Chapter 16
World Objectives and Conclusions
Not only the new and unused wealth accruing from worldwide demilitarization and the new potentials in material terms accruing from the fact of world centralism must be considered but even more importantly the potential human wealth of reoriented attention to other problems than war which afflict mankind. This redirection of human resources includes finding alternatives to war in which natural human aggression can be adequately vented in controlled non-harmful fashion. The power of control must rest upon the cooperative participation and mutual acceptance of pre-designated rules. Many ingenious means may be invented in the future. What are the possible alternatives to war?
The Olympic Games provides one powerful alternative. The international character of these games suffers from the similar political problems of nationalism that afflict every other international activity. The games are dependent upon and subject to suspension by war and the quadrennial periodicity is too long an interval in accelerative modern times in which the international tensions leading to war may develop beyond deterrence. Politics have been so involved in the supposedly fair human competitions as to frustrate and even determine the outcome of individual sporting events. Under the control of a supranational organization this political problem can be effectively minimized. With world support there is no reason why the Olympic games might not be held annually in every nation, not just quadrennially in a few select nations. These games can be designed to provide a brief influx of wealth for the host nation to boost its economy. Sports has always been recognized as a socially acceptable and healthy alternative to violence in which aggression and competition can occur non-harmfully.
There is no reason why the concept of sports may not be extended into the arena of controlled violence itself as much as it was in the ancient days of the gladiators and medieval times of tournaments. There would be several crucial differences between these mock wars of today and the mock battles of the past. The participants would be fully voluntary, even desirous of the competition and the actual amount of violence would be extensively controlled to "humane" proportions while the "illusion" of violence for both contestants and the audiences might be exaggerated by modern techniques. People of super violent or super militarist tendencies might find a socially acceptable outlet in which the only ends of their aggression would be the other militarist types. The professionalization of such 'sports' could be backed by business ventures in which the interests of the performers and programmers could be profitable as well as socially acceptable. Everything from private duels to inter-corporate full scale battles from any time period under agreed terms might be conducted. The illusion of violence could be extended by mass media as entertainment in the imagination of the world public to provide not only a complete understanding of the fullest implications of violence and warfare but also to cultivate a general abhorrence to the whole concept of violence rather than a subconsciously programmed tolerance and threshold of acceptance and immunity. Private individuals may be allowed to participate in fully illusory acts of violence without anyone actually being harmed in order to enable them to vent obsessions and fulfill fantasies with violence in harmless ways. With the application of design science and human creativity the alternatives in this direction might become truly beneficial to the pacification of humanity.
Yet if taken together such alternatives to war have by themselves minimal positive value beyond providing mere unproductive release values to the buildup of tension resulting from the frustration of aggression arising from the realities of the contemporary world of humanity. They might be acceptable and useful only as temporary intermediate remedies to the world problems with violence until other means of prevention can be developed. They are recognized only as immediately preferable alternatives to war. Even the legalization of drugs, gambling, prostitution and other essentially victimless crime are preferable alternatives to war. The problems which generate these forms of distorted social behavior can only be solved and prevented if they are allowed to come out into the open instead of being repressed into the hidden underworld by law and moral persecution. The constructive value of such alternatives to violence may be further enhanced by allowing them to the extent feasible and mutually agreeable to serve as means for political decision making backed by the authority of law. Violent sports and mock battles could be used as a legal means of settling disputes between contending private parties which might otherwise result in uncontrolled violence. Such 'games' might become the legal outlet for gambling. There is no reason why minor international or territorial claims which are the subject of dispute cannot be solved in a fair and 'orderly' fashion under the direction of a world court of arbitration on a 'mock' battlefield. There is much to be said for the idea of obligating the initiators of war, the political and military leaders of state, to also become the main combatants of their wars, of for the idea of confining the contest of strength to a small island in which all forms of cheating below a certain pre-designated level is allowable. Such alternatives as these would allow the innocent subjects and potential victims of miscarried authority to remain innocent and not become victimized by war. By world court order, in the most extreme of circumstances, political assassination might serve as a preferable alternative to war. This might effect a sort of miracle cure to almost universal problems of political corruption, cheating and power mongering--if the "leaders" of humanity could be kept clean by threat of assassination. As inhumane and brutal as such alternatives may seem, they still fall far short of the brutality and inhumanity of uncontrolled warfare. These alternatives would be preferable to war and the lesser of two alternative types of evil, though they still fall far short of the brutality and inhumanity of uncontrolled warfare. These alternatives would be preferable to war and the lesser of two alternative types of evil, though they still are morally objectionable. Humanity does not seem capable of overcoming by themselves their preoccupation with violence and warfare. Under the authority of supranational government they might have to be forced to such alternatives as the only means of violence at their disposal.
Beyond such negativistic expressions of such alternatives there is little more productive vale about violent alternatives to war. To acquire greater constructiveness the only course for humanity is to relinquish all negativistic pre-occupations with violence and destructiveness. Even the ethic of 'healthy' competition must be seriously questioned and its predominating influence over social over social behavior substituted by the ethic of 'natural' inter-human cooperation. A pacifist orientation towards living instead of a militarist orientation towards dying must be cultivated through out world society. It is only by this means that the higher prophetic objectives of world utopia can be realized. This is the value of a higher level of political centralism than that of nationalism: only through world organization can further positivistic and pacifistic growth be attained.
Just as decentralization must follow centralization so too can nations be persuaded to initiate pacifist policies only after world organization has initiated this general strategic reorientation of development. It is by the inspirational example of world leadership that decentralization will occur. This is the grand strategy of behavior modification which is so commonly feared and rejected by humanity on moral grounds, so resembling the "Brave New World" of Aldus Huxley. That fundamental fear which has been the product of the socialization process of the system, of a superficial illusion of national independence, created for the purpose of detaining further world centralism and insuring backward looking conformity to nationalistic policies, must be replaced by a fundamental trust by which further reform might be able to develop peacefully. The work ethic, the conformity ethic, the goal directed, achievement ethic, all must be replaced by an ethic of fundamental inter-human trust, become dissolved into a new ethic of natural and healthy living. The end of the militarist tyranny of war is the beginning of a utopian world of civilization. The same nationalist politicians who sell the public security and independence cheat the public of future security and deprive them of the very independence of which they claim to be the sole protectors. National government and world tyranny is a vicious cycle with the human individual caught in the middle.
The first positive alternative to war must come with the institution of a world fire department which is similar to a world police department in being under the authority of the judicial and executive branches of the world government. For every monetary unit of wealth spent for militaristic ends in contribution to the supranational police organization, an equal amount should be contributed by every member nation toward support of the world fire department. The mission of this pacifist organization is the supranational development of civilization: the elimination of poverty, the eradication of disease, malnutrition, poor housing, the providing of industrial infrastructure, modern agricultural and industrial technology, housing and adequate sanitation, of hospitals and health care services and most importantly the providing of educational means of self improvement of regions of the world which are particularly blighted in these respects. It would be the mission of the leadership of such an organization to identify the most problem ridden areas and with the combined efforts of computers, scientists, teachers, professional technologists of all kinds and with the voluntary assistance of many different people, to devise and implement strategies for the alleviation of human suffering. In regions which have been the victims of aggression and fruitless wars it would be the mission the establish the control by which reconstruction and modernization can be instituted. It must be remembered that in the implementation of these specific strategies that every region has a unique set of problems by which no general formula can be completely satisfactory and that the modernization of backward cultures does not proceed at levels of twenty years prior, but utilizes the most modern appropriate technology. There is no beginning point for the process of modernization, it is one of continuous evolution flux. It is only a carry over of modern technology and it begins where this leaves off. With the powerful influx of modernized technology to backward regions, severe fracturing of social institutions and cultural stability is bound to occur and to have malevolent side effects on the up and coming society, including rising regionalism and reactionary cultural regression. With the assistance of the doctrine of self help and self education it is possible to assimilate a world integrated culture in a period of one generation, or approximately 25 years. The world fire department pursing a rational strategy of economic and educational development, could become an organization more influential than the world police department in augmenting the authority of supranational government, in influencing pacifist reorientation of world states and in welding together the common bonds of world unity. It is a period of twenty five years that world peace unity and objectives can all be realized simultaneously.
A ten year intermediate strategy would be required in which the world fire department can be organized and can gain gradual contributory participation by a majority of the world nations. It might be possible to place the home base of this organization of floating islands, similar in nature and quantity to the world police organization and then to divide the world into zones of jurisdiction. Of course, instead of tanks and explosives there would be tractors and medicine. Instead of costly special equipment, there would be a priceless special humans who dedicate their lives to the service of humanity. Instead of nuclear warheads, there would be nuclear reactors supplying energy. It is the purpose of a ten year intermediate strategy to initiate this strategic course of world development.
Just as it is the primary responsibility of the United States to initiate reorientation of world authority and the demilitarization process, it is also its obligatory mission as the world's greatest economic power to initiate this pacification process by being the first to supply funds and field these cohorts of humanists. The savings achievable from "defense" spending cutbacks in terms of aggressive forces can be funneled into this project. The cheaper it is to field a force service group the more can be saved to spent on the world fire department. It must become the terms of membership to world organization to supply fair and proportionate contributions to the support of this mission. It would also be a condition not to close international borders to the benefactions of this fire department. Here is a greater deterrence to aggression and a greater motive force behind pacifism, to make for all nations the prospects for profit by remaining peaceful and cooperative as recipients and contributors of assistance to human development greater than the prospects for profit by war and by remaining isolated outside the world state.
The savings gained from cutbacks in the US DOD budget to a more defensive and saner posture can be re-filtered back into its own economy for the alleviation of many of its own social problems and for a greater capacity for economic growth. This most profitable of leads will be quickly recognized by other nations and a similar course of economic development thus encouraged world wide. Instead of a nation's counter productive pre-occupation with the military and violence, parasitically tapping the health and wealth of its people, a reorientation of attention to the helping of its citizenry will be initiated. It is the mission of this intermediate strategy that within ten years this reorientation of world economic development will have gained enough momentum to be unstoppable in carrying it through without major warfare to the 25 year objective.
In the gradual winding down process aimed toward the 25 year mark it must be recognized that the pacification process is naturally growth oriented. It is mutually reinforcing for the economies and peaceful relations of all participating nation states, displacing the mutually disintegrating process of militarism. The longer this process is cultivated the exponentially greater will be its net profits and scope for mankind. The better the peaceful relations between nations and the more minimal the prospects of war the less will have to be spent in further augmenting the pacification process. As the demilitarization process winds down the pacification process will automatically gain acceleration and momentum. It is within ten years that a balance of spending can be over reached in terms of military and peaceful aim and that the balance will then be tipped in favor of the pacification process which within a 25 year period will have been maximized. Then, for every dollar spent on defense and the world police organization, perhaps 100 or 1000 dollars will be spent on living improvements and the fire department. It is the process of converting swords into plough shares. It is the sublime but far greater power of the supranational fire department.
Many different and unpredictable changes may take place within the next 25 years. It is a critical period of historical development in which almost anything can happen. The question is what type of world objective would be preferable, world holocaust or world utopia. There exists many alternatives which are feasible and preferable which are evidenced by current trends that are able to be linearly extrapolated into the future world objectives of the long range gradualistic 25 year strategy of pacification and civilization. They aim at achieving utopic world society in which man's environment has been adequately reformed to fit human nature and to allow the maximum realization of independent freedom of the individual. It aims at creating conditions of living by which humanity may in turn be cultivated naturally and healthily and through educational reform become exorcised of its present pathological social tendencies, fixations, and inertias. The efficacy of these world objectives remains to be tested. It is the success in their realization that their proof exists. It required the leadership of humanity to see them initiated and fully implemented.
R. Buckminster Fuller has framed in his book "Utopia or Oblivion: The Prospects for Humanity" a design strategy which is relevant in pointing to the means of attaining these 25 year world objectives.
"The essence of all the foregoing is that 99% of all important evolutionary trends are invisible. Ninety nine percent are either un-apprehended or un-comprehended by society. The invisible, inexorable evolution will soon convert all nationally and sub-nationally identified humanity into worldians, individual 'people.' The inexorable trending to one world citizenship is ignorantly and expeditiously opposed by the sovereign nation's self perpetuating proclivities. The sovereign nations own or control the communication systems and preoccupy the systems with disintegrative news of the disintegrative actions taken by the sovereign political entities…
for only the last decade of all history has total physical and economic success for all humanity been conceded by science to be feasible. Realization of this extraordinary potential is importantly frustrated by several factors.
