energy system of the physical universe, which is infinite, and its total mass, which is a subset of the energy system, and which is also infinite.

A direct analogy of this universal field is that of the mathematical system of real numbers, which is infinite, and which encompasses and includes the subset of cardinal numbers, which is also infinite, and which encompasses and includes in turn the smaller subset of prime numbers. While each system is infinite, and therefore ultimately uncountable, each smaller system is a smaller and contained within the field of the larger system.

Relative equilibrium can be thought of as a stable condition of relative masslessness, or relative zero gravity, of the mass-object in relation to the universal gravitational matrix that is the result of the minimization of disequilibria resulting from its gravitational displacement. In other words, gravity cancels out mass in theoretically stable systems just as buoyancy cancels out the weight of a floating object. Only when such systems are accelerated or dynamically altered does the effects of mass and inertial resistance comes back into play during the period of the transition. Just as thermodynamic systems naturally seek a state of permanent unchanging zero-temperature, gravitationally dynamic systems naturally seek a state of stable, unchanging relative zero gravity, or relative masslessness.

Like heat, gravitational displacement tends toward random (i.e. directionless) propagation. In essence, a state of universal equilibrium is a state of totally random displacement of the gravity system. As such, the entire system tends toward a state of maximum uniformity in its field distribution.

The universal gravitational field must seek to maintain its overall four dimensional space-time structure in some kind of minimally contiguous state. In effect, in many gravity systems, gravitational displacement assumes non-random, linear or directional patterns that create a dynamic gravitational field that is uniquely characteristic to that particular system. Such a system is in gravitational disequilibrium and it must eventually come to rest in a state of motion that allows it to achieve a relative state of bounded equilibrium. Like the law of entropy, equilibrium of the universal gravitational field determines that no system can remain forever is a state of disequilibrium or in a dynamic gravitational transition.

The thermal reservoir of the universe is from this perspective a subset of the gravitational reservoir of the universe. Both entities are theoretically infinite. There are important differences and similarities between the two systems that must be accounted for. It is in these basic differences that gravitational dynamics are seen to defy certain principles of thermodynamics, but even so gravitationally dynamic systems are bound by certain principles that constrain the system and determine the structure of its spatio-temporal manifestation.

Unlike a thermal system, which is by definition a limited system, it is possible to imagine a simple gravity system as in a sense a perpetual gravity machine. In fact, all existing physical bodies having mass must always displace gravity, and the amount of gravity it displaces at any one time is always the same. It is a constant, all other things being equal. Unlike a thermodynamic system, which eventually must lose its heat and stop, a gravity system never loses its mass and never stops displacing gravitational energy, as long as that system exists.

A simple gravity system can be defined as that system established by the gravitational displacement of any single mass-object on its spatio-temporal environment.

A second-order gravity system can be defined therefore as that gravity system that is established by two or more mass-objects that come into proximate interrelationship with one another and which result in some stable pattern of relative equilibrium between the objects.

In general, it can be said that patterns of accretion are established that result either in the gravitational unification of the objects into a single, simple gravitational system, or else they create an orbital system, often along a central accretion plane, that bounds their relative motions into stable patterns of relative gravitational equilibrium.

A third-order gravity system might be hypothesized as that which occurs between multiple first and second-order systems in a larger gravitational framework, and which results in more complex patterns and motions occurring between the elements of the system. If gravitational unification is achieved between a number of objects in such a system, then a central mass can be created with such strong gravitational displacement that it collapses the entire local space-time manifold in which it is embedded, and creates, in effect, a black-hole. Other kinds of exotic phenomena may be encountered within third-order gravity systems.

Relative gravitational displacement is dynamic, and increases in a logrithmic manner to the limit of total mass of the universe. What increases with increasing acceleration is the relative or dynamic amount of gravitational displacement by an object within the universal system, not the total or absolute amount of displacement by the object itself. In a sense, when any object of any size is accelerated to close to the speed of light, in a sense it drags the entire gravitational field of the universe along with it. It must thus overcome virtually infinite inertial resistance.

Accelerated objects demonstrate a phenomenon of "rate constancy" which means that as acceleration increases, the rate of displacement correspondingly decreases, until it reaches theoretical zero at the speed of light. Rate constancy is a consequence of the relativity of time, which must remain relatively the same at all speeds in the universe. Hypothetically speaking, rate constancy determines that the total or net absolute gravitational displacement from a finite body is constant, regardless of the speed or acceleration of the body. What changes is the degree of dynamic displacement and distortion of the space-time continuum that is a result of the bodies increased or altered acceleration.

Absolute gravitational displacement of a hypothetical body of known mass is static, the product of a motionless state of a system in perfect equilibrium. It is a fixed constant for any given system of a given size.

The amount of gravitational energy that a finite mass system displaces cannot be theoretically increased or decreased, all other things being equal. The relative state of equilibrium of the established system cannot be altered, unless some kind of "work" is done to affect that system. Work in this case is expressed as acceleration that would have the affect of increasing the amount of relative dynamic gravitational displacement exhibited by the system in a fixed direction.

I refer to universal mass is the theoretical maximum state of relative gravitational displacement that can be achieved by any mass object traveling at the speed of light. It is essentially the entire mass of the universe, which is in theory an infinite value. It defines, like absolute zero, the limit to the acceleration of a massive body.

