The point of departure for comprehending physical systems theory rests in the articulation of a hypothetical construct that will yield several sets of answers at the same time. It will give us a clear understanding, in mathematical terms, of the so-called unified field; it will give us an understanding of the constituent and self-consistent dynamics of elementary physics; it will provide us with a coherent and testable model of cosmological history. We have not yet arrived at such a theory, though a great many scientists and nations are investing a great deal of energy and money to the construction of super particle accelerators intended to unlock these questions by the discovery of the elusive and as yet hypothetical Higgs Boson that is held to account for mass interactions in matter. Short of the key discovery of a predicted boson particle that accounts for mass in the universe, I have sought to take a different and much less expensive tact to the construction of a comprehensive theory of the universal physical system. I have done so by means that are primarily conceptual. The alternative theory I have elaborated is similar to the newly emergent string theoretic constructions of physical reality, although there are important hypothetical departures. A great deal of energy is spent training physicists in the mathematics of quantum mechanics and relativist theory, but relatively little is invested in the conceptual development of their metaphysical and philosophical understanding of the implications involved in their own work, implications that may play a profound part in shaping their approach and response to physical reality as a form of scientific worldview.

Physical systems theory concerns fundamental and fundamentally important questions we ask about physical reality--about its basic properties, its basic structure and composition, its organization, its origin, and dynamics. We ask these questions of the very largest and the very smallest dimensions, and we are coming to a critical understanding of how the largest and smallest scales of reality and measurement are interrelated in inseparable ways. This is a kind of grand paradox, that in order to understand the largest structures we can imagine, we must seek the smallest. And we are finding that the largest and the smallest structures are both fundamentally beyond our spheres of observation by even indirect means, and these kinds of physical limitations, that define the physical relativity of our knowledge, sets limits to our science that force us to rethink and retool our scientific approaches to transcend such limitations.

Observations are nonetheless available to us, and inferences possible, that allow us to extend the hypothetical compass of our sphere of knowledge beyond the relativistic boundaries of human observation. It is expected that eventually we will come to a sense of observational parallax in relation to the very large and the very small that will extend our compass of observation in at least an additive manner. It is expected as well that we will eventually devise new means of seeing indirectly in other ways, for instance, gravitational radiation, that may allow us to extend our compass of observation by several orders of magnitude, at least. Until then, we must rely, like the ancient Greek philosophers and mathematicians, upon the vision of our clear thinking and sound reason to see with our mind's eye beyond the limits of our relativistic sphere of physical observation.

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The basis for an alternative conceptioning of physical systems stems from several observations of our own physical reality:

1. Gravitational radiation, and its effects within gravitational systems, appears to be not only ubiquitous and omnipotent in the universe, but these systems appear to last forever (or the extended life of the system) without significant alteration or change and without obvious input of energy or work.

2. The first of these observations is that though the laws of thermodynamics appear to be inviolable, on a basic level the energy of gravitation does not appear to follow these principles in any strict sense. Gravity systems appear continuous and unending for the life of the body of the source of gravitation. This energy appears never to diminish to any significant level.

3. The only known mechanism for the production of chemical elements occur in the physical fusion processes inside of stars. We can speculate and hypothesize on many other alternative systems for the production of matter, but scientifically speaking we can only isolate one general set of pathways for that production, and this set of pathways, as found in our own sun, appear to be ubiquitous and all pervasive in the universe "as far as the eye can see."

4. Stars as solar furnaces appear to live, on average, for a very long time, and hence they appear to be quite stable and long-lived even though such life-spans are contraindicated by their size. In fact, the larger the star system, the shorter its expected life-trajectory; the smaller the size, the longer lived and more stable it is expected to be. The finite energy stores in their mass, and the amount of their mass they throw off in periodic rate intervals, cannot explain the long term dynamics of heat and energy production of such systems unless unknown mechanisms can be invoked.