First it is frustrated by the as yet geographical and political partitioning of humanity under divisive and competitive ideological concepts, each purported to cope most effectively only on a political bias basis, with locally sovereigned groups of yesterdays on foot to and froing humans and their hitherto only but one in one hundred survival probability. This self entrapment by man in political events which may be explained as follows…
Ergo: 'ownership' of physical entities by man is untenable in natural law and inherently obstructive to evolution and realization of the comprehensive emancipation of man from his ignorance rooted failures and from his imminently potential physical and economic success. However, unique service behaviors are identifiable with individuals and their respective creative capabilities. Only one's own personality and life are owned.
Secondly, the physical omni-success of all humanity is frustrated by the fact that scientific evolution--by which it could be accomplished is almost entirely invisible and its integrated significance's are too difficult for total and effective comprehension by society.
One reason for the latter frustration is that the language of science has been up to now almost exclusively mathematical--i.e. non-conceptual.
A second reason is that scientists operate exclusively on subjective basis--as 'pure' scientists. They also operate non-conceptually. Most of the objective technologists--or 'applied' scientists--are specialists and are unaware of the comprehensively integrated significance to society of the task they form.
A fourth reason is that world society is frustrated by the communication barriers between the many languages of mankind.
For the foregoing reasons there are only a very few humans whose experience and operative faculties permit and inspire them to inform society regarding the significance of the evolutionary trending and of mankind's now potential physical and economic success…
Realization of mutual success by all mankind is frustrated also by the now entirely irrelevant and involved 'inferiority' or 'failure' complex of world around behaviors of humans, conditioned exclusively by two millions of years of experience with major failures of mankind as well as with vital inadequacies of vital necessities; plus the ages long, seemingly obvious, and seemingly inevitable fact that the vast majority must die at a relatively early age--either through starvation, disease, superstitiously governed human sacrifice, capital punishment, war or dueling--as physical evolution whittled down the numbers of surviving--to match the numbers supportable by the ignorantly and only opportunistically exploited--ergo, only shortsightedly and meagerly organized world resources…
To effect the successful transition of world society to the new norm of man as a physical and intellectual success, can, and we hope will, be realized on spaceship Earth through the idealism of youth, as implemented by the educational-process revolution which is beginning to take place around the planet. If so, the reality of the new norm of success will be progressively fortified by the incorruptibility of the cybernetic participation of man in evolutionary transformation of human ecology and on a continuous, instead of a short term expediency basis.
And it is not a matter of being a little more farsighted and looking out for one or two more generations of man on earth. It is a matter of making man on earth a continuing success--forever.
It may be assumed that scientific and humanistic literacy must and will be popularly developed at the earliest moment in order to spontaneously obtain scientifically generalized comprehension and systematically and conceptually formulated socio-technological answers to any and all moral, economic, aesthetic and ethic questions, as well as objective answers regarding the relative harmonic desirability, feasibility and economic practicality of any and all human pre-occupations and capability commitments…"
"…Though there are many special concepts which constantly reoccur in my day to day deliberations. I find that there are 14 which dominate. All of them overlap in an integrated manner. Part of the content of one will of necessity often reappear under the other concepts due to the synergistic interactions. I will group and discuss all the secondary concepts, unique to my philosophy, under the following 14 main concepts.
Concept 1-Universe
…Universe is the aggregate of all humanity's all time, consciously apprehended and communicated experiences…my definition embraces both the physical and the metaphysical…
Concept 2-Humanity
Human function in universe. Entropy and anti-entropy.
Metaphysics and physics are thus seen to co-function, to conserve progressively the self regeneration of non-simultaneously and overlapping evolving universe. Man's function in universe is metaphysical and anti-entropic. He is essential to the conservation of universe which is in itself an intellectual conception…
It is the intent of my concept 2 to bring about most effective employment of those build in drives of individuals in such a manner as to bring about the physical success and happiness of all humanity in the shortest time with the least effort.
It is my intent to employ the built in capabilities to accomplish all the foregoing without ever advantaging one by deprivation of another. It is the purpose of my concept 2 to so design or control the angles and frequencies of the evolving environment events that the spontaneous reflexing of society will result in all men enjoying all of earth--and the progressive reaches of the universe about it--without mutual interference with one another's degrees of subjective and objective freedoms.
Concept 3-Children
Focus of human effort on the critical first 13 years of life--wherein 98% of brain functioning is progressively and automatically 'turned on', 'tuned in' or 'shut off' in direct response to the positives or negatives of the individual's environmental experience and potentials.
Focus on new life. Recognizing that humanity consists of all ages, it is obvious that before any of the objectives of the one have become fulfilled many human individuals and particularly the aged will have died. As a consequence it becomes necessary to set up time and beneficiary priorities within the total scheme…
Concept 4-Teleogy
…It becomes obvious that the subjectively apprehended data and the intellectually recognized data interrelationships concerning the abstracted principles governing evolving universe--provide the individual with high potential for the objective realization of advantages for humanity. Teleology means 'the intuitive conversion by brain and mind of special case subjective experiences into generalized principles and their subsequent objective employment in special case undertakings.
The discovered principles governing the inter-transformative structuring of universe permit the subconsciously teleological and conscious design initiating individual to reform the environment in such a manner as to provide ultimately higher advantage for men and in such a manner as to regenerate in other individuals the drive to further transform the environment to even higher advantage for all. The design may increase the degree of freedom of individuals by reducing environmental interferences or it may decrease freedoms as with traps and prisons…
Concept 5-Reform the Environment
Don't attempt to reform man. An adequately organized environment will permit humanity's original, innate capabilities to become successful. Politics and conventionalized education have sought erroneously to mold or reform humanity, i.e. the collective individual.
…my philosophy and strategy confine the design initiative to reforming only the environment in contra-distinction to the almost universal attempt of humans to reform and restrain other humans by political actions, law and codes. This restraining begins with the earliest parental attempts to reform their children's spontaneous behaviors in order to conform them to 'accepted' standards and codes. The reforming of others is subsequently manifest in attempts of grown ups to reform other grown ups patterns through politically enacted law.
…Summarizing: positive design science reformations of the environment must be undertaken with the intent of permitting man's innate faculties to be realized with subconscious coordination of his organic process. Reform of the environment is undertaken with purpose of de-frustrating man's innate capabilities whether the frustration be by the inadequacies of the physical environment or by the coordinated reflexes of other humans induced in those humans by the inadequacies of the environmental advantages…
Concept 6-General Systems Theory
Comprehensiveness--Theory of General Systems. As with the preceding items we again find each and all items to induce considerations of their integrated comprehensiveness. We find all the non-simultaneous events of universe tending to effect all other events in degrees ranging from powerful to insignificant.
…I have developed a completely workable, generalized systems approach--starting with the differentiation of universe, including both the metaphysical and the physical--which has not only held up but permitted progressive subdivisions in cybernetic 'bits' to bring any local pattern of any problem into its identification within the total scheme of generalized systems events…
Concept 7-Industrialization
Definition in terms of tools. Differentiation of the tools of industrialization in contra-distinction to craft tools. Industrialization only operate as a world around system. Its inherent economic accountability as energy M (matter) x energy R (radiation) x intellect I x frequency F of evolutionary design advancements. Industrialization is the externalized complementation of man's inferior metabolic regeneration organism.
I define industrialization as the extra corporeal organic metabolic regeneration of humanity. Industrialization consists of tools. All the tools are externalization of originally integral functions of humans. I divide all tools into two main classes, craft tools and industrial tools. The craft tools consist of all the tools that can be invented and produced by one man starting and operating alone nakedly in the wilderness. I define the industrial tools as all the tools which cannot be produced by one man…
…Man is now learning through the repeated lessons of experimental science that wealth is explicitly the organized tool articulated energy capability to sustain his forward hours and days of metabolic regeneration, to physically protect him, to increase his knowledge and degrees of freedom while decreasing his inter-frustration…
Concept 8-Design Science
My concept 8 then isolates the objective and subjective design science activities relating to the total evolutionary events of man in universe…Such events must comprehensively integrated with all other vastly accelerating environment relationships transformations…
Concept 9-World Service Industries
To swiftly replace 'ownership' with rentals of 'new' equipment maintained at constantly renewed higher standards of performance, because more profitable and more satisfying to humanity. Service industries on world around and year around, automatedly accountable credit card basis.
As world industrialization and transportation step up increases, all humanity is gradually trending toward being worldians--all to enjoy total earth--the static environment appurtenances of their earlier life will become progressively disused and cumbersome. Therefore the trend to the development of rental services industries will be vastly accelerated…
Concept 10-Ephemeralization and Invisible Commonwealth
The progressive doing of more with less per each and every reinvested resource unit of energy M (matter), energy R (radiation) and I (intellect). Wealth is intellect harnessed inanimate energy tooled anticipatorially to automatically produce the forward metabolic regeneration of humanity.
The accelerating-acceleration of doing more with less will, within the next 24 years bring an even higher standard of living to the remaining 56% of humanity, while gaining the same higher standard for the already advantaged 44%--all to be realized out of the earth's physical resources which are continually decreasing per each world man.
Ephemeralization, the comprehensive effect of more with less is scientifically identifiable with anti-entropy. Ephemeralization, a product of the metaphysical conservation being more effective and coherent than physical entropy, is the number one economic surprise of world man. Up to ten years ago, all world economists counseled the world political leaders that there never had been and never would be enough vital sustenance to support more than very few.
Concept 11-Prime Design Initiative
Strategy for attaining and sustaining the comprehensive design conception and realization initiatives by the individual in the era of the massive world corporation and massive sovereign geographical state which only 'seemingly' overwhelm the individual with their economic advantages in respect to investment capital, world capital, credit capital and influence.
Economic Strategy of the Individual. Comprehensive ephemeralization involves original thought, invention, scientific calculation, technical drawing, scientific prototyping, testing, production engineering. This brings s to the economic strategy of the individual…
The unique and superior advantage of the massive explorer maintaining his economic initiative in the face of the massive capital, staff, and equipment advantages of the large corporations and great states--who seemingly have top heavy advantage--is demonstrated by the lone individual's complete freedom of the checks and balances of bureaucracy…
Quite clearly the individual initiative is at highest advantage with the least staff and property…
Concept 12-Self Disciplines
Personal Self Disciplining. In 1927 I gave up forever the general economic dictum of society, i.e. that every individual who wants to survive must earn a living. I substituted, therefore, the finding made in concept 1, i.e. the individual's anti-entropic responsibility in universe. I sought for the tasks that needed to be done that no one else was doing or attempting to do, which if done would physically and economically advantage society and eliminate pain.
Concept 13-Comprehensive Coordination
I assumed in 1917 that nature did not have separate departments for chemistry, mathematics, physics, biology, history, etc. I decided nature had only one department and only one arithmetical angle and frequency modulating and coordinating system. I am quite confident that I have discovered an importantly large area of the arithmetical, geometrical, topological, crystallographic and energetically vectorial coordinate system employed by nature itself. It is a triangular and tetrahedronal system. It uses 60 degree coordination instead of 90 degree coordination. It permits kindergarten modeling of the forth and fifth--dimensional aggregations of points and spheres, etc. in an entirely rational coordinate system. I have explored the fundamental logic of the structural mathematics strategies of nature which always employs the six acts of degrees of freedoms and most economical actions…
I find that there are only two possible covariables operative in all design in universe. They are modification of angle and frequency.
Concept 14-World Community and Sub-committees of World Man
City today must be a world serving unit…the whole of humanity is increasing not only its ecological ranging but also is accelerating its pace…The outcry about automation in general and its emerging comprehensiveness is for the moment only provoking hyper consciousness of society. All humans and biological phenomena have always been automated. There will be a gradual subsidence of humanity's consciousness and specific awareness of the separate tool parts of its complex world around network of industrialization which is in reality only the externalized automation of its originally only integrally operating, anatomical automation of its metabolic regeneration functions.
Because synergy shows experimentally the behavior of whole system unpredicted by behavior of the parts and because the known behavior of the whole and the known behavior of some of the parts (at least three) makes possible discovery of the required behavior of the other parts. I assume that all planning of humanity's economic, urban and other undertakings must start with world trends and possible modifications of the total or world environment…
Utilizing this design strategy as an alternative conceptual framework as a means for building the future, as a means for attaining world utopia. It becomes appropriate to recognize and describe some alternative objectives of human living that might be attainable in 25 years. These are: the eco-physical foundations for human culture, which are naturally world oriented; the underground electronic infrastructure, providing the most efficient, cleanest, quickest and most protected means of communication and coordination, energy transmission and transportation of human resources by which industrialization can develop; the auto-modular service economy which is a modern suburbanized economic super structure of the post industrialized world in which all human services are automatically modulated to individual preferences and providing theoretically unlimited service and wealth for all humanity; the omni-educational living in which an individual spends much of his waking life experientially and experimentally involved in an unending educational process in every aspect of living; and the individual self actualizing lifestyle in which a person might realize his greatest potential of development and scientifically and creatively indulge in a life long process of exploration which might teleologically become beneficial to humanity. This entails a minimum service workday of maximized automation by which an individual is freed by insured economic security to maximize craft tool technique and design science initiative. This is a utopia of decentralized world megalopolis in which the human environment has become so usefully reformed as to provide virtually unlimited freedom for natural development . standards of health, wealth, and happiness will in this world utopia have progressed far beyond any contemporary levels.