In this manner, time is dependent on the relative speed of the object in question, and the rate of time is in indirect ratio to the acceleration of an object. If an object is accelerated, its temporal rate is correspondingly decreased, and if an object is slowed, its temporal rate is correspondingly increased. Thus the ratio of universal motion to time is a constant value, and cannot be altered.

As a result, the total rate of gravitational displacement of a physical object is also constant, and cannot be changed. If an object of a set mass is accelerated, the inertial resistance of that object to acceleration is also correspondingly increased. Its relative mass increases in its direction of travel, as a function of its momentum, but its net gravitational displacement does not change.

The absolute mass of a single object cannot be intrinsically altered without changing the internal structure, size and shape of the original object. The minimum amount of gravitational displacement by the object also cannot be intrinsically altered. Only the relative universal mass of the object can be altered through increasing or decreasing the dynamic gravitational displacement of the object in a fixed direction--i.e., through acceleration or deceleration of the object.

Acceleration of an object causes increased dynamic displacement of gravitational energy relative to the universal system, and thus requires greater amounts of "work" to achieve. Acceleration of any object falls along a curve that always approaches infinitely the speed of light.

For an object of any size, its acceleration to approximate the speed of light would require an exponential increase of energy. It would require an infinite amount of energy to accelerate an object the mass of ping-pong ball or an object the size of the sun to light speed. Near the speed of light, the relative gravitational displacement of any mass approaches infinity, or a state of maximum disequilibrium in the universal gravitational field. At such a speed, a mass object will exhibit the maximum distortion of the space-time manifold possible within the system.

Gravity systems furthermore tend naturally towards some kind of relative gravitational equilibrium within a larger system. Relative equilibrium can be described as the minimization of the amount of dynamic gravitational displacement required by a system at a steady-state of motion. In a sense, the system attempts to slow down to a lower static level, to achieve the minimal relative mass possible within the system.

While mass affects the total amount of gravitational displacement possible within a finite system, motion and acceleration affect the dynamic rates and directions of this displacement.

Some statements of basic laws of gravitational dynamics follow:

1. Two physical objects of equivalent mass in relative gravitational equilibrium with one another will both be in relative gravitational equilibrium with third body of equivalent mass. All gravitational systems seek to establish relative gravitational equilibrium with all other systems. The total universal gravitational field is in effect an energy reservoir of infinite potential, but, in its theoretical state of equilibrium, it is at absolute rest. From a Thermodynamic standpoint, this state of rest is the equivalent of a state of maximum entropy or disorder. The paradox of this is that it appears that the normal speed of propagation of gravitational energy is at the speed of light. Even if an object were at complete rest, it would continue to displace the minimum amount of gravitational energy possible for that system.

2. The law of conservation of mass. Gravitation can be neither created nor destroyed, therefore gravitational energy transferred into a system plus work within the system must result in an increase in the relative mass level, or directional momentum of the system. There can be no mass without gravitational displacement. This displacement is continuous and inherent to the life of a mass object. In effect, mass is the result of relative space-time displacement of the gravitational energy field. Acceleration alters the relative mass of a body, by distorting the space-time continuum of the surrounding gravitational field.

Acceleration to the speed of light of a mass object would require, in theory, an infinite amount of energy, and would result in infinite gravitational displacement, or universal mass, of the body in motion. The absolute mass of a body would be the measure of gravitational displacement of that body at absolute rest, based on the net atomic weight of its components. This would be the mass of zero-displacement, or gravitational unity. This measure of atomic mass can only be accomplished in effect in a proportional and ratio manner, by comparing the mass of different kinds of objects (elements) at presumably the same relative motion. In effect, no object in the universe is probably in a state of absolute rest. All masses are in motion, relative to one another, and this motion describes the space-time dynamics of the universal gravitational field.

2. The gravitational equilibrium of any gravity system can never decrease without work in the form of acceleration. Gravitational displacement cannot pass from a lower mass system to a higher mass system without work being done. A mass object cannot accelerate without corresponding relative displacement of gravitation.

Gravitational displacement by mass is constant, equivalent to the inertial resistance of the mass to the gravitational field, and naturally seeks to attain a state of maximum equilibrium. In essence, gravitational displacement is a function of the relative motion of the mass in the space-time continuum.

There are several paradoxes embedded in this system. First, we may posit that there is a universal force reservoir towards which all subsystem states tend. This is a state of the absolute-zero gravity field. Gravitational systems, as energy systems, must lose energy to this reservoir. Gravitation flows in all directions in the first three dimensions simultaneously.

Absolute zero gravity is a theoretical limit that is approachable but never achievable within a physical system. What may be encountered in the weightless void of deep-space is in essence a neutral gravity system, one that is described by the universe of gravitational forces that are straining the space-time fabric from all directions simultaneously and hence mutually cancel out most of these directional strains. We can say that the neutral gravity field of deep space is an average zero-field, but not an absolute zero-field.

The key to understanding this system, I believe, is the irreversibility of the fourth dimension. The fourth dimension flows in one direction in the physical universe, and thus all change can go in one direction only.