The point of departure of this construction of physical systems theory is the simple observation that gravity systems appear to defy the fundamental principles of thermodynamics in basic ways. Gravitation is emitted continuously from an object, for the entire life of the object, without any noticeable inputs of energy. In theory, such an object can continuously accrete new mass through the gravitational capture of foreign objects, and in the process only increase its net gravitational power. A related observation is the classic problem of the uniform fall of unequal sized mass objects within a uniform gravitational field. A similar observation is that if an object in space, unperturbed by any other object or force such as a distant gravitational field, is set in motion in a particular direction, then it will retain its speed and direction forever, almost as if it were a perpetual motion machine.

The simple explanation for the last is that space is empty void, and the object encounters no resistance in its state-path trajectory, resistance that would result in friction that would slow the object and alter its trajectory. We notice such motion commonly in the universe, and even objects like the earth or the moon, that are locked within the gravitational embrace of some larger gravitating body, still maintain a permanent and nearly perfect orbital trajectory.

All of these observations suggest that something interesting is happening in the universe, in relation to gravitational energy in space, that cannot be explained fully by the fundamental principles of thermodynamics or the basic principles of classical mechanics that are based upon the observation of mass objects and heat energies. It suggests that there may be more to apparently empty space and gravitational energy than meets the eye.

These observations have given rise to an alternative theoretical explanation that revises the fundamental principles of thermodynamics to better account for the observable properties of gravitational energy in the universe. It has led to an expanded paradigm of gravitational dynamics that embraces and encompasses the principles of thermodynamics as a limited system in a larger and more complete system of energy exchange. Energy in an ultimate sense may not be created or destroyed, at least not in any way obvious to us, but the form that this energy assumes can be altered, and essentially converted into some other form of energy. The result is that the kinds of positive energies we think normally think about, because they are part of our system of physical observation in an intrinsic way, particularly light energy, can be in fact "created" and "destroyed" (or disintegrated) when it is converted from and back into gravitational energy. I maintain that this is a very common process in the universe, ubiquitous and continuous. We no longer question the notion that matter may be converted to energy, and vice versa. What we need to question is the notion that energy may not also be converted into some other form than what we know it.

Furthermore, with the interactions of gravitational energy with other electromagnetic energy and mass (a demonstration of the extended principle of equivalence applied to mass and energy systems) we have the rise of complex systems of near perfect equilibrium that can be essentially described as dynamic perpetual motion machines. The universe is replete with machines of perpetual motion and machines that produce more energy than they appear to be consuming.

The theoretical trick is that we may be only observing one half of the set of processes that are actually happening. The other half of the processes are only indirectly observable in terms of their relativistic, entropy and gravitational effects upon mass and matter, and may be essentially invisible because they occur on such a fundamental level that they are beyond our sphere of observation. The other half of physical reality may in essence be quite transparent and invisible to our means of visual perception, even though we must live with its consequences in everything we do in physical reality. Because of its great transparency and invisibility to our light perception, it has mostly gone unnoticed and therefore unaccounted for.

As a result of this line of reasoning, physical systems theory has been extended as the basis for an alternative cosmological model of the structure of the universe, as well as a quantum-mechanical model for the fundamental structure of the very fabric of physical reality itself--what can be called the stuff of space-time. The theory therefore appears to satisfy all the main requirements for a comprehensive theory of physical systems stated previously. It does not require a huge particle accelerator to prove, because it concludes implicitly that such an accelerator will not be necessary to its proof, and will probably not be a fully satisfactory proof even if a Higgs Boson is discovered. Proof for this model may be found in other ways. In terms of its productivity, for instance, in allowing us to create an entirely new set of gravitational devices that will for once allow us to see and manipulate gravitational energy in a more controlled manner. Some of these devices will be scientifically and technologically useful, others might prove to be frighteningly destructive.