The eco-physical foundations of utopia extend beyond the inhabited regions of the earth today to include not only the main continents but also the depths of the coastal oceans, the heights of mountain chains, the polar ice caps and out to the reaches of the solar system. Such conceptualization requires a science fiction imagination ad fantasies of cities beneath the sea, of waltzing space cities and interplanetary travel, of floating Atlantis's and multi-level megalopolises. The eco-physical foundation includes all the means required for the adequate support of not only human life, but of human culture, and biological life and ecosystems. Among these requirements include: a balanced stable ecosystem, by which food, water and air to breathe can be kept clean and recycled with the waste by products of human consumption returned to nature in a cyclical process of regeneration; adequate control of environmental conditions which allow the regions to be suitable for human life in mass, by which 'homes' can be established which not only provide the bare necessities of life but also provide comfortable standards of wealth and happiness; the means must serve as a part of the overall world eco-scheme in which nature may yield to humanity valuable resources which can enter the industrialization and consumption process and provide humanity with wealth and then be returned to nature in a undisrupted state. The eco physical foundations look not only at the geography of utopia, but also at its oceanography, cosmography, ecology, agriculture, aqua culture, human culture and ethnology. Ultimately the eco physical foundations of utopia must be unlimited, capable of supporting unlimited human populations and capable of yielding to human endeavor unlimited real wealth. The eco physical foundations are ultimately bounded only by the human imagination.
The modern pioneer has a multitude of directions he may venture in this most important crossroads of civilization. He may choose to go into and onto the ocean. He may climb the highest altitudes of land, or settle beneath the surface of the earth. He may inhabit more and more of the wilderness areas; the jungles, polar regions, the greatest deserts and the lofty mountain ranges. Perhaps regrettably this is the manifest destiny of the human race. Yet of all these directions none have such potential for long term success and for yield of net profit as does outer space. This is the highest and farthest goal of the eco physical foundations. It is the imperative of a limited and shrinking earth and a growing and potentially unlimited humanity that mankind must eventually divorce themselves of their mother earth, leave the nest, extend themselves beyond the solar system and become independent of the energy of the sun, out into the milky way galaxy as he links up with other foreign life forms. The evolution of civilization is still in an early stage of embryonic development which has not yet progressed beyond the womb of mother earth.
It is quite possible, in view of the recent track record, that at the end of 25 years civilization will be well on its way toward the stars--already having potential for establishing human colonies, not just for tens or hundreds, but for thousands and millions, on the surface of the moon and some of the planets, in orbiting space colonies or in fixed space cities at strategy gravitational points in the solar system, and perhaps at orbiting series of colonies in a Dyson sphere around the sun. the lunar colonies will most likely be mining communities and astronomical scientific research stations with all kinds of supportive apparatus. The orbiting stations could be sources of immense amounts of solar energy and industrial biology. It is possible that Venus and Mars might become like the earth as home for life. In space the possibilities are many.
It is hoped and highly likely that warfare will not extend beyond the earth, confined at most to orbital nuclear defense weapons satellites which surround the earth. Under authority of a world state warfare would be confined to the earth and not be extended into outer space. Much of the research needed for this mass human migration into outer space will have been provided by nuclear defense satellite efforts. It is an important application that defense against warfare will provide impetus to this direction of civilization.
Closer to home, the oceans yield the next greatest potential for the establishment of the eco physical foundations. Huge floating islands on which cities are built, nuclear powered and supported by aqua culture, are possibilities. Farming of the sea, from plankton to whales, from bacterial gels to sequoia sized sea weeds, called aqua culture might eventually transform the hydrosphere, 5/7 of the earth's surface, from a humanly inhospitable realm into a bread basket for humanity. The shallower coastal regions may become inhabited as an extension of valuable coast line and shore facilities of production, transportation and habitation networks. Eventually, perhaps, a greater proportion of human population will live entirely in an upon the seas, or depend directly on the ocean, than at present are living on and dependent upon the continents.
By far, much greater areas of the geographical surface of the earth will be inhabited and habitable than is at present considered possible. Much more land will become arable. The deserts may blossom into hydro-phonic green house paradises, mountain resort cities in the tradition of Machu-Pichu may be constructed upon the terraced slopes of the highest mountain chains. The frigid northern and southern regions may become dotted and crisscrossed by an ever increasing density of human habitations. Instead of extending upward in vertical cities, whole regions may extend downwards into the depths of the earth in underground cities. The surface of the whole biosphere may eventually become multi leveled in subterranean ground level and aerial super structures of human habitations.
Describing the eco physical foundations is not only to talk of the geographical extension of human population and culture but also to mention the even greater potentials on the intensification margins: the possibilities of design advancements in building, food production and greater efficiency, stability and yield in ecosystems manipulation and control. It is to mention the ever more efficient recycling of natural and human resources. While the extensive frontiers may prove to be limited, the intensification frontiers, on the other hand, may very well prove to be unlimited.
Chemical and biological industry processes of food and medicine production may eventually supplement and in many cases replace many natural food cultivation processes by greater mass production capacity and greater efficiency in the overall scheme. These new synthetic foods may become the appetites of tomorrow's worldians as a whole new delectable variety of delicate tastes are added to the inventory of contemporary recipes.
The intensification of agriculture with mini farms of electrically-wind mill powered hydroponically grown vegetables might supplant individual gardening in the home and supplement the synthetic diet with 'natural foods'. New decentralized systems of power, waste recycling, water regeneration and purification may become accessible to the individual homemaker.
"…However, now that scientific warfare has gone into space, man who handle the war faring apparatus in space find no air to breathe and no water or food waiting to drink and eat. For the first time in history, it has been necessary for science to upgrade environmental and metabolic regeneration conditions of man and to package them for economic delivery by rockets. To do so requires that science understand man s a process. When astronauts go beyond the thermos bottle and sandwich excursion limits and live for protracted periods on the moon or elsewhere in space, all the regenerative conditions provided by the great biological interaction within the biosphere around the earth's surface will have to be reproduced in a miniaturized and encapsulized human ecology which will emulate all the chemical and physical transactions necessary to sustain the process "Man". All about 500 pounds and measuring about 20 cubic feet. Man in space with the little black box will be able to regenerate his many organic processes needing only small annual additions to the re-circulating chemistry and physical transforming.
The little 500 pound black box will have to be produced on earth. The astronauts will not be asked to produce their own black box in space. Though the first black box will probably cost the United States and Russia combined, well over 7 billion, it will be mass producible on earth at around $2 per pound. This means that a $1,000 could be rented profitably at $200 a year. Any individuals and their families could take their black box, approximately $18 a month, and go to any remote 'dollar a year or wilderness park lands part of earth-mountain top or island-and enjoy essential services superior to those now available in any city complex because the sewers and energy lines will all be displaced and improved upon by the little autonomously re-circulating black box…"
"A one hundred foot diameter geodesic sphere weighing 3 tons encloses 7 tons of air. The air to structural weight ratio is 2:1. When we double the size so that geodesic sphere is 200 feet in diameter, the weight of the structure goes up to 7 tons while the weight of the air goes up to 56 tons-the air to structure ration changes 8:1. When we double the size again to a 400 foot geodesic sphere--the size of several geodesic domes now operating--the weight of the air inside goes up to about 500 tons. The air to structure ratio is now 33:1. When we get a geodesic sphere one half mile in diameter the weight of the air enclosed is so great that the weight of the structure itself becomes of relatively negligible magnitude, for the ration is 1000:1…
As geodesic spheres get larger than one half mile in diameter they become floatable cloud structures. If their surfaces were draped with outwardly hung polyethylene curtains to retard the rate at which air would come back in at night, the sphere and its internal atmosphere would continue to be so light as to remain aloft. Such sky floating geodesic spheres may be designed to float at preferred altitudes at thousands of feet. The weight of human beings added to such a pre-fabricated 'cloud nines' would be relatively negligible. Many thousands of passengers could be housed aboard one mile diameter and larger cloud structures. The passengers could come and go from cloud to cloud, or cloud to ground, as the clouds float around the earth or are anchored to mountain tops. While the building of such floating clouds is several decades hence, we may foresee that alone with the floating tetrahedral cities, air deliverable sky scrapers, submarine machines, rentable, autonomous living black boxes, that man may be able to converge and deploy at will around the earth, in great numbers, without further depletion of the productive surface of the earth…
In this way, we discover that the buildings, which controlled energy conditions of heat, cold, dry and wet, were in effect machines because machines process and control energy. All those machines known erroneously as 'buildings' have now been replaced by machines more readily recognized by us as machines. Now however the recognizable components are decreasing as technology employs more and more of the invisible capabilities of electronics…
Because of these trends, what we now call 'home trailers' are simply modern, lightweight, aluminum boxes, full of the mechanical package which constitutes the improved standard of living-minus the expensive house compacted into useable array which mobile home packages as the 'regular' static home market has never prospered, despite the lack of aesthetic appeal, and despite the cultural inertias…
The tetrahedral city which can be expanded from a 100,000 to 300,000 family supporting device consists structurally of a complex of trusses. Such a tetrahedral cities make it a practical matter for power cranes to pick up the mechanical package in the form of trailers, houseboats, or cruisers and park them on the open terraces of the tetrahedral trusses…"
The development of the eco physical foundations of utopia does not necessarily signify an un-ecological, waste driven, polluted world environment and the end of natural aesthetic beauty and the traditional forms of culture. Pollution and biological extinction may be eliminated as the regenerative capacities of humanity are made more efficient and world stabilized to a natural or synthetic environmental ecosystem, in a new human ecology incorporating greater realization of aesthetic and natural life. Gone forever are the days of the old "natural" frontiers. Many biological ecosystems and species will become upset and imperiled by the further encroachment of civilization--the general trending is unstoppable. Biological life forms and systems, with the help of mankind, must be allowed to survive and perpetuate in a permanent and important niche in future world civilization.
Interlacing the whole eco physical foundation, providing the fabric by which human culture is maintained, is the electronic infrastructure. The industrial infrastructure is necessary to the economic development of the world because it provides locally and regionally the basic components of wealth: matter, energy and intellect, in the form of transportation, transmission and communication networks integrated world wide. Why electronic? Electricity is the fastest most efficient and most economical means of integrated infrastructure available.
The world integrating electronic infrastructure will be developed at three levels, the first is above the surface--in the air in the form of radio and satellite communications, air transport capabilities and energy transference methods. The ground level will take the form of surface automotive traffic, energy power lines and communications networks. The underground level is vital for protection of industrial infrastructure from nuclear destruction, for minimizing the area of arable land for nonproductive purposes and for enhancing the safety, security and maintenance of the systems. This underground infrastructure will consist of stations, trains, plumbing, electronic transmission lines and control and coordination centers. The underground level is the most vital and comprehensive of the three networks.
The underground electronic infrastructure may in the future be the single most important economic development for civilization. It will consist of an interlocking network of transportation, communication and transmission lines and centers spanning the globe, possibly crossing under oceans at narrow points to interlock continents. It will be completely underground, completely protected, out of sight, out of harms way, out of the way for further surface development along more profitable lines.
Energy in the form of high powered electrical networks powered by underground and ocean based nuclear reactors, fueled by nuclear materials currently locked up in nuclear warheads, will facilitate the integration of cities and the world. Fossil fuels and other limited reserve energy sources will become relegated to secondary, special purpose roles. The nuclear energy sources will be supplemented locally by rechargeable battery reserve systems, by home and orchard like windmill energy farms, by vast fields and locally incorporated solar electrical synthesis materials, hydroelectric power will be increasingly implemented by the current gyration of huge ultra light vanes in the coastal and channel seas, by wave generators, tidal gravitational sources, by the proliferation of more small scale dams and stream generators. The whole energy transference networks the world around may eventually be interlinked and fitted with a huge net rechargeable reserve supply, world coordinated so that all energy not immediately and locally utilized may not be wasted but can be automatically shunted to the use of the overall system or put into reserve for future needs.