Just as thermodynamic systems are temperature-dependent systems, we can speak of gravitationally dynamic systems as being time-dependent systems in a similar sense. Where as thermodynamic systems tend in the long run toward maximum entropy, or equilibrium, as this is expressed by absolute zero states, so also do gravitational-dynamic systems tend toward states of minimum time distortion, or a state of permanent non-change. Spatially this might be expressed as a perfectly even, undistorted field of near uniform deceleration, or motionlessness.

From this standpoint, the accelerative affects of a gravity system in space are in essence the mechanics of geometric translation of rapid temporal change of state of a physical mass in time through space upon an object that is, because of its absolute mass, otherwise unchangeable. In other words, mass in motion compresses and distorts time gravitationally, leading to relative gravitational displacement, and this time compression is experienced in terms of its acceleration through space.

In this sense, time is nothing but the fourth dimensional expression of the gravitational system of the universal field, the result of the systemic relations of the first three spatial dimensions within the universal field that is constituted by higher states of energy and massive objects.

*****

The fundamental questions relating to physical systems theory seem to me to hinge on the following related problem sets:

1. A model of universal gravitation

2. A model of the universal structure of space-time

3. A unified field theory

4. A model of the structure and origin of the observable universe.

All matter and energy are mathematically measurable. Gravitational energy is mathematically describable as well, as long as we have a good idea of what we are looking for.

I hypothesize a universal gravitational field that in its ideal state is uniform through all space and time. It constitutes the normal structure and pattern of the space-time continuum. In other words, the universal gravitational field maintains the structure of the known universe in at least four dimensions. It propagates everywhere in three-dimensions at a uniform rate that is the speed of light. This propagation is normally random and thus universally simultaneous and continuous through time. The temporal propagation of this system is constant. Objects experience this sense of time differently depending upon their relative speed within the universal system. The speed of light is another universal constant in the synchronization of all events and in the acceleration of all mass.

In such a model, gravity is not immanent from within mass object, from the nucleus of matter at the subatomic level, though some unknown mechanism of the nucleus, for instance mass-spin or mass charge, may affect the propagational variables of the gravitational field in critical ways. In other words, gravitational energy does not come from within the gravitating object that affects the gravitational field. The noticeable affect of the object upon the gravitational field, what we call Newtonian gravity, or "action at a distance," is largely indirect. It results from a reaction of the field that produces a secondary pattern of compressive gravitational waves that are the echoes or eddies of the principle reaction of mass and momentum within the space-time continuum. This I refer to as gravitational displacement.

Gravitational displacement of a gravitating object is continuous and constant for the life of the object. The energy potential, measurable in terms of the inertial resistance of the object, that is the result of this gravitational displacement, is far greater than the total energy potential of the object itself.

The balanced space-time continuum represented by the universal gravitational field represents an infinite reservoir of potential but essentially neutralized gravitational energy.

The normal gravitational field is non-charged and non-polarized, and this normal state distinguishes it from the electromagnetic energy that propagates through it. The normal gravitational field is a non-thermodynamic field, but the thermodynamic field is dependent upon the gravitational field. Thus the laws of thermodynamics do not apply in exactly the same way to the laws of gravitational dynamics, but should in theory be derivable from these and applicable to all thermodynamic systems.

The universal gravitational field is an energy field. It is an energy field that is infinitely great. It maintains the structure of the space-time continuum on a continuous basis. The universal gravitational field is virtually infinite and unbounded, unless otherwise determined. Its energy potential is also virtually infinite and unbounded. But it is energy that is universally and normally neutralized, possibly by its mono-valent nature.

Gravitational energy is cumulatively very great and essentially continuous throughout the universe. All massive bodies are gravitational objects. There can be no massive body that is non-gravitational--the gravitational potential of an object is its mass. Mass is essentially the measure of any object's gravitational potential.

The relative gravitational energy associated with a massive object is directly equivalent to its inertial resistance to acceleration. This is a dynamic quantity that changes within the system, and results in both increased disequilibrium of the gravitational system and in distortion of the space-time manifold.

The space-time manifold is a dynamic continuum. Change is simultaneous movement of the 3 dimensional space through the fourth dimension of time. The space-time manifold is composed of a universal gravitational field. This field occurs at a level far smaller than what we find with atoms.

The speed of light is the constant for the normal propagation of the gravitational field in all directions. The passage of time at the speed of light is the universal standard of time.

Gravitational compression and space-time distortion are the result of the inertial resistance of massive bodies to acceleration, that cannot travel at the speed of light, resulting in dynamic displacement of gravitational energy around the. This displacement broadcasts secondary gravitational interference waves away from the source of the object's center of mass directionally and differentially depending on the size, shape, motion and spin of the object.

Electromagnetic radiation propagates across this field, but does not follow the normal geometric structure, the Einsteinian Tensor structure, of general relativity. Electromagnetic radiation basically constitutes a massless system, and has therefore its own geometry of propagation. Its relative masslessness is the result of its charge polarization. The propagational field of the electromagnetic spectrum may be in essence an energized and polarized gravitational field that behaves differently in a charged state than in a normal state.