The basis of physical systems theory as I have developed this is two-fold. First, it accounts for gravitation in relation to mass dynamics and space-time structure based on the critical observation that gravitational energy appears unique in that it does not seem to obey the fundamental laws of thermodynamics. The second observation stems from the first, and states something like this: gravitational effects upon mass appear to occur in systems that are independent of larger or alternative systems, while at the same time, all such systems appear to be gravitationally united upon one level or another such that there are no apparent or measurable discontinuities of space or time between them.

The first observation leads to an alternative theory of gravitational dynamics that encompasses normal thermodynamics associated with electromagnetic radiation, and it leads to some rather remarkable predictions about the relations of space-time to mass and matter and the intermediation of different forms of energy between these systems.

The second observation leads to a definition of an "already unified" field that is gravitationally integrated and that results in a kind of universal relativity that predicts that the universe is infinite, unbounded, and essentially dynamic in its basic multidimensional structure.

First, it rests on one hand upon the conception of a basic model of the what can be described as the "total" universe. The kind of cosmological model we adopt in this regard will be determined by, and determine in turn, the kinds of implicit conclusions we make about our sense of reality. A cosmological view of the total universe is symbolically necessary on a number of levels. Human understanding and intelligence, being symbolic in structure, requires such a comprehensive view of the world, whether this view is achieved scientifically, religiously or in some other ideological framework of understanding. Such a comprehensive view of the complete physical world is structurally necessary both for a coherent social order, for a healthy sense of science and for a realistic sense of being in the world.

In regard to this first point, physical systems theory attempts to take a step back from the paradigmatic commitments to certain kinds of conclusions and presuppositions of any particular cosmological model, to address and attempt to understand the implications of the underlying presumptions of any and all possible cosmological models of the universe. Depending upon our primes, different kinds of models we adopt of the universe will lead to different kinds of outcomes for our understanding and scientific praxis. In this heuristic sense, physical systems theory becomes meta-systematic in attempting to overcome the limitations that constrain adoption of any particular model.

In this sense, we can speculate that the essential cosmological model of physical systems theory is not the "total universe" per se, so much as it is the question of the hypothetical universe, and of alternative possible universes that can be constructed conceptually depending on whatever primes we adopt. Consideration of the range of primes available to us, and their hidden implications for our construction processes, becomes an important process in the articulation and productivity of physical systems theory.

The second side of the coin of physical systems theory involves primarily a fundamental question about the essential structure of physical reality. At the heart of this concern about basic structures of physical reality is a question of a unified field and the question of the irreducible structure of physical entities and processes. We jump from the cosmological scale of the total universe, to the quantum scale of the subatomic. As with the heuristics of alternative cosmological models, we have competing hypothesis about what constitutes the basic structure of the physical fabric of reality.

It is evident that in the grandest or smallest scales, there is as yet a boundary of our knowledge beyond which we do not yet see clearly. We do not fully understand the structure of the universe on a large scale or the structure of reality upon a very small scale of observation. This is complicated especially by the physical relativity of our power of observation on either a very large or small scale. There appear to be intrinsic relativistic limits of our resolving powers beyond which we cannot directly see. These kinds of limits may be ultimately inescapable.

A unified field theory has not yet been sufficiently developed. We expect a certain kind of mathematical elegance and parsimony of such theory, whether it is really there to be discovered or not. String theory has arisen and become important to an understanding of this physical structure, though it remains as yet incomplete and partial, lacking the substantive empirical evidence that might allow it to achieve the degree of theoretical integration that would be required of a successful unified field theory. I have in a previous work proposed an alternate "Spring" theory, that is like the string theory in many ways, and yet it seems to me that the bottom line remains that we just do not know enough at a subatomic level to determine once and for all the basic structure of physical reality.

It goes almost without saying that the structure of the very smallest is intimately connected to the structure of the very largest in physical reality, and that competing cosmological and subatomic theories interact with one another in basic and even in unseen ways to determine a composite view of physical reality at any and every scale possible. On the other hand, the fullest implications and connections between the very large and the very small have not been necessarily fully explored in a manner that may be sufficient to a fully integrated view of the physical world.