"In addition to the world students reorientation of the public from prime dependence on politics to prime dependence upon design science, there are now in evidence several other hopeful and highly realistic trends towards elimination of the political impasse to be accomplished by accelerating the more with less to the advantage of all men. Completion of the ultra high voltage network integration of electrical energy distribution, under the Bering Straits, which is now clearly possible well within the 20 year trend will automatically increase the world energy efficiency to an overall of 20%. This energy distributing network linking the day and night hemispheres of earth will reduce the local standby power losses by 25%. The staggering economical advantage accruing to both public and private sectors has thus far caused both to join unreservedly in its development. The decisions of both public and private sectors to subscribe to their mutual inter-operation was never taken as a consequence of inter-persuasion by one another or of victory of one over the other. The persuasion came exclusively from the biased calculation of computers. The machine showed both sides that they would each profit beyond previous dreams by 'integration'. The computer will play a swift increasing dominant role in the decision of man leading him away from 'policy or political impasse' and toward total physical success. Because energy is wealth, the integrating world network means access of all humanity everywhere to the total operative commonwealth of earth."
Through the same underground tunnels in which energy is transferred will also travel electronic transportation lines, on mono-, bi-, and tri-guide rails or on air cushioned vacuum tubes. Three complementary underground networks may be built. The primary network consists of a high speed intercontinental bullet train by which individual transportation units, electrically powered cars, mobile home cruisers, trucks are interlinked in long trains and can attain speeds of perhaps of 400 miles per hour. Interlinking this system is an underground super highway network of eight or ten two way traffic lanes, attaining speeds of up to 200 miles per hour. Interlocking this freeway system of individual and grouped units of transportation is an underground grid network of highways, four and two lanes, interlocked with derailing nodal stations, boarding stations, elevators and ramps letting out onto the surface streets, which are not railed but are paved two lane roads. The underground guide rails would consist of individual platforms which interlock with one another and are of different load capacities. The individual cars or cabs would be battery powered electric motor vehicles resembling very much the standard automobile, truck and train of today, driving on wheels with 40 mile an hour maximum speed limits and with a short 2 hour cruising radius, forcing long range dependence on the underground guide rail platform system. The vehicles would have retractable pneumatic tires which can be folded to allow hitching to the guide rail platforms for higher speed travel.
"…In order to have a rapid transit system with the nonstop character of the urban freeway, planners have developed the concept of a system of fixed guide ways in which the stations are on by pass tracks of the main line. The off line station permits vehicles to wait for people--not people for vehicles. Maximum capacity is obtained if all acceleration and deceleration maneuvers associated with leaving and entering the stations are accomplished on the bypass tracks.
Small vehicles have two primary advantages:
1. The guide ways can be light, low cost, and relatively inconspicuous. It appears now that the guide way so dominates the overall capital cost that the minimum size vehicle leads to the minimum overall system cost even though more vehicles are necessary.
2. The option of truly personal service is available. This means that each cab is occupied only by persons traveling together and that it is unnecessary to travel with strangers. Many conversations with citizens about PRT have led us to believe that such privacy is a very important feature. In the personal cabs each passenger would have a seat. This would not only increase comfort and hence patronage but would also permit the acceleration and deceleration to be approximately double that tolerable if passengers were allowed to stand. As a result, ramp lengths would be cut approximately in half.
To increase system flexibility the vehicles can be pallets, that is moving platforms on which pods for carrying people or goods or even automobiles can be clamped. In the latter case the system becomes dual mode-a combination of automobile and PRT-and permits door to door transportation."
"During a rush period each PRT vehicle can make a number of round trips and therefore be used by many more people than just one driver and his companions. Also, the same vehicles can be used throughout the day for various purposes. Passenger seats can be replaced by freight pods so that vehicles carry goods during the night. Studies show that in a typical city situation one PRT vehicle will replace about ten cars…"
"PRT: Urban Transportation of the Future? By J. Edward Anderson in The Future edited by Gerald Leinwand.
The electronic transportation system would be more profitable hence cheaper than today's petrol driven traffic. Electric bills can be paid according to meters registering electric consumption. It would be dependent upon a virtually inexhaustible and limitless fuel resource. There would be no poisonous exhaust pollution, no eye pollution, no noise pollution. The vehicles can be produced to individual specifications with a maximization on passenger comfort and safety. The safety factor can be maximized with automatic speed regulators and built in stand off devices, automatically controlled acceleration and deceleration, maximum and minimum speed limits built into the guide lanes. The whole transportation network can be completely automated, the traffic being automatically regulated. Reserve platforms can be kept waiting at stations in case of traffic jams and unexpected heavy traffic. Maintenance and employees could be minimized. Police work would become simplified and automated by TV, electronic devices and switch board monitoring. Traffic jams can be eliminated, accidents and deaths minimized, speed and economy increased, personal autonomy and comfort enhanced. The efficacy of this advanced, energy efficient, minimum waste, comprehensively coordinated and computer controlled transportation system--freeing mankind from an important amount of work drudgery, frustration and anger--is undeniable. Conversion from the present petroleum based systems entailing large numbers of unemployment must be handled in the same manner as military reconversion. The enhanced economy will always in the long run absorb the employees displaced because increased automation and integration.
The third requirement of this industrial infrastructure comes from "intellect" in the wealth formula. This concerns the communication and coordination by electronic means, including new miniaturization by semi-conductor circuitry, super conductor circuitry, microwave telecommunications, disc storage capabilities, holographic storage, light pipe transmission lines, satellite communications, computer design and application which is vital to the harmonious functioning of an advanced utopia and will allow tremendous advancements in speed, size, integration and automation freeing human resources for other more "human" activities.
Involved in this communication network, connecting the whole eco physical foundation, are new world wide, credit card type of monetary exchange, in which an individual's personal identification is encoded into card sized mini-computers which automatically balance and display a person's private financial credit. The whole pricing, payment, and credit evaluation system will be automatically computed ad stored centrally and the necessary balance adjustments recorded. There will be no more money, coins, banks or cash registers to keep money in. Thefts, robbery, an credit sharks will be prevented and in most cases impossible in this "fool" proof integrated, credit card exchange system. Thieves will have to confine their trade to stolen goods and merchandise.
Information storage in central libraries and nodal communication and coordination centers can store and immediately retrieve all knowledge mankind has acquired, disseminating information automatically to an individual via telecommunication networks upon request, successively integrating knowledge and providing complete coordination of the entire world civilization. Education and entertainment can be brought directly into the home, decentralizing the school system with the use of centrally coordinated computers and storage facilities and operator teachers. The whole system can be two way and highly individuated to home and person. Whole libraries may become storable in small computer memory retrieval systems. Books will become encoded in miniature electronic circuitry. The whole system can be centrally coordinated by huge operator type electronic libraries. With an invention of a world language to overcome the international communication gap, it will become possible for any citizen anywhere in the world to have quick access to instantaneous knowledge of any and every type. The electronic communication network can facilitate the learning of the new world language and make older means of verbal communication obsolete.
Eventually any person of the world may communicate with any other person in the world at any time over the same communication network, not only verbally but visually as well. This might become the means of disseminating important news, of census taking, of surveying and democratic voting by which important participative and anticipatory decision making can be decentralized and the needs of individuals and sub-groups more carefully monitored and more clearly understood. Police work can become minimized. Society can be made safe from being victimized by criminals. Today instantaneous mass decision making techniques far superior to any yet achieved are possible beyond the wildest dreams of the founding forefathers of any sovereign nation. Far from entrapping the human into an automaton niche in an electronically controlled "big brother" computer omniscient and omnipotent bureaucracy, these developments of electronic integration and automation will enable the emancipation and unhindered development of the individual and humanity in general.
New entertainment techniques--in the home and "live"--using all means of sensual, perceptual and conceptual techniques, will enable the individual to experience preferentially in the home and in life "live" illusory entertainment of anything the imagination may conjure up, enabling the individual to pick educationally, experientially, explorationally and experimentally his own private means of happiness.
Nor will the development of the electronic infrastructure necessarily mean the end of privately cherished but anachronistic material possessions and spiritual fixations of the past. It will simply displace their function of these objects and "subjects" to a secondary role: ritual, recreation, collecting, hobbying, etc. Every individual may possess within context of his own home a personalized inventory of precious belongings, a veritable museum, library, art gallery6 and a whole treasure of commonwealth. Contrariwise it will mean greater scope for greater variety of "live" entertainment accessible to any individual, greater scope for private wealth and fulfillment. The electronic infrastructure will become a vital requirement to modern world utopia. Instead of sacrilegiously dehumanizing humanity, the electronic infrastructure will free the human for greater as yet unparalleled levels of spiritual freedom and fulfillment.
Filling in the electronic infrastructure will develop in decentralized local only context a completely auto modular service economy, by which the individual will serve functionally in a minimum amount of "social services" work and receive on a rental, credit card basis all services desired on an individually customized basis. The economy will become comprehensively coordinated and adjustable in a decentralized auto modular basis. Human effort will be comprehensively and automatically coordinated toward democratically oriented social goals. This will mean the decentralized urbanization throughout world society, transforming the entire globe into a single city in which every person, no matter how remote, will subsist in a suburban-semi rural environment. This new environment is a modulated, maximum human involvement society. While the ideal of a completely auto modulated service economy in which any individual may work toward and get realistically anything he may want, a relatively close approximation can be achieved, in which an individual may find available and within his means at least an approximate reproduction of just about any design, in any color, shape, size, type, function or condition, that he may desire or if unavailable, then at least the means for its original production or approximate realization might become more readily accessible than is at present possible.
William James once wrote that "lives based on having are less free than lives based either on doing or on being". The rise of rentalism is a move away from lives based on having and it reflects the increase in doing and being. If the people of the future live faster than the people of the past, they must also be far more flexible. They are like broken filed runners and it is hard to side step a tackle when loaded down with possessions. They want the advantage of affluence and the latest that technology has to offer, but not the responsibility that has, until now, accompanied the accumulation of possessions. They recognize that to survive among the uncertainties of rapid change they must learn to travel light.
"Future Shock" by Alvin Toffler.
Greater consumption and cyclic production in more auto modularly advanced styling is not only the necessary evil of the super post industrial service economy, it is the driving force behind its world integrating success. Saving, hoarding, and property ownership are obsolete values in modern world utopia. This requires the establishment of the omni-educational living in which the individual's existence is not focused toward saving, hoarding, materialism, or specialization of endeavor, but rather toward living with modularism, comprehensive integration, increased spiritual enjoyment, learning how to fulfill his humanness despite the apparent inadequacies of the "system". It is the failure of society to cultivate in the individual through education a functional sense of self, of independent thought and action, required for happiness in modern world society. It is the responsibility of educational authorities to reform the human to as a minimal extent as possible, to provide the individual with a sense of modern identity, by instilling the new modular values of modern living, to cultivate in the individual a new minimum set of modern social "norms" and to maximize individual potentialities of self development.
It is not only in school that this new reform the individual educational process must occur. Modularism is affecting the traditional school establishment also. Education which is non-stop, life long developmental process of human understanding and integration, must have as its primary emphasis decentralization from the traditional concept of the school and classroom system, to become incorporated in an omni-directional and omni-experiential manner over every facet of modern living: work, entertainment, study, play, etc. But further education must recognize its own limitations stemming from human nature and to thus be optimized in context to natural human development. It should develop only optimal socialization reforms based on openness, honesty, trust, individuality, autonomy and happiness; not on any substitutive values of class, competition, fear or mistrust. There is far too much "official" education today as education attempts beyond natural human limits to instill social valuations and reform the individual to social expectations of conventional behavior and conformism. Education can only act to inspire self reform from within the individual by setting a positive human example of becoming and being, not to enforce or reinforce reform from without by externalized negativistic expressions. Only thus is education vindicated as the mainstay of democratic modernization, of world wide humanization and the evolution of human civilization.
The responsibility and social problem of education is not a one way process of authority and obedience. To believe that education is only for the young, only in "school" and that official education will end at which time the student must choose a specialization in which to work to earn a living, these are other obsolete values. Education is an omni-directional process, a two way communication and feedback loop in an ever more accelerative transient and transcendent hierarchy of the evolving ecology of modern living. The individual's return responsibilities in this educational process must be included. It is the individual's responsibility to seek to learn, to educate the self in every aspect of living through self discipline. The human should live for education, a permanent student in the school of live, seeking ever more greater normative understanding and self improvement. Learning new trades as modularism makes old ones obsolete, acquiring new function and driving force behind super industrialism and accelerative modernization. While humans are best producers as specialists in this super complex world society they are also natural integrators. It is the purpose of education to achieve this integration in life and living inspite of increasing specialization in an ever more fast paced modern lifestyle.