The universal gravitational field is non-polarized. It seeks a state of uniform equilibrium, that suggests that spatially its field normally propagates in a non-directional or a uniformly random manner. It propagates uniformly through time. Mass systems disturb this equilibrium of the gravitational field, resulting in a kind of compression of the space-time manifold around the object, and resulting in non-random directional propagation of the field, and a subsequent displacement of the gravitational field away from the source of the mass. In a sense, it is like a rock in a stream--the water must flow around the rock, creating eddies in the stream. The stream flows continuously, forever, around the rock.

Gravity-based systems consist of one or more mass-objects that come into proximate space-time relation with one another and that are presumed to be in motion. Two or more mass-objects within a single gravity system frequently create an intermediary gravitational differential that results in accretion. Accretion is the result of the gravitational displacement of the space-time continuum from between two objects or more objects, minimizing the differential of disequilibrium existing between the objects. Objects will frequently achieve an orbital trajectory in relation to one another, often along an orbital plane that represents the plane of maximum gravitational displacement. Within such a system, a steady state can be established when the velocity of the satellite is equal to or balanced with the gravitational displacement of the two objects in relation to one another.

Gravitational engineering would be an applied outcome of understanding the dynamics of gravitational fields, dynamic interference waves and gravity systems in general.

The gravitational field appears to be implicated with the fabric of the universe in fundamental ways. It appears to be somehow integral to the space-time continuum such that major perturbations resulting from large mass objects result in a steep gradient or curvature of this continuum that approximates acceleration and free-fall of objects in gravity systems.

Gravity appears to involve mass, hence matter, without the requirements of radiation or energy in an active state. Electromagnetic radiation cannot propagate across an absolute zero-gravity field. I believe that a black hole creates a relative zero-gravity state that creates a threshold across which electromagnetic radiation cannot be transmitted.

Gravitational energy is a form of depolarized radiation that acts upon the fundamental space-time fabric of the universe. In fact, the universal gravitational field is the framework of the space-time continuum of the physical universe itself. In its basic state it is an energy system that propagates evenly in all directions through the universe simultaneously. It's only constraint is its temporal uni-directionality.

The gravitational field is the background space-time fabric/continuum of the universe.

Gravitational energy is convertible or expressible in terms of electromagnetic radiation under certain varying conditions. It is common knowledge that compressive forces of the earth's gravity creates tremendous levels of heat at the earth's core. Similar even greater forces in the sun lead to plasma and fusion in a great solar furnace. But these are work systems that are the result of special phenomena in nature, albeit the relatively spherical collapse of a large amount of matter upon a common virtual center or gravitational point of origin.

Another way of stating this is to claim that the laws of thermodynamics, or physical heat exchange, in effect obey the more basic laws of gravitational field dynamics.

If we look to the black hole at the center of galaxies, then we will find evidence of the extreme distortion of the fourth dimension that results in the local collapse of the local gravitational field about an object. It is in essence a hole that is ripped by shear density of mass in the fabric of the universe, and into which the total energy field escapes in time, perhaps never to return. As far as we know now, and have concluded, though this occurs, because the total universal field is infinite, its local collapse will never be complete.

It then begs the question of where does the universal field escape to?

A basic relationship between energy and mass seems to hold, that all mass, at any level, represents a discrete and somehow discontinuous stable state of energy that is bound within a system that endures for a period of time, whether it can be definitely isolated or not, and that occupies some sense of space, or possible alternative multi-spaces within that same time frame.

In a reverse sense, energy is mass released from its bound space-time frame, and propagates in certain constant ways without the space-time strictures that bind mass.

Now in actuality, this rather simplistic model of the material universe belies the actual dynamics of mass and energy, such that there are instances in which mass appears more like energy, and instances when energy takes on the characteristics of particulate mass. In a similar sense I believe, that if we could shrink ourselves like incredible voyageurs, then we would eventually reach a diminutive size that the solidity of our human sized world would disappear completely, and we could easily pass through our own bodies without harm to either ourselves or our bodies. On that diminutive level, what we take ourselves to be as concrete and solid material bodies, vanishes in a world of fuzzy forces and energies that have no resemblance at all to what we see in their totality at a human-sized level.

It must be understood that the normal effects of gravity we experience in our everyday lives is somewhat different from the hypothesis of a universal gravitational field. Gravity is a local system that constitutes a kind of hole in the universal gravitational field. At the center and bottom of this hole is a massive object whose mass creates strains in the gravitational field, just as the propagation of gravitational energy creates strains in mass. Massive objects and the gravitational field interact with one another in special and important ways, particularly as described by Newton's laws.

Our model must take one grander step back from the larger framework, to consider some even more basic problems and questions. These issues, I believe, arise from the internal dynamics of observed gravitating bodies.

All gravitating bodies and all gravitational systems have a center of mass that is the center of gravity and the ultimate source of gravitational displacement. In essence this center is extremely critical. For a stationary body at absolute rest, it would represent a single, infinitely small point or central region for a non-uniformly symmetrical body. That most large gravitational bodies appear to tend towards the spherical suggests that this is the case. In reality, because all bodies are probably in a state of motion, this central point or region of origin of gravity describes a translation vector or field.