It strikes me now as before that the key to resolving our view of the world, at whatever level we are operating on, hinges on the question of the still mysterious force of gravitation and its effects in gravity based systems. However much we may know of gravity and gravitational radiation, there appears to be much that remains unknown and even unconsidered about it. The paradox of this scientific predicament is that we live with gravity in a fundamental sense. It is such a basic constraint and aspect to everything we know and experience physically that we cannot escape its power and its consequences for our lives.

Further, beyond the two sides of the coin of physical reality, there are many as yet unanswered residual questions relating to our physical reality that need to be mentioned at least in passing. On a chemical level, we must examine what the basis is for alternative chemical and physical properties arising from different molecular or elemental combinations. We must ask in terms of theoretical chemistry what are the origins of elements and what are possible alternative structures of nuclei. Similarly, our understanding of electromagnetic radiation and light appears to me to be as yet incomplete, either in terms of its basic structure and process as a pervasive phenomena, or in terms of its field effects and other essential properties.

In addition to questions like these, it is apparent also that physical systems theory leads to further questions about operational methods that can be developed to explore and investigate the physical structure of reality in a more thorough and detailed way, and then to possible innovations or inventions that will allow us to exploit or utilize the basic properties of physical reality in our own alternative systems.

I deal in the second part with the question of physical systems from a theoretical, operational and applied mode. In this, I adopt basic models that were developed in earlier works and attempt to extend and apply these models to basic devices or designs that may or may not have any larger efficacy in reality. These models resolve themselves in what I take to be fundamental questions concerning the structure and fabric of physical reality, including the central hypothesis that I refer to as universal relativity of space-time the issue of the unified gravitational field, gravitational dynamics and the interaction between mass and energy within the framework of the gravitational field.

From this standpoint, whether we are dealing with only hypothetical models in some ultimate sense, or we are dealing with possible applications in a more practical sense, it needs to be remembered that physical systems science deals heuristically with hypothetical alternatives and the implications that arise logically or can be traced out empirically depending upon what primes we adopt. In such a manner, natural systems science must be in the most fundamental way non-paradigmatic in not being predefined by its commitment to any received point of view or set of operational methodologies. Secondly, it must be inherently interdisciplinary from the standpoint that natural problem sets intersect various domains of knowledge and expertise in the world.

Though it is something of a grand paradox that the very smallest is intimately connected to the largest structures of physical reality, and that the intermediate levels of analysis are somewhat occluded, it remains the case that there is critical feedback between the extremes and the intermediate ground such that the answers we give to either extreme may influence our applications and models in the middle ground, and how we experience and think about the middle ground, as for instance the behavior of objects in gravity, or the behavior of light upon substances, does affect how we think about the extreme edges of our physical compass of reality.

It is from this standpoint that whatever the level of focus, physical systems theory is about integration of our view of reality upon very basic levels, and these influence directly our ability to integrate ourselves with reality itself in fundamental and fundamentally important ways. Physical systems theory is therefore concerned with the problem of integration of physical reality in the most basic and most applicable of manners possible. By extension this basic problem of integration of physical reality on a basic level connects as well as to other levels of understanding of reality, for instance in biological, human and alternative systems theory. Just as there occurs critical feedback between basic and derivative levels of physical systems, there occurs as well feedback between different orders and kinds of systems, and how we think about order and pattern at one level affects how we think about the same issues on other and upon all levels simultaneously.

We can distinguish it seems in natural systems theory basic levels of integration, or problems of integration, at different levels and orders of patterning, and in both a general or universal sense, and in specific, local and applied senses. From this we can see the importance of a cosmological view of the world and of a basic view of physical reality in pre-structuring our science and our scientific activity, and in determining the ways in which we might symbolically integrate and come to interact with the world in basic ways. In this we can see also the central function of natural systems theory in the elucidation of meta-systems integration of complex and often disparate realities. Integration is one of the key purposes of pursuing meta-systems comprehension. In this role, physical systems theory is perhaps the primary player in integration of complex realities.