Recognizing the limitations of omni-directional living and the limitation of humanity in the physical realities of life, to human nature, to death, to creativity, to imperfection, to pathologization, to the need for specialization and comprehensive integration, to subjective-objective dichotomization of reality, there is a subsequent need to develop the final requirement of modern utopia: that is the self developmental lifestyle. Growth of the invisible commonwealth of humanity is linked directly and comprehensively to the cultivation of individual development and growth health, physical, behavioral, emotional, mental and intuitive in the form of creativity and normative decision making as an individual. The comprehensive and integrated cultivation of the individual wealth and health of all humanity is both the primary end and the primary means of the cyclical regenerative feed back loop described as the evolution of human civilization: it is the only means by which the individual may make a serious positive contribution to modern world utopia. This entails the integration of his ideas and lifestyles along with technological specialization in the physical and social environment. This is the purpose of minimizing the social reformism of the omni-directional educational living and the conformism of modularism: that each individual may achieve the fulfillment of his human rights to the maximum degree possible, in becoming able to deterministically and independently develop the "self".
This is self improvement that may in turn benefit the whole of mankind. It is a lifestyle a typical of any group or collective character, or even the stereotype of humanity in general. It is highly individualistic, completely reflective of the individual's own distinct personality. This is the highest level to be hoped for by any individual or social organization. It is the ultimate objective of establishing modern world utopia. It is the apex of the pyramidal hierarchy described by the whole ecological regenerative system of civilization. It is to make each individual an expert specialist in his own "unique" field of living, unique to the self, to become creatively expressive in all fields of human endeavor, facilitating change entailed by modernization, to enable the individual human to become as contributive as possible in a positive sense to the real ephemeralization of the commonwealth of world humanity. It is the driving fore of progressive civilization.
What is the function of the artist? His most important decision are to choose his goals of what he wishes to create: these will determine his direction in life, his eventual level of transcendencey, of comprehensive integration and the subsequent extent and degree of specialization and intensification. He must also decide upon and acquire the means by which to achieve his ends. This will determine his value expectations and socialization. The ends and means integrated within the artist's personality and lifestyle become the individual's unique style by which he attains some semblance of "happiness" and the "golden mean". The true artist stylizes the whole of life. The artist creates the future. The artist's true function in life is one of inspirational leadership in world utopia--for world humanity.
The cyclical regenerative net of growth at this level of the self developmental lifestyle closes on itself in that the main thrust of those individual human lifestyles must be teleologically oriented in becoming objectively realized in a socially communicative, hence useful, means for furtherance of human commonwealth, in closing the gap between humanity's physical limitations and the realization of the ultimate world objective of utopia. This entails the extension of longevity of human existence through medical health programs and modern technological advancements, extending the scope of individual development, health and realization of latent potentialities, becoming more omniscient and omni-potently conscious of human existence and reality through theoretical discovery and creation of metaphysical reality. It is the attainment of truth: the ultimate marriage of ends and means in the strategy of peace.
While such a Pollyanna vision of future world utopia readily quenches the imaginative thirst for fantasy and fortifies our optimistic egos about reality--a sober view of the present problems and predicaments faced by humanity today is not quite as satisfying. It is quite evident in the extremely short history of modern humanity that those changes which have meant a blessing and a promise for the future have occurred quite unexpectedly and unpredictably. No one is quite able to definitively forecast the future or accurately describe the nature of future artistic explorations, scientific discoveries, technological inventions and applicative improvements and social innovations and reforms. It is intrinsic to the nature of all these distinctly human processes that they are inherently "unknown" a-priori only vaguely discernible in a preconscious awareness of felt intuition--and are only well defined and well understood "a-posteriori" after the fact of human nascence and inter-subjective and objective actualization. While many people are capable of accurately understanding and describing any number and level of different aspects of our commonly shared existence and civilization, many of these collective "realities"--the scientific theories and social ideologies of today--may and in fact have become highly untenable overnight in light of current and future advances and progress. Or conceptualization of reality is still highly imperfect, there are many holes to the many models of "understanding" by which we profess to know our complex world. The more we learn from our forward explorations and discoveries, the more inadequate and imperfect these past models become more and the more we find that we don't really understand. It is highly questionable whether there is or ever will be any single person or group of people with exclusively complete knowledge of the "whole" concept--which for want of a better name might be called universe.
It is understood to say that reality, whatever its explicit nature is far more comprehensive and complex that we would readily admit to understanding and confess to know--exhibiting an astonishing degree of integrative comprehensiveness of synergistically inter-transformational inter-functioning of a myriad of "parts" which compose that magnificent unity of the "whole". There is in all this a subtle human interrelationship of conceptual understanding which reveals a cyclical process of regenerative growth of our reality, both metaphysical and physical, and demonstrates the overall evolutionary growth process of human civilization: one which is so interdependent and inter-functioning between all the separated fields of specialized human behaviors. It is such a complex process that it is barely imaginable. It is so subtle and yet so grand. It is quire negligible and almost imperceptible at the individual level of reality and yet ifs forward momentum and power is such a self evident manifestation of influence in our collective lives. It is like a tremendous iceberg which so far have only viewed from the surface, and yet have felt in quite drastic ways the entire mass.
The world is providing so complex in interdependent inter-functioning that the minor actions of only a small part of humanity may have tremendous but immediately and locally unfelt reverberations. Too often we fail to realize that our actions and our behavior in general, which may seem to us so great, so appropriate, so rationally fitting, so morally righteous and so human, may prove to be severely unfitting and drastically immoral for the stranger whom we may never know, or for the unknown future. The dilemma is that, while in simpler times we might easily and safely overlook such remote possibilities, in our increasingly complex reality of today it is no longer safe to persist in such ignorance. These latent and unfelt potentialities of the unknown may become extremely dangerous not only to ourselves but to all of humanity. Our behavior must become better understood, even if the consequences may never be directly identifiable. And we must actively accept the total responsibility for what we, as individuals or as members to society, partake in. each human must be allowed and seek to reach into the deepest parts of his soul and discover there those most fundamental and common valuations which will enable the individual to cope with such a difficult responsibility. There are no more easy answers or solutions to our problems in the complex reality of today and tomorrow.
We are living in what may very well prove to be the most critical period ever in the history of human civilization. We are now experiencing a whole new self conscious and awareness of the world in which we live. Tremendous yet subconscious forces are headed toward an indefinite collision in our not too distant future. Our values have not kept pace with the new complex realities of our world. We are finding that our greatest problems are ones of self frustrating behavior and self limitations. There is a new pre-consciousness about the natural imbalances caused by our civilization. These problems are more a matter of technical readjustment and appropriate stabilization. There is also arising a whole new self awareness not easily related with our past evaluations. For better or for worse, most likely the majority of humanity will continue to exist on earth for quite a long time. The most urgent and dangerous threat to that continued survival of humanity is total war and the concurrent evolution of militarism. These are problems which have long been recognized as evil and yet about which very little constructive, relatively nothing, has been accomplished.
Once a problem has been recognized as well defined, the solution is usually half accomplished. All of the problems of humanity have been well popularized, well addressed, well documented and well identified. It is dubious whether today they really afflict humanity to the same relative magnitude of importance as when they were first conceived. It is possible that the solution to many of these problems might really be so far off in the future. It has proven in the past not to be the problems which were identified but those which were quite unexpected and unknown which were so dangerous and influential. But much more worse are those problems of today which, even though they are well defined and recognized, continue to be in general apathy. The general response to the complex and crucial problems seems not to be direct confrontation and active resolution but rather evasion by indirection and passive escapism to past values. In the face of all dire consequences of continuing perseveration of general public and private ignorance, most of us continue to cling to outworn behaviors and persist in nonfunctional mannerisms. It has been relatively few who have actually contributed anything to progress of humanity when compared to those masses who have spent their brief lives in useless ways. Most of our behavior to date continues to be filled with inertia, time wasting and self limiting devices and patterns. It is even fewer today who seek to warn us and inspire in us constructive response to the impending consequences of these neglected problems. Whether these modern doomsday criers are justified or not no one can say for sure. Let us hope that they will prove in the future to be unjustified. Yet these same people have refused to give up hope and to become callous toward the future prospects for humanity. The problems are extremely complex, no simple solution will suffice, yet address them we must. The important point of today is that it is no longer adequate to merely and endlessly argue the issues involved in the solution of these problems, real solutions must be forthcoming. The future starts now.
The bulk of progress has been due to the quite independent and relatively isolated and separated contributions by many individual "researchers" in every field of human activity. It has been a cumulative buildup of many small contributions to human understanding. The handful of renowned personages who have been the leaders in their field have played only a minor but important role. The major role has been the many minor supporters and less renowned individuals who have nonetheless held their own against the change of circumstance.
There is no return to the change of conditions or values of yesterday. Gone forever are the great natural frontiers of the past and the sense of totalistic stability and security of the simple individual in a simple society. We must ask ourselves whether a world megalopolis in a world state is necessarily evil or harmful. Yet we must be careful when we build utopia not to alienate ourselves from our own nature or reality from the natural beauty which surrounds us. Mankind has proven that it can be extremely adaptable to change and adverse circumstances when it is either forced through necessity of survival to do so or when occasionally and more surprisingly willingly adjusts of its own motivation and volition. The dilemma of today is that it is neither apparently being forced to change nor is so willing to adjust to change. Modern reality is tremendously more complex and diverse than it used to be. We are left clinging to many outmoded values and nonfunctional behavior patterns. Many of our religious and philosophical values that we still carry with us, that guide us in our economic, social, political, and ideological behaviors and strategies are almost completely anachronistic. They were originated by our forefathers when reality was much smaller and simpler in scope and dimension--far more limited than today. We suddenly find ourselves in a radically changed and changing reality which requires radically changed and changing values. We are and rightly should be, very reluctant to give up the time tested and proven traditions and conventions of behavior which in the past have served us adequately for new largely hypothetical and largely untested alternatives. Within only two periods of natural human regeneration the world has become radically different, while humanity remains fundamentally unchanged and indifferent. The gap between reality and our behavior is increasing with every minute of hesitation and perseveration. Something of decisive consequence must eventually happen. If we do not will ourselves to change or die, either from random necessity or determined tyranny. Change starts in context of each individual in his immediate reality and eventuates in the definition of the world state.
The strategy of peace has been, above all else, a value strategy. It is our values, virtually the values of all humanity, which must change and become integrated into a single harmonious world view of world humanity. Reevaluation of our behaviors is the beginning to new thought and action which will determine the outcome of our collective and private future. Everything we think, say and so is always a reflection of our values, either an affirmation (hopefully) or a denial (more frequently) and those common human valuation which are shared by most of humanity or are tacitly presumed in most human behaviors are (or at least ought to be) the moral reality of our collective conscience by which we stipulate and predicate judgment of our rational behavior. More than any other task, it is our responsibility to transcend the "suffocating superficiality" which like a thick cloud obscures our consciousness of this reality. We must overcome the petty differences, the foolish opinions, the selfish prejudices, the selfless ignorance, the social apathy, the hypocritical rationalizations, the cosmetic illusions, the synthetic substitutes, the dehumanizing fears, the narcissistic immaturity, the corrupting "power", and the supra natural beliefs. We must strike through all of this trivial nonsense that hinders or attempts at improvement and discover the real, the human, the natural, the rational, the empathetic, the courage, the magnanimity, the self, the love and beauty, i.e. all the truly human values. These are the most important values we must not only reaffirm but relearn. They have been largely forgotten and misunderstood in the lessons of history and our forefathers.
What is the nature of these common values the understanding of which might help carry us, or that we may carry with us, into the future. Human rights, a moral sense of individual justice, life, health and wealth, liberty, the love to grant freedom and the independence from the wills of others, happiness, art, creativity, human success and above all a new sense of self, a more powerful, peaceful, embracing, mature and fulfilled concept. These are "self evident" values which do not need to be justified. They are inherent in human nature and the understanding is intrinsic to the meaning of what it is to be human. They are ends in themselves and not means to any other end. Even in the active denial of these values are they reinforced in a negative sense and reaffirmed. They are the absolute values which define a unique unity, whole "humanity". They are the ends of all strategy. They are the beginning of utopia and the key to our future.
Modern humanity has witnessed the explosive results of many tidal forces of human nature that have long been in the making--mostly the inadvertent contrivances of humanity itself. We have witnessed within a relatively brief modern history an extraordinary growth of technological civilization in complexity, transience and change. During the same brief period we are witnessing the human population explosion. For all the positive of progress, there seem to be almost as many negative aspects as manifest by new dimensions of totality in modern war making technology, the potential hazard of global holocaust with nuclear and biological warfare, the dangerous consequences of alienation of personal identity as evidenced by increasing crime rates, drug abuse, social irresponsibility, the adverse and unintended consequences of unchecked industrial expansion, many forms of pollution, in the air, on land and sea, and un-addressable upsets in the natural ecological balances of many biological ecosystems other than just mankind, a growing scarcity of resources coupled with gross consumptive and indiscriminant waste process. Perhaps the worst evil has been the least popularly recognized. Most of what has come with the package of progress has been grossly superficial, inconsequential and obstructive. Progress lends itself to increasing levels of boredom, fantasy, excursions and escapes, lethargy, apathy, desperation, loneliness, isolation amongst millions, ignorance, prejudice, passivity and passing acceptance and defeat in the face of inexorable human fate. Is this progress true human civilization?