In a sense, space-time in a mass-object is frozen, and cannot be altered without work being done on the system. It is interesting to speculate that at the center of gravity of any mass object in a state of absolute rest, time must be frozen--the clock stops.

The center of gravitational mass can only occur in a body of matter. It can not be found within a pure energy system that lacks matter. This is not the same thing as claiming that, as a point of equilibrium, two or more gravitating bodies cannot form a patterning of mutual rotation around a central point of non-mass space-time. I believe this point of origin is essentially a point of balanced equilibrium between two gravitating systems. The consequences of this may be dramatically different from that of a center of gravity of a physical mass object.

All gravity systems appear to be relative to this central point of gravitational origin. I will call this central point or region the region of relative unity. All matter accreted to this point must deal with the secondary consequences of such accretion to a single hypothetical point. The results are the creation of internal pressure systems that lead to a compression of mass-space within the mass-object. In general, mass becomes denser under pressure until a point is reached that result in thermodynamic reactions, or the conversion of mass to energy. Such thermodynamic systems function like natural furnaces in the universe, and are quite pervasive. Pressures have the effect of offsetting and counterbalancing the effects of gravitational accretion.

In essence, gravitating systems never stop accreting. If they could accrete an infinite amount of mass, then they would eventually reach the stage of becoming a "black hole" such that the gravitational forces are so great, and the densities of the core of the system are so tremendous, that light cannot escape it. In principle, given enough time and the right conditions, which must be thought to occur primarily by chance, any physical object can become a black hole. In reality, most gravitating systems reach some relatively finite and stable state. Most solar systems eventually become systems of decretion instead of accretion systems, in time casting off more mass than they take on, and by such a means eventually extinguishing themselves as active thermodynamic systems. Gravity can pump such a system through gravitational accretion of external sources of mass, but otherwise such systems must conform to the laws of thermodynamics.

If mass-objects accrete enough mass, then several consequences are expected. First, the gravitational field becomes so strong that light is known not to be able to escape it. Even the speed of light does not provide the velocity to escape the accretive effects of the gravity system. Second, the densities of mass at the core of the system become so great that effectively all known physical limits relating to the physical distribution and constitution of mass are broken. At this point, it can be said that the space-time fabric itself may be ruptured. At this point, we can only hypothesize that mass, converted to energy, becomes converted into the nothingness of space-time itself. Only space-time can hypothetically escape from such a system, whether in the known dimensions or in some other dimensional framework.

The tremendous gravitational forces of a black hole result in what I will call a gravitational implosion (which is different from a collapsing gravitational field) and that leads to a temporary condition in which mass-derived energy is converted into space-time to order escape the system.

In such a system, it is not difficult to imagine the destruction of space-time, rather the conversion of energy into space-time. If this happens, then we must only speculate where or what space-time or its derivative properties then converts to. Such a system would not approach infinite mass, but a level of maximum mass, beyond which it will somehow be returned to the larger system. Gravitation and space-time as we have observed them do not appear to follow the conventional laws of thermodynamics.

If space-time itself is destroyed in such a process, then it must result in a model of a gradually disappearing universe. An alternative model is that, reconverted to pure space-time, the source of all matter and energy, it is no longer subject to the same gravitational pressures that caused it, and is therefore allowed to escape, undetected, somewhere else into the universe. This is suggested by a fundamental hypothesis that the coherence of the space-time construct cannot be violated. The alternative is that it remains locked up in the black hole for the duration of the black-hole event.

Space-time in its most essential state cannot be created or destroyed--it cannot be created from nothing and annihilated into nothing, though it can be converted to both energy and mass systems, by means as yet unknown. If it can be created or destroyed, then it is yet part of a larger system that comprehends the known physical universe.

According to our hypothesis of causal complementarity, nothing can be destroyed that cannot also be created. If something can be created, then it can be destroyed. It is likely therefore that space-time is converted into some other entity, or else at this stage at least, it transfers back out into the larger space-time manifold in a different and more radical form of gravitational displacement than is normally observed to occur.

Another way of examining this issue is to put it like this. If something was created, light or matter, for instance, then it can be destroyed. If God did not ultimately create it, then some other non-random mechanism did. If a non-random mechanism resulted in its creation, then another non-random mechanism must be possible for its destruction. If we can find a non-random mechanism, like a black hole that might account for its destruction, then we should be able to find another non-random mechanism that created it.

In actuality, I will hypothesize that such creation mechanisms are not that uncommon in the universe, and account for the widespread presence of both energy and matter. In fact, I will risk the conjecture that these mechanisms are literally under our noses without our even being aware of it.

I believe there may be multiple pathways possible for the creation and subsequent destruction of mass and energy in the universe, and these pathways have probabilistic properties associated with the likelihood of their occurrence. There may be normal pathways, and, at the same time, other pathways that are exotic, like that of a black-hole.

It is possible that the thermodynamic energy created at the core of the earth is not solely the product of the extreme pressurization and movement of matter. I will speculate that in fact, over the long run, more energy is being created in a mechanism like the earth than can be accounted for by internal agencies alone. It is possible, if our thinking about gravitational displacement and the space-time construct are approximately true, that the conditions may occur in the core of the earth for the extra production of energy from space-time itself. This would fundamentally defy the basic laws of Thermodynamics, but would account for the long-term stability of such systems like the earth.

In a similar way, I will hypothesize that solar systems in fact regularly create both new energy and matter from the conversion of space-time under extreme conditions of gravitational pressure and heat. That this has not been an obvious process is probably due to the fact that we cannot directly observe its production. The sun's mass may not significantly increase in this way, because the energy required to produce the extra mass and energy may be given off in greater amounts than is produced. The gravitational mass of solar objects can be expected to dissipate in the long run, in spite of such production processes. I believe that the long- term stability of such systems might be accounted for by such mechanisms as spatial-temporal conversion.

As mentioned, other more exotic and less common systems may exist for such cosmic production processes to occur.

Pathways leading to the destruction of mass and energy back to space-time may be less obvious but no less common Energy may "unwind" itself in time to a point that, in conditions of spatial-temporal equilibrium, it is recaptured by space-time in a kind of static black light. Mass may be regularly reconverted to energy in solar furnaces, which then eventually returns to a condition of black light. More exotic pathways, like black holes, may be hypothesized for the direct destruction of mass and energy into the space-time construct.

Accepting such hypothesis contradict the laws of thermodynamics, but these principles are not violated under normal conditions. It suggests only that universal phenomena like gravity occur that do not fit within conventional thermodynamic mechanics. Of course other phenomena are known to occur, in quantum mechanics, that also appear to violate such principles, as in super-conduction. It entails that we must rethink our basic postulates concerning physical reality.

In the presence of suitable gravitational conditions, energy may be created from space-time and mass from energy on a random but continuous basis.

In the presence of suitable gravitational conditions, energy may be transformed into space-time and mass transformed into energy on a random but continuous basis.

If a black hole destroys mass and energy, then, without further accretion, and with the loss of space-time one way or another, it can be expected that even a black hole must eventually obey the laws of thermodynamics and result in the loss the mass (weakening) of the very gravitational system that created it in the first place. Thus, without further accretion of some level to drive the system, beyond or at the level of its hypothetical destruction of matter and energy at the core, it seems certain that such systems must be temporary and therefore rare in the universe, rapidly breaking down into more stable kinds of systems.

What is missing at this stage is an explication of the reverse process. The problem of the creation of energy from space-time and the creation of matter from energy. I believe, unless evidence suggests otherwise, this must be a two step process. No known mechanisms yet explain these possible processes, and create critical uncertainty as to their possibility.

But if a black hole is a mechanism that leads to the destruction of mass and energy as we know it, then some other mechanism must exist that reverses this process. Only such a feedback process can account for an original mechanism in the first place, other than the hand of god.

It is possible that such a process of creation is in fact a two-step process. I will hypothesize a first step as consisting of the creation of energy from space-time, and the second step as consisting of the creation of a mass object from energy. For descriptive purposes, I will call the first black light energy and the second, in contrast to a black hole, a white source.

I must ask a silly question. Is it possible that even in a normal gravitating source, in which internal gravitational pressures reach some level, that it might be productive of thermodynamic energy on a steady basis, not derived from the matter contained in the core, but from the conversion of space-time that may be drawn into the process from the compression zone around it? In other words, can we be sure that the energy created from within the core of such a large gravitating body is thermodynamically the product of the conversion of the mass within the body, and not derived from some other source that feeds the process?

We can only speculate as to the mechanisms involved, but, in reverse to a gravitational implosion, I will refer to the possibility of a gravitational explosion of space-time that results in the generation of light, and possibly, of mass at the same time. Of course, a gravitational explosion might be an entirely relativistic event not occurring in any way like we think of a violent explosion. In a state of absolute rest, even the movement of one spec of dust may have violent results.

It is possible that such a gravitational explosion could be a predictable result of a gravitational implosion once the dynamics of the system are altered in a fundamental way. If mass and energy are consumed within such a system at a rate that exceeds its intake of feeder accretion, it strikes me that the restoration of a normal gravitational field pattern might result in the spontaneous release of new light/mass from within the core containing excessive space-time that was locked up in the system as a result of the implosion. In such a way, a previously black hole might suddenly blink on to become a white source.

It would be difficult to imagine the integrity of such a system to remain intact or stable after such apparently violent events, but the violence may in fact be on a relativistic level mostly involving the reconversion of space-time itself. In other words, it may not involve the normal patterns of thermodynamic release we would expect. If such a system of turning on and off were stable, we can even imagine a blinking on and off in a reiterative cycle. Such a blinking source might be stable if its gravitational fields just hovered upon the optimum threshold of explosion/implosion and if it existed in a central hub of other mass-bodies in an accretive relationship with these bodies.

One method of possible creation is to hypothesize, somewhere in the emptiness of space, a region where the fabric of space-time is so condensed in disequilibrium, that almost any source of additional gravitational displacement can result in a kind of process, say of two or more gravitoids temporarily occupying the same point in space and time, which result might be the formation of an energy field. In a similar way, we might speculate that mass can be created from a kind of electromagnetic fusion process in which tremendous electromagnetic energies converge on a common point at the same time.