Progress, over crowding, pollution, all of these things cannot go on forever at an exponentially increasing rate of growth in a finite and limited world. Humans and the world in which they live have inherent saturation levels. While progress until now has proven cheap and profitable, future progress may prove to be more expensive and less profitable. This will require unprecedented adjustments in our social and individual thinking and functioning. A curious mixture of ever increasing levels of economic and political centralism on the one hand, in order to initiate, finance and dictate future progress, while on the other hand entailing an unprecedented level of decentralized decision making. A new individual level of collective consciousness, new individual reevaluations, self sacrifices, a new self disciplining, an intensification of lifestyle and decentralization of social functioning. While the extensive margins of material growth have foreseeable and predictable saturation limits, it is still dubious whether the intensification margins of increasing human efficiency and metaphysical complexity also have similar saturation limits. Most likely as long as civilization continues to progress unhindered it will witness many continuing and unprecedented changes in every aspect of life.
Our objective of utopia should not be so much unlimited expansion and "growth" with unlimited wealth for all humanity, but rather just a well balanced, well adjusted, harmoniously stabilized, adequately efficient world integrated civilization with a relatively diminished degree of malnutrition, poverty, prejudice, ignorance, disease and the absence of war. The world may very well not be much more advanced in the future than it is today, but hopefully it will have become a much more pleasant and tolerable place. The aim is a mature world civilization.
It is just as well that the future remain indefinite and unknowable in any absolute sense--more an exercise for imagination than for reason. If we were able to predict the future with any accuracy and so deterministically influence it, then we would find ourselves the same tomorrow just as we are today. It is a paradox similar to the time traveler who is capable of influencing the past but cannot change the history of the past. If we could accurately predict the future, then there would be no use for change, invention, innovation, exploration, discovery, imagination, intuition, improvement and hope. The future is the proper realm of fantasy and imagination: a fertile breeding ground new ideas and possibilities. Day dreaming is the beginning of hope. There is very little room left here for "logical common sense and rationality".
Despite all the forecasts, all the predictions, all the beliefs and conclusions, reality inexorably unfolds before us, and the inexorable human continues in a day to day routine, paying only fleeting and scant attention to the small changes that go on in his world. The human race continues inexorably forward in time much the same way as it has in the past. Many ideas and plans about the future have just not materialized. This seems to reveal to close scrutiny that we still understand very little about our complex world. Time and again our insights and fore sights prove to be far too simple and inadequate to be functional in revealing our future.
Our long term consequence of all this short sighted planning and growth, all this accelerating change--is the cumulative buildup of much material and spiritual inertia which will prove to be difficult to further mobilized and change into any new patterns of functional adaptation. Our world cannot much longer afford to support such myopia in our collective strategic determinations. The long term costs of progress will eventually become unbearable. We build, use and waste now in preferred ways without much further considerations as to the consequences, as to what might be better be done with our time, material and energy, without much attention to future conservation, rationing or readjustment. The critical effect is the gradually increasing buildup of friction and resistance to future possibilities of adaptation, an unplanned backlash of all this progress eventuating in stagnation and fracturing of all these systems of behavior. We may eventually run to be un-desirous, un-useful and unnecessary. Many changes we wrought for better or worse may prove to be irreversible in many unexpected ways. There will be a gradual increase of inertial resistance and friction to future progressive growth. The possible result will be the sudden burnout of humanity.
We are still left to gaze with our imagination into our future with our most pressing problems unsolved, our most important questions unanswered. We are left to wonder in bewilderment if we are left without any means of guiding and determining the future. We still seem to be unable to accurately describe the whole forest because of all the trees that block our view. One conclusion is certain. There is still too much room in this all too human world for improvement. Worrying about the future is an inherently profitless waste of time. Action starts now! All the drastic conclusions and assertions about the future have either quietly disappeared or have been silenced by inexorable, unfolding reality. The best stance for meeting the onslaught of the future is to expect the unexpected. Most probably the future will be mostly a surprise for humanity--hopefully a happy surprise.
"It is also increasingly clear to even more people that the fundamental and highest priority responsibility for man's interim survival success on this little sun orbiting spaceship Earth, does not fall directly within the problem solving capabilities of political theory nor with the results obtained by politics' ultimately greatest lever--war subversive, cool or cold. Either war is obsolete or men are.
"Utopia or Oblivion: The Prospects For Humanity" by R. Buckminster Fuller.
The strategy of peace has been forwardly oriented toward the future prospects for world humanity. It is founded on the premises of a universal human nature, its limitations and the transcendence of these limitations. It is an optimistic strategy founded on success, not a hind sighted pessimism founded on the fear of defeat. The importance of the optimist perspective cannot be too greatly stressed, for it will determine whether or not the future is a dark one or a bright one for humanity. Pessimism is the fear based vision of the future fostered by authoritarian power structures to assure inertia to social reforms and continuing public acceptance and conformism to hind sighted power strategies. Pacifism is an alternative to war.
The preoccupation with violence is one of arrested personal and social growth, a persistent immaturity of natural development which has become so inculcated through the socialization process of contemporary human society as to have unquestioning obedience, the over specialization and limitation of personality and individual and social conscience and of humanity's continuing pathological social character which may very well which may very well eventuate in the extinction of the human race. Preoccupation with all forms of violence, however so subtly manifest, of people's unconscious affiliation with social norms is a sign of immature fixation of natural normative growth. It is externally substitutive and fear based. It is founded on the fear of death. Death is nothing but the negation of life. Life and death cannot be properly dichotomized. They form together a natural human integrity, two sides of the same coin of human valuation. It is only after the individual has within the means of his own lifestyle overcome his fear of death and preoccupation with death for those preoccupations with life, in all its subtle manifestations, and after all humanity has followed this lead and become thus individualized, that the guarantee against extinction and the assurance of future human survival will be attained. Then the human will have attained his individualized natural maturity and a new independent identity, world humanity. Only then will the prophetic concept of peace become realizable in modern world utopia. This is the heart of the strategy of pacifist revolution. An alternative solution to any of the problems of the general human dilemma which afflicts the integrity of humanity today may always be found through mutual cooperation overcoming mistrust and mutual fear: solutions that are more preferable to the whole of humanity. This is the spirit of compromise and integration which must be cultivated as an alternative to the prevailing violent tendencies. The spirit of compromise must be integrated comprehensively with every decision making process existing.
To what extent should a human be allowed to do the bidding of another? To what extent does a human depend for his life on the toil of another? Should a human individual serve his state or should a state serve the individual? Answers to these questions are very personal and the type of answer will determine the level of one's transcendence in his valuation of humanity. The military system represents the most dehumanizing and degrading to personal dignity of any contemporary social institution besides the penal system. It is the epitome of the authoritarian power structure, of the diseased state of humanity. The basis for its philosophical premises the belief in the survival of the fittest and the necessity for national security, for the continuance of the military system as necessary to national sovereignty are all erroneous. They are the contemporary social foundations of humanity. There exists today the very real possibility that all men may live peacefully in conditions of wealth previously undreamed of not only quantitative material subsistence, but in terms of naturally transcendent qualitative wealth, a very individualized condition of being. It is the creativity of the individual becoming realized without being dependent upon the suffering of any other person. This is the only true wealth of humanity. It is the only true basis of the evolutionary progress of technological civilization. The process of individual creativity is a natural one applicable ultimately to all humans. It is the defining ingredient of a human individual's uniqueness, a non-repeatable instance of life. The creative process in one of integration of the physical and the metaphysical realities. The human's natural primary function is not differentiation and specialization as an automaton of a vaguely perceptible system, but is rather one of universal integration. Each person must be an artist of life in order to be a full human.
When an artist sits down to accomplish his task he faces two crucial decisions, what he is to create and the method he is to realize his goal. If his end is limited, his level of personalized integration must necessarily be limited also. If his goal is high, then the level of integration must necessarily be high also. It is the highest level integrators who have served best humanity and who are the most venerable. A janitor lives a very limited specialized functionary life. A politician's life is bound to his state. The most virtuous humans have transcended imposed physical limitations, social conventions and national boundaries of consideration, owning allegiance to no one except themselves and the whole of world humanity. How the artist is to accomplish such a degree of integration is the other most important decision. He can substitute the work of others and plagiarize humanity and attain a counterfeit copy of value based on dependence on others or else he can spontaneously compensate for the restrictions and with courage transcend them to obtain a higher level of personal freedom. He can be a living artist. It is a method which is ideally opposed to all authoritarian social structures in existence. It is the true nature of leadership, the highest ideal a person may obtain in life, to serve as an inspirational example of living to be shared with the whole of humanity and not to be forced upon by any self righteous sub-grouping of humans. It is a very private and loneliness course, but a very rewarding one. It is this type of leadership that is the moving force behind the strategy of peace.
Based on the common nature of all humanity, there are possible two extreme forms of social organization, one extreme is pathological and counter productive while the other is healthy and progressive. These are the collective reflections of the predominance of two extreme "ideal" forms of human behavior, one pathologized and the other healthy and naturally human. Human society suffers from the early arrested individual normative development in the form of independent liberal decision making capabilities. These are tendencies afflicting all humans and all social organizations. The predominance of an "average" social pathology, the collective character of the individual personality, has resulted in the predominance and the nonfunctional perseveration of the authoritarian power structure.
The pathological social system is the authoritarian power structure founded on the virtue of illusive, immediate, "naked" power of force. As such it is essentially a fear based and deficiency motivated form of social organization. The authoritarian power structure takes many different forms of individuated instances, whether the authority is centralized in one person, a group, a class, or even of a party or system or in the crystallized and highly emotional form of social conscience of the majority it is based on the essential premises of subservience of one human to the will of another and of the individual rights to collective privileges and collective security. While authoritarian power tends to increasingly centralize and augment power, its centralization is fragmented by the growth of smaller authoritarian subsystems. It replaces the fundamental value of individual human rights with state powers and privileges and the continuance of the collective social character to the cultivation of individuality. It initiates its inter-human relations on the basis of negative, dehumanizing valuation of the individual constituents deficiencies instead of on a positive human valuation of potentialities. The authoritarian power structure typically involves a parasitic type of inter-human relationship feeding from the deficient, immature, "selfless", disintegrated souls of the individual's rights, becoming replaced by the unjust means employed to achieve the augmentation of power. The social system as a whole no longer serves a useful function other than its own self perpetuating collective character and the growth or acquisition of power over individual normative wealth, to insure its fear based security. It becomes crystallized into the form of institutionalization.
Institutionalization of the system results in over centralization of authority, and in a top heavy command structure with the incidental growth throughout the system of deficient bureaucratic snowballing under the guise of officialdom, entailing the inertia buildup of resistance to modernization and change, inflexibility and operationally nonfunctional over specialization of the constituent people composing the system to the extent of becoming dehumanized automatons. As responsibility and control becomes top heavy, as the authority to change becomes restricted to the authoritarian representatives of the structure, leadership becomes embodied in a few limited individuals of extremely limited capacity. Response to a changing environment very gradually becomes less and less functional. Change means natural growth. Growth in terms of total humanity is progress of technological civilization. The authoritarian control exists in many subtle degrees and means of manipulation. It minimizes change and maximizes conformity by the individual to the system. Centralization of authority increases, a symptom of pathological development, resistance to change increases to the extent that the system is regressive instead of progressive.
There exists a limit to which an authoritarian power structure can secure its future continuance. There exists degrees of authoritarian power founded on the hierarchy of human needs, of physical, emotional, cognitive and normative needs. The influence of the authoritarian power structure generally affects the individual in a fragmented and small degree, usually only in manipulating normative behavior. The greater this influence the more fragmented the individual's existence. In general, if the authoritarian power structure falls below the level of emotional needs, as in most military organization do in time of conflict, the social organization is bound on a course of self destruction.
The level of emotional needs, of sexual regeneration of the population at the family level of organization, is generally the well spring of survival and assurance of continuity. If the authoritarian power structure falls below this level of satiation in the reinforcement of conformity, panic and violent revolution will eventuate.