In reconsidering the internal structure of gravitating bodies, it was noted that the source of gravity of a single body is fundamentally different than the point of articulation or gravitational balance between two or more otherwise independent bodies caught in the same gravitational symmetry. This was called a center of balance, and has some properties both very similar and different to a primary gravitational system. For instance, it is possible to imagine that two or more very strongly gravitating bodies are locked in a spiral orbit with one another about a common center of balance. Perhaps if two such very large bodies were accreted together in gravitational unity, they would result in the formation of a black hole. Perhaps instead, in their oscillations about a common point of balance in space-time, they create a different kind of internal gravitational pattern.

These bodies might be in close enough proximity to emit into a common region on a consistent basis enough energy that could result in the formation of a zone of mass-creation about the central pivot point.

Alternatively, it is possible to imagine a space-time vortex being created under such conditions that leads to an effective enclosing of the center of gravity upon itself, or the enclosing of space-time upon itself in a kind of folding together. This might result in an entrapment of space-time within itself, that might result in the formation of energy or mass (something created from nothing so to speak.)

Perhaps some minimal level of space-time decompression is achieved, such that time in such a context becomes no longer linear, but self-enclosed or circular, and thus enclosed, results in the propagation of energy. An alternative is to imagine space-time as possibly constituting a kind of static light field, that, under the proper conditions, can be spontaneously released as electromagnetic radiation.

Whatever the exact mechanisms and we can only speculate at this time, it suggests that the universe must continuously create and recreate itself on some level and in some mysterious way.

Gravity as a locally based system is the result, I believe, of mass-bound energy systems. It is a propagational force of universal attraction that becomes only cumulatively apparent on a grand scale. Whether the vehicle of gravity, the so-called graviton, is a particle or a wave of energy makes little real difference. Gravitation is a kind of attractive energy that binds the space-time continuum together, and holds it together, and maintains its basic structural integrity in almost all places and at almost all times. It embeds all mass within its system, and assures that this mass can never really escape it, except perhaps through annihilation in the vortex of a black hole.

We have not yet been able to really see gravity in the way that we see most of electro-magnetism and have even observed the effects under very special conditions of the strong and weak forces at subatomic levels. Experiments have been held to have registered indirectly the effects of gravitational waves purportedly held to emanate from the center of our our galaxy, but these have been very difficult to replicate. It might be possible to construct a gravitational resonance chamber, especially in space that is relatively free of the earth's gravitational forces, in order to more systematically study gravitation. If this is so, then it can be surmised that these forces are the most apparent in our small region of the universe because they are the most prevalent from that direction. The most we can see of this mysterious and invisible gravity is its effect upon us an all we do, and perhaps its motion in the waves breaking on the shores.

Of course, the solution to the problem of gravity appears at this time to be a basic solution to a unified field theory that allows us to systematically relate all the basic forces occurring in nature within a common theoretical framework of understanding. Probably also this solution will provide us with a more accurate model of the universe and its origin.

I have proffered an alternative model of such a system based on creative reasoning and logic alone. I do not have the capability or the concern to try provide this model with the necessary mathematical description that would be in order for it to be received as a real theory. I do not believe it to be either the necessarily correct or the final solution to this problem, but it may yield heuristic insight leading to some better solution. And this is what scientific progress is supposed to be about, paradigmatic or not.

A space-time construct of new gravitational perturbation should exhibit a theoretical mass or structural coherence that the concentration of mass alters. Uniform displacement in equilibrium, in equilibrium uniform mass displacement. There is a minimal mass level that does not exhibit gravitational effects.

A gravity system may, in the pattern of the long run, eventually lose energy and peter out. But it is not evident so far that such a case--that the gravitational field of the earth is fundamentally weaker today than it was a century or a millennium ago.

In this system, work would be the mechanical energy required for the uniform acceleration of the object from one relative state of gravitational equilibrium to another. The result of such acceleration is increased dynamic gravitational displacement occurring within that system, hence a temporary state of relative gravitational disequilibrium, as a result of the transition of the mass object between alternative states of equilibrium. A side effect would be the increased distortion of the space-time continuum relative to that object. That gravity systems perform such a kind of work can be easily seen in the free fall of bodies within such systems.

In a system of gravitational dynamics, any physical object, as a finite material entity existing in space and time, must have mass. The absolute mass of an object can be considered to be its absolute atomic mass in an ideal state of rest. Acceleration of that object, which can only occur in a single direction, increases the relative dynamic mass of that system in relation to the universal gravitational field. It represents a distortion of that field.

An object's absolute mass is fundamentally independent of its motional acceleration or deceleration in a larger system, and remains invariable except through accretion or decretion of mass to the object. The amount of gravitational displacement exhibited by such an object also remains fixed, given its mass. The dynamics of gravitational displacement are affected by a system's relative pattern of motion and acceleration.

As a mass object any physical entity represents a kind of natural physical machine that displaces potential gravitational energy just by the fact of its existence. It therefore constitutes a physical system that performs some kind of work. One or more mass objects constitute by definition and fact of their existence, a gravity system.

Gravitational displacement is the result of the disturbance of the mass system of the equilibrium of the space-time manifold in which it is embedded. Gravitational displacement that occurs in any gravity system naturally seeks a state that I call gravitational equilibrium, which in essence is a state of unchanging displacement within a gravity system. It is a local solution that is presented by the problem of disequilibrium and space-time distortion resulting from a state-change of the system.