There exists in terms of human nature an opposing extreme of social organization, based on the affirmative recognition of the individual's fundamental rights and on the subservience of the system and of power to the rights and needs of the individual. This type of organization is the democratic social organization. It is in terms of human nature the healthy form of social organization. It is the utmost adaptive to change by relying on the whole human resource pool of its population, which in view of physical, sexual regeneration, is inherently limitless in potentiality. It depends on the satiation of needs and freedom from the hierarchy of human needs instead of upon the manipulation and control of human needs to maintain social conformity. It depends not on social conformity of the individual but instead of on the level which the individual has attained in fulfillment of the self and independence of self from the convention and behavior of society. It is founded on mutual trust and health inspired. It relies on education and personal economic development. But in such a system how can social cohesion be assured? Instead of disintegrating into a set of independent uncontrollable individuals the level of social cohesion in a democratic social system is determined by the level at which technological civilization has freed the individual of his personal needs and by the level at which the inter-human communication of these needs is attained.
All creativity, all forms of progress, of scientific creativity, that fall under the title of technological civilization, all things positively beneficial to humanity, have come from the lone individual. A group has created nothing. Organization of a group achieves only orientation of the efforts of its individual components towards a common, unoriginal objective by effective communication and enforced conformity. The only true function of social organization is the communication and satiation of individual human needs. The degree achieved through technological civilization in freeing the individual from his hierarchy of human needs, and the degree of efficiency and extent of possible communication will determine the size of human population possible within the social system. The larger the size of the supportable population, the greater is the potential for growth and adaptability of the system. The greater is the potential for authoritarian development, the greater is the security of the individual. The larger the size of the system the higher the level of social control required to maintain cohesion.
Authoritarian power structures are capable of maintaining centralization and conformity at a higher cognitive and normative need level, a source of very subtle but highly effective manipulation, in which the individual's life may suffer the illusion of fulfillment in service to the "system" while normative growth remains deficient. The largest social system existing is the whole human race, of which all other social organizations are but weaker subsets. It is only in terms of the whole of humanity which determines the fundamental social responsibility of the individual, to which all other social responsibilities are subordinate.
It is only in terms of the whole human race that the efficacy of social justice, applicable to all people may be judged. It is only in terms of world social organization r that the greatest degree of security and freedom of the individual can be attained. World social organization can only be attained when all humans may freely intercommunicate their needs and ideas to all other humans and when all humanity is freed of their highest normative needs by the growth of technological civilization.
It is a paradox that while the larger the size of the social system, the greater is its potential of authoritarian control, world society can only be founded on the inter-human trust of the democratic social model of organization. Some degree of centralization, some sense of social responsibility, of social cohesion, must be maintained but it must be minimized. It can only be minimized by world political organization. It is human nature that authoritarian development will continue to occur to some relative degree. As an ideal the extreme of democratic social organization is unattainable: it is utopia. Yet it can be achieved on a very practical and relative level, but only on a world wide basis. It is based on the overcoming by education of the essential human needs and limitations. All humans will remain limited channels of communication, conception and integration. The complexity of the environment of technological civilization requires the individuals functioning in the system to continue to be that of specialist in a limited world. Yet the human is a natural integrator. specialization without proper integration results in overspecialization which results in maladaptive functioning and in eventual extinction.
Normative development which is the willful volition of the individual in an objectified, socially communicable context over a continuing period of transition, is a natural and healthy function of all humanity. It is a self reinforcing developmental process of inspirationally motivated discovery of self and of truth. It is a highly distinctive individual qualitative function of artistic creativity. It is a discovery which increasingly improves the capabilities of the individual. The most specialized functionaries have performed only immediate service to humanity. It is those independently creative individual's who have transcended all national boundaries and prejudices, all cultural conventions, who best serve the world community and who have been the most beneficial leaders. The normative functioning is a natural integration process of the mind. Those servants of the self and of the whole of humanity are those who have achieved the highest level of integration in their normative development. They are the world's true leaders. Normative development is a most gradual process of self growth. It is almost too slow and too sublime to be noticed by any but the most observant. It is more usually perceived in the form of heightened awareness, in as a result of the process. It is the desire of the individual to distinctively express those feelings. Whether pathologized or natural, this development occurs in every individual.
When a soldier raises his gun, sights an enemy, the pulling of the trigger may very well be the one of the most important normative decisions of his life, a member to a family of such crucial decisions to which he may have to remember in later life. It is the question concerning his valuation of human life. Einstein has called the conscience objector the real hero of war. The conscientious objector, the independent mind of an individual human who refuses to pull the trigger on human life, is often slandered as a coward by the militarists. But it is the objector, living by his high moral valuations, who is the braver in this lonely world. It is the strategy of the conscientious objector, of the hunger strike, of humanity striking against all semblances of authoritarian power structures. It is a peaceful world wide revolution against all fear based power structures. Einstein remedied world peace as needing a sudden and simultaneous act by all nations of abolition of all war like behavior and the destruction of all weapons of war. The essential element of mistrust and mutual fear would prevent any nation from the act. Only when an atmosphere of mutual trust can be induced, very gradually cultivated, would any nation realistically consider reducing its arsenal. The strategy of peace is a cumulative, gradualist and comprehensive strategy.
Authoritarian leadership of behavior modification, of fear manipulation, is based on the social dependency of the individual. The fear founded substitution process by which the authoritarian power structure replaces the natural spontaneous compensatory mechanism of the individual, creating instead of healthy independent individualism, a pathologically dependent automaton, a dehumanized person dependent upon trite clichés, cultural bromides, on other people's normative decisions and on time wasting and energy consuming disintegrative superficiality of behavior. It creates restrictions to natural development which can only be then overcome by courage. Inspirational courage of the self inspired individual is true leadership. The true leader cares only for truth and shares with others as a living artist shares creative examples of inspiration to other. It is the leadership of independence. This is the form of leadership the strategy of peace must be founded upon: patient, sharing, never forcing or punitive, offering only the example of a better life. On this only can the strategy achieve success.
It is one of the cruelest examples of the level to which inhumanity exists in reality to see the military machines, driven by hardened, inflexible, pathologized, fixated and regressive old men send to premature destruction the innocent spontaneous youth, the cream of humanity. Why can't the self proclaimed "leaders" fight their own wars?
The devolution of aggression, the cure of the disease of militarism, the displacement of authoritarian power structures, the end of poverty, starvation, disease, unnatural death, unhappiness, anguish, and ignorance can at best only be marginally successful and relativistic, never perfectly attainable in the form of ideal utopia. Yet this does not mean that we should give up or ideals. Utopia, a symbolism of perfection, can at best be only a relative condition of world peace. Relative to the present conditions of a warfare continuum it will be so near perfection that it might easily be mistaken as ideal. But human imperfection will always present an insuperable problem to the strategy of peace and the evolution of technological civilization. Nor should perfection ever be attained, for then such attainment would be only an illusive disguise of pathological degenerative development and stagnation of further progress. It is a continuous revolutionary process of peaceful reform that is the natural functioning of humanity in the universal ecosystem.
All the conceptual alternatives that have been proffered as foundations for world unity describe a similar integrated nature of human location between the physical and the metaphysical realities. They point in the direction of an integrated nature which may be defined by the word "truth". It is human purpose, more specifically the normative functioning of the human mind, to strive to integrate the two seemingly separate realities into a single consolidated whole: paradoxical, elegant, simple, parsimonious, aesthetic and ethical. Humans serve the task of integrators of reality and they achieve integration by the artistic and scientific exploration of reality. These intuitive processes are of a dynamic and critical perfectionist nature in the human. The human strives continuously for an ideal, the realization utopia in a perfect integration and humanization of the physical and metaphysical.
Complete integration of the two realities is practicably unattainable. An as ideal of perfection it is not meant ever to be attained in the absolute sense, yet it is meant to be brought ever closer to realization. Integration is the overcoming of the dichotomization of reality created by the human dilemmas. It is finally to overcome perhaps the ultimate dichotomization between ends and means in strategy. The human ideal is not to be realized but it is in striving for perfection that is a natural human function. Ultimately absolute truth can never be directly definable, only indirectly in the negativistic sense of describing its most immediate and ever closer manifestation in our reality.
The role of comprehensive integrator, following the cognitive function of differentiation, classification and abstract dichotomization, is the natural normative function of the human mind. It is the functioning of the normative decision making portion of the human mind which serves as universal integrator. This normative function is a healthy process. What is healthy? What is healthy is natural. What is natural is living, and what is living grows. The concepts expressed by the word healthy, natural, living and growth carry an extremely important implication for the human function in the universal ecosystem. The normative function, the volition of human willpower, is a process of continuous self regenerative growth. Natural growth requires autonomous freedom of acquisition, an independence of choice from an unlimited amount of sensory abstractions and an integrated creation of something out of seemingly nothing, synergistically. Yet the apparent ephemeralization might actually be an exploitative discovery of what exists a-priori pre-conceptually, intuitively, pre-knowingly, artistically.
The normative growth process is an extremely individualized one of self actualization. It is a very lonely process of achieving independence from material restriction to gain fuller integration of the "spiritual". This spiritual self is the most individuated expression of a human. It is not a function of only strange people, or of a few, but it is a natural growth process common to all people. It is the central distinguishing characteristic of the unique individual, as opposed to the pathologically dehumanized social character. The explorative discovery of normative growth is an extremely lonely process, acquired from a need for solitude and private meditation, despite the physical presence of social ties. It leads to a very real and spiritual sense of independence from the needs and behavior of others.
It is the selfish vanity of some "superhuman" individuals to deny their physical and emotional ties to the human world about them. The human is of necessity a social being. His life is wrapped up with destiny of all humanity. The highest bounds of social responsibility, beyond proper respect to individuality, is the desire to share with all humanity the fulfillment of the self, and the desire to see the highest authoritative socialization process which restricts and seeks to redirect this normative growth to its own inherently self defeating ends. This restrictive process is what pathologizes natural healthy development of the world in the form of values and inspirational motives of human health. It leads to the basic philosophy of survival of the fittest in human competition, instead of cooperation, of one man surviving the fate of other men instead of living for the fulfillment of the self and others, of the human being subservient to a nonexistent social system as an automaton, as means to some "superhuman" end and not an end in itself, instead of the system serving man instead, of the exclusions of human subsystems from the total system of humanity, of depriving an individualized altruist morality of "selflessness" instead of on self realization and fulfillment, of basing qualitative fulfillment on quantitative material standards, greed, power instead of materialism serving to enhance the qualitative aspects of life. The life of the healthy human is not fulfilled by material wealth and social stature, but by spiritual wealth and social independence.
The ability for humans to subsist under even the most intolerable conditions of battlefield environments imaginable gives insight into a key of this inspirational motivation, the power of life over death, the essential nature of human resistance and self disciplining, which instead of becoming pathologically overcome by restriction, resists with courage for healthy growth. It has been the documented fate of many of the greatest contributors to the development of humanity to have lived personal lives in tremendous restriction and deprivation. The value of negative discipline is not only in providing negative examples but to provide impetus for healthy growth. Social discipline of legal reinforcement might be improved by developing instead of fixed external social standards a healthy sense of self discipline in the criminal; not by punishing the criminal by nonfunctional reciprocal harm, but by helping the criminal to become a healthy human and constructively repay humanity the debt of crime. Humans are not only products of external needs but also of internal volition.
Despite the profound immediacy of death, soldiers often overcome their anguish by the consolation of crude humor. It is the spontaneity of this compensatory mechanism which yields insight into essential human nature. It is the power of human ability to spontaneously compensate for restrictions encountered in everyday life. This compensatory mechanism comes in many varieties and all are the expression of the will to live, of the need for normative self actualization. Even distorted mechanisms are the expression of life in a negative sense. However much a person may ignore his normative needs, they will develop in spite of his ignorance. What is not constructive soon becomes destructive. Obstinate persistence of a compensatory mechanism beyond spontaneous initiation and initial success despite its declining value becomes a pathologized substitute for the healthy process. The means become confused with the ends and a regressive pathological process takes over, eventually disintegrating instead of normally integrating the self. Pathological development is the means of the socialization of the individual. Development of normative health or of pathology is a very gradual process. It is most important in the early formative years becoming decreasingly slower as the adult matures and eventually stagnating and reversing with senility and death. Likewise the socialization process begins at the earliest stages of development, but reverses the natural order of development, overly restrictive at the earliest most helpless stages of life, it becomes increasingly less restrictive only after the individual has sacrificed his potential for spontaneous development for dependence and conformity to the behavioral conventions of the social system. Only in his latest years of retirement does the system grant any freedom at a time when the human is least spontaneous and most inflexibly dependent. What the systems gains by the individual's conformity to the externalized pathological values is power of perpetuation despite its nonfunctional character. Thus does the pathological restriction of the individual's normative development become socialized into an authoritarian structure.
Only be continuously striving to overcome one's own subjectivity can one ever obtain any façade of objectivity and hope for normative health. The hierarchy of contributors to the progress of humanity proves to be the greatest integrators. One must understand the nature of the compensatory mechanism to discover the true direction for development and must recognize all the multitude of pathological substitutes. Furthermore, one must think in terms of the total human ecosystem and recognize the many socially pathological subsystems and authoritarian power structures occurring within them. One must become a comprehensive humanologist.
Human subsystems have a life of their own. The size and health determine the longevity of these systems. Subsystems, after developing pathological substitutes, eventually perish to become part of the larger human system or disintegrate into even smaller subsystems. One must not only think lattitudinal in terms of classes or systems, but longitudinally projected over an open ended temporal span and individualistically and organismically and finally in terms of the depth of pronounced inherent human character and untapped human potentialities. In the universal ecosystem the infinitude of minor and major contributory factors, both negative and positive, mitigates against accuracy and allows little room for conclusion. Pathological development is mutually disintegrative. Healthy growth is mutually integrative. There can be no more disintegration than the nothingness of death. Death is nothing. Pathological disintegration is temporary in results in a living nature. Healthy integration of or common growing reality has proven relatively permanent in its results. Pathological disintegration is only regressive in relation to total progressive development. Healthy growth is self regulative. It is only too fast or too slow in relation to the no growth of pathological disintegration. Despite the almost overwhelming predominance of pathological power structures, the efficacy and power of healthy growth is proven by its permanence and accelerative progress.
It is the purpose of this strategy that by understanding the nature of the fundamental compensatory mechanisms of the individual to reform him by educationally stimulating healthy growth and to reform his environment by destroying obsolete authoritarian power structures and pathological substitutes in a continuously progressive process of cyclical regeneration. It is to seek by continuous revolution a reduction of the negative disintegrating influences on human development. Recognition of this problem is part of its solution. It is to replace the old authoritative and destabilizing reality of change and improvement. Finally a proper sense of the personal perspective must be maintained recognizing the limitations of the spoken word and the subtle influence of the written word. The commonwealth must be shared, never forced, lest the revolution perish in the blood of its birth.
At this stage an alternative attitude concerning war might be maintainable, one which strives for more objectivity by denying any presumptions of the fundamental irrationality of war, by saying the human is inherently war like and naturally violent, explaining the function of war to be a natural counter balancing influence to peace and a healthy clearing mechanism to compensate for the progressive influences of civilization: to maintain and sustain the growth of humanity by eliminating old institutions boundaries structures and functions which inhibit growth by necessity and force. To argue that the human is naturally warlike serves to justify all war making efforts. War is a necessary evil to technological civilization, and can therefore never be eradicated. All such pacifist efforts are hopeless and futile. This objective analysis of war is wrong by denying the negativistic perspective of war, for by doing so it also denies the positivistic volition of the individual and humanity in being capable of deciding its future and fate. It also neglects the very realistic possibilities of extinction of the human race by war.
As a biological species the human race is subject to the possibility of extinction. Recent proliferation of the nuclear specter lends credibility to this belief. Extinction is a result of overspecialization. For humanity pathological disintegration of a normally healthy integrative process lead only to a socialized overspecialization of human behavior. Humanity's past track record of almost continuous warfare is a good warning that it may be the fate of the human race to suffer extinction as a result of overspecialization by social pathological substitution processes at the hands of authoritarian power structures.
Humanity has powerful scope. As an individual the human processes volition. It has a wide variety of alternative strategic futures to choose from. We can choose the negativistic course of extinction, by continuing the current trends and processes of back stepping blindly into our future: or we can consciously recognize the human problems and plan for continued growth of human civilization. Destiny is in the stars. If humanity remains earthbound it must eventually perish. If it expands beyond dependence upon the earth it must leave war behind and become an eternal part of the universal ecosystem. If it becomes extinct other biological life forms either here on earth or in space will continue to function in the natural role of anti-entropy. This strategy of peace is founded on the efficacy of human value, not on the value of force. This is the epitome of the indirect approach using peace to win war. It is a positive strategy of success, not based on fear of defeat. It may very well be the only alternative strategy that is left.
Realizing the truth and creating reality is the unending goal of the continuing human revolution: one that can never be allowed to stagnate in the pool of its first blood bath.
I have offered what I believe to be an alternative conceptual basis for a world wide philosophy, something which I hold to be a necessary conceptual cornerstone to a successful strategy of peace. Its definition seems to be applicable to all other philosophies: the marriage in the mind of the philosopher of his metaphysical and physical realities, a universal integration founded on universal human nature. It follows from a common need common to all humans that defines the essential nature of the human as a unique individual as distinct from the social automaton. It leads to a discovery that the metaphysical, artistic, aesthetic and intuitive are at the pinnacle of the hierarchy of human understanding, of human needs and human nature and of nature in general. It is the basis of universal human creativity which is the latent potentiality of every human . the word creativity which is the latent potentiality of every human. The word creativity might be defined as the discovery of the a-priori--the full integration of every human soul, and of exploration of the unknown or only subjectively felt. The goal of the human and of all philosophy is the explorative discovery of the function of the spirit in the universe and its expression in the form of objectively realized, inter-subjective social communication media supplied primarily by material reality and the arts. Who is the philosopher? Every human is one whether or not he chooses to be, either negativistically or positively constructive. This is the essential dignity of human life, the fundamental component applicable to all humans and philosophies. It can be attained in transcendence of physical and material limitations.
Some alternative conceptual foundations of a value strategy transcending the sphere of military consideration to be inclusive of a wider framework of many facets of life have been proffered. These proposed alternatives must never be authoritatively forced upon the minds of humanity, at which they will be automatically and immediately rejected and dichotomized outside the realm of their consideration, providing just the required impetus for the continued persistence of obsolete values and behaviors. These alternatives must be offered as a gift, allowing the gradual but accelerative accumulation of influence and exercise of their efficacy to become integrated with the old, the good eventually replacing the bad.
The alternative solutions for value foundations of world unity are the product of other people. They have expressed their own separate but pertinent ideas with a degree of concise profundity which I would be unable to emulate. These are generalized alternatives, not specific solutions to any specific problems. They point in possible alternative directions and the only intent is to stimulate consideration of such alternatives. They indicate the general strategic reorientation and redirection of human behavior. It is hoped that they have exercised the reader's mind as to what alternative possibilities exist. Accepting the value premises and the hypothetical presumptions and the theoretical constructions to be only partly true, they yield a tautologically impeccable and partly idealistic solution to a particularly idealistic world problem. The strategy of peace is not meant to be realistic. It is only a possible and perhaps the only feasible alternative that has been meant to flex the rigid military mind, expand the collective strategic mind and stimulate and resolve the collective world mind. Yet all the alternative point in a similar general direction, which I will risk specifying and reducing down to more clearly definable terms. Whatever the separate names used to describe similar notions of human being, of sense of life, of cosmic religious feeling, ecstasy, of self fulfillment and self actualization, of love, all are of the same philosophical origin in the understanding of man and all point to the same general direction as to describe the goal of man. It is a common interrelationship of meaning upon any efficacy of the strategy of peace may be found.
Most people of the world are very ignorant of the military realm of human behavior. The minority who are involved directly are usually so involved in a highly specialized and very subjective manner. Yet it does not take very extensive research and contemplation to reveal the dimensions and true scope of the military problem, the cross currents and counter currents of activities, advocacies, arguments and solutions. One finds that too many who ponder on military matters do so from a standpoint of premises which are severely self restricting, limited by lack of comprehensive awareness and understanding, by the standards by which they live and depend upon for existence, and by unquestionably compromising the truth for false premises and presumptions. Limited premises yield limited conclusions, half truths and new unresolved dilemmas of understanding. Dilemma is the human nature of truth un-revealed, unresolved and of mistaken identity and yet intuitively felt. There exists a central crucial dilemma in military philosophy and understanding, one of ends and means, but also very paradoxically in appearance, in the understanding of human nature and normative integration. Human nature is both the initial determiner and the final determinant in the utilization of destructive force, in its strategic direction and operative realization, in both logistics and tactics. Human nature sets both the upper and the lower moral limits, the extensive margins and the intensive margins in the realization of force and in the amount of human suffering ultimately endurable. It is the heart of a quite interesting but generally unprofessed and officially denied paradox, strategic success in war is dependent upon the minimization of tactical bloodshed and upon the maximization of human valuation. It is also the most economical form of war from the logistical and operational standpoint, seeking the minimization of destructive force potentials. Finally it is also the most morally just method of war making. Human nature is both the key to success and the yoke of defeat in war.
The strategy of peace recognized the inherent limitations of any single professed "truth" and aims at an unlimited infinitude of possible alternative premises such that there will be fewer dilemmas and more paradoxes and more elegantly simply and harmoniously reduced conclusions regarding the military and the human problem. The general direction in which these alternatives point is a higher transcendental state of being, one only realizable by the individual. This is the true pursuit of happiness which is the initial premises of value. It follows on the acceptance of the tacit presumption of the predominant importance of fundamental human rights over any political, economic or military issue. It is both a weakness and a hidden strength of human nature to seek many answers and solutions. This is the crux of the argument that the privileges of a state are subordinate to individual human rights. One of the fundamental human rights is the pursuit if happiness. The violation of this right persists today more than anyone is fully aware of or is willing to admit. The importance of this single fact cannot be over stressed. What are the implications? It leads to the conclusion of the efficacy of world unity in every perspective of living, of world peace through supranational organization and the devolution of militarism and of world objectives in the prophetic sense of world utopia. The military in general is the leading violator of human rights today.
There are too many relativistically limited and differentiated conclusions and deviations concerning the reasons for the present world dilemmas. The reason for the rise of Nazism in Germany and the subsequent slaughter of humanity are too distantly related and too differentiated from the communist persecution of intellectual dissidents and the possibility of global holocaust today from the reign of terror by the nuclear menace. There is too much searching for decisive relativistic influences. To credit so much historical importance to decisiveness is a fallacy. It has remained consistently the very cumulative influences which have been by far the most deterministic of historical evolution of human civilization. There does exist a behavior which so far has been it own primary cumulative influence too the sequence of historical evolution. It has to do with the social pathologizing of normative behavior at the earliest ages with the growing ineptitude of the individual to think rationally and behave independently, to be able to adequately and independently adjust for change by spontaneously compensating for the deficits of the external environment. It has to do with social expectations and conformity of the individual behavior to the social and cultural conventions and the gross neglect, inhibitions and suppression of human creativity. It has to do with the self induced and ignored violation of human rights. No single person is a complete example, we all have authoritarian tendencies and revolutionary and creative drives. How much we can control the former and allow the latter tendencies to predominate in our lives is ultimately no one else's but our own choice. Failure finds expression in the social mass, blind and full of non and counter productive inertias of conventional behaviors. Once institutionalized and set in motion the power and terror of the social system gains an unstoppable momentum and life of its own that inevitably eventuates in its own self destruction and the "selfless" dehumanization of the individual. Why else was Hitler?
Overspecialization is a precondition of extinction. What better example of human overspecialization in the social character and convention than the Japanese mass suicide of World War 2, or in total war itself. A nuclear holocaust is already at hand. Yet it is overspecialization of the awareness of perceived "rationality" and "common sense" of truth that seems so irrevocably self evident and so real because everyone else seems to profess and believe in it, which enables a person to behave irrationally pathologically, disillusioned and mistakenly foredoomed to failure and self destruction. This overspecialized functioning of human behavior as predominantly social in orientation, instead of individual, and allows a person to dichotomize reality into separate and isolated physical and metaphysical units, to convince himself of the superior wisdom of his irrationality to proceed blindly on false premises to mistaken conclusions. Only the lone individual may transcend, the social function alone is only communication and satiation of needs. It is not an irrational denial of normative needs, it is an integration of a mind which always questions and is never satisfied. No social system, in any place or time can rightly be raised to "super human" levels of importance. The system serves the human, the human does not serve the system, and the system is not the end of the human. The system is the means of the human, the human is not the means of the system. Amongst the alienation from nature, there is a crucial need to re-humanize the generally dehumanizing system, to restore the human once again to nature.
1. "Utopia or Oblivion: The Prospects For Humanity" by R. Buckminster Fuller, 1969.
Bantam Books Inc.
2. "The Future" edited by Gerald Leinwald, 1976. Pocket Books.
3. "Future Shock" by Alvin Toffler, 1970. Random House Inc.
Military Dimensions
1979-80
Hugh M. Lewis
Blanket Copyright, Hugh M. Lewis, © 2005. Use of this text governed by fair use policy--permission to make copies of this text is granted for purposes of research and non-profit instruction only.
Last Updated: 09/03/11