Absolute gravitational equilibrium is in essence for an object a state of absolute rest, or non-motion, and would be the state of minimum absolute internal mass of a system. At this state, there would be no directional or dynamic gravitational displacement. It is my contention that absolute rest, like absolute zero, as a hypothetical state for a physical object, cannot be achieved by any gravity system except in principle. All gravity systems, by virtue of their universal mass, must dynamically displace gravitational energy within the space-time continuum.

Though absolute rest cannot be achieved by any physical object or system of objects in the known universe, they can achieve bound states of relative dynamic equilibrium, states that are commonly achieved by gravity systems in the known universe. In this sense, the gravitational dynamics of the universe are fundamentally chaotic and complex, but within such a system relative states of finite gravity systems are quite stable.

The presumption of universal equivalence states that the measure of mass is the precise degree of gravitational displacement exhibited by a mass object. This is the same as the inertia of energy, and from the theory of the space-time construct, the same as the inertia of space-time replacement.

Motion can be understood as the directional physical manifestation of space-time by a mass-object within a gravity system. We cannot realize motion outside of a gravity system. Acceleration can be considered to be a change or transition of motion within a space-time construct. The energy of acceleration is equivalent to the inertia of energy.

The principle of universal equivalence determines therefore that acceleration alters the values of the space-time construct in a complex way. It also determines that for all intents and purposes, the basic first-order gravitational displacement of a body at rest is equal to the derivative gravitational displacement of the same body in motion.

A body at rest displaces gravitational energy in precisely the same way as a body in motion displays momentum.

The results of the gravitational mechanics of displacement in the space-time matrix and of motion in space-time, yield a complex set of dynamics such that:

S'T'= S"T" = 1, where S', S", T', T" are unequal

Underlying the understanding of gravitational dynamics, is a set of postulates that are related to the laws of thermodynamics. It is a central contention of this theory that the laws of thermodynamics do not apply to the understanding of gravitational systems. Furthermore, the principle of gravitational equivalence of energy and mass suggests that the principles of gravitational dynamics may underlay and account for the principles of thermodynamics, and, in the same manner, at a more basic level the principles of space-time dynamics underlies and explains gravitational dynamics in a homologous way.

In short form, these principles of space-time, gravitational and thermo- dynamics are as follows:

1. All space-time naturally coheres. This is the basis for the fundamental principles of space-time dynamics. All space-time seeks a theoretical state I refer to as universal equilibrium, or a universal state of minimum disequilibrium.

2. All matter naturally accretes. This is the basis of the fundamental principles of gravitational dynamics. All mass systems seek a theoretical state referred to as absolute unity of mass. Absolute unity implies a state of absolute rest, or non-motion. It is a spatial expression of the concept of absolute uniformity of the space-time construct and of universal equilibrium. This implies another form of Space-time equivalence.

3. All thermodynamic energy naturally decretes, or dissipates. This is the basis of the fundamental principles of thermodynamics. All thermodynamic systems seek a theoretical state of maximum entropy or equilibrium, referred to as Absolute Zero.

The rules of thermodynamics are fundamentally different than the rules of gravitational dynamics or the rules of space-time dynamics, but the rules of each higher order system may be logically derived from the rules of the underlying system under limiting conditions.

Another way of putting this is to state that the matter-energy equivalence system is fundamentally different from but equivalent to the gravitational-spime equivalence system, though both are ultimately mass-related equivalence systems.

On the level of thermodynamics, the conventional consideration is that gravitational energy cannot be created or destroyed in any known way, nor can it be converted to any other form unless it can be converted to electromagnetic energy and mass. It cannot be stored nor released except perhaps in the structure of space-time itself. It can only be displaced and replaced, directed and diffused.

But it is apparent that gravitational energy is not subject to the normal laws of thermodynamics. A finite mass-object can through time displace an infinite amount of gravitational energy. Gravity systems can maintain permanent states of disequilibrium that are essentially perpetual, i.e, without entropic decay. Gravity therefore does not obey the normal rules of entropy, at least not in the same way as do thermodynamic systems.

Gravitational energy, I believe, propagates at least at the speed of light, the universal constant for the speed of any object. Light approximates the speed of gravitational propagation. For any object to travel at the speed of gravitational propagation, it would essentially drag the entire gravitational field of the universe with it, or rather, the entire universe itself. The paradox of this is that any object, of any mass, would require an equal and infinite amount of energy to propagate at this universal constant.

Gravitational energy exists in the universe, throughout, pervasively. It is an intrinsic part of the universal space-time construct. It seeks universal gravitational equilibrium, not unlike thermodynamic equilibrium. This can be thought of as a state of totally random propagation of gravitational energy that approximates a condition of absolute rest or stasis.

Motion and Thermodynamics results in gravitational turbulence, a local state of dynamic disequilibrium of the space-time construct. All bodies are in motion. In reality, there is probably no body of physical matter that is in a state of absolute rest. And yet all mass-bodies are equivalent. Hence the center of gravity, or the mass-source of any object, is in reality a space-time vector. All mass is universally relative to the gravitational system it occurs within.

Natural Systems

2001