Before proceeding with an account of physical systems theory, it is important to reiterate two sets of preliminary points. The first relates to the universality of the laws of thermodynamics in describing physical systems; the second relates to the heuristic framework for conceptualizing different kinds of cosmological models depending upon the heuristic and metaphysical primes implicit to alternative models.

The first consideration concerns classical heat mechanics and the dynamics of physical reality as we conventionally experience this. All natural systems in their physical instantiation are fundamentally systems with physical presence that have therefore a set of shared physical properties, no matter what level of integration and complexity we are dealing with. All such systems defined in a classical way are fundamentally thermodynamic systems. They involve the transfer and exchange of a form of electromagnetic energy referred to as heat, and as such they must all obey, without exception, the fundamental rules of thermodynamics. In other words, all naturally occurring systems, at all levels of integration, are kinds of machines that function according to certain mechanical rules. They do work of some kind, and contain information. In addition, a characteristic overlooked in the analysis of natural systems is that all such systems, as finite machines with fundamental physical properties, always exist in real space and time within a larger context that sets certain fundamental constraints upon the behavior of such systems. Even complex and heterogeneous biological and artificial human systems can and must be seen mechanically in terms of their heat exchanges within a larger, encompassing environment. The rules of thermodynamics are listed below:

0. The zeroth rule of thermodynamics states that the temperature of any two systems will tend in the long run to be the same as a third common system, and that heat of the smaller contained system will tend to equilibriate with the heat of an infinitely large containing system, which represents an ideal energy sink or heat reservoir.

1. The first rule of thermodynamics states energy can neither be created nor destroyed and therefore there can be no perpetual motion machines of the first kind in which work is accomplished without the transfer of heat energy into or from the system. No machine can exist or perform work if no heat or energy is transferred in the system. More simply put, work can only be done by a machine by means of heat energy being transferred in relation to the system.

2. The second rule of thermodynamics states the law of entropy, which is the measure of the state of disorder of a system or its proximity to a perfect energy vacuum system. In other words, the state of entropy of any system can never decrease, but only increase, unless work is done. Heat cannot be transferred from a lower energy system to a higher energy system. Heat always transfers from a high to low energy gradient or differential, and therefore there can be no perpetual motion machine of the second kind in which a machine can perpetually work without the transfer of energy.

3. The third rule of thermodynamics is the law of absolute zero, or a state of no heat in a vacuum system. Absolute zero can never be reached, only approached infinitely by a continuous number of steps or integrations. Thus, we cannot have a "perpetual motion machine of the third kind" which is any machine that exists in a completely energiless or motionless state--i.e., a total energy vacuum.

It is important to reiterate these principles because they form the basis for a conventional scientific view of physical reality, and define the shared minimal constraints for all physically occurring systems. They are also the point of departure for the discussion of physical systems theory from a comprehensive standpoint. I have relegated the "laws" of the paradigm of thermodynamics to general "rules" because I wish to demonstrate, in an alternative hypothetical construction, that such rules may have important exceptions when gravitational energy systems are more carefully and fully considered. In such an enlarged theoretical system, the laws of thermodynamics become part of a covering law model of physically manifest entities and relations in the observable universe. They are essentially correct for the systems they apply to, except that they do not apply in the same way to all systems that may occur.

The other main point I wish to consider is what can be referred to as the underlying presuppositions of alternative cosmological models we may hold for the whole of physical reality, or what we would call the total universe. In this we must first separate the concept of the total universe, as all inclusive, from what can be called the observable universe, or from the inferable universe, which in theory should comprehend and encompass the observable universe, but not necessarily the total universe. Furthermore, we may designate what can be called the hypothetical universe, which is that set of models which exist primarily in theory, from the demonstrable or empirical universe, which can be substantiated with empirical evidence. We must further distinguish analytically what can be referred to as the "knowable" universe from the "unknowable universe" which leads us to speculate that the total universe may never be fully knowable in a certain way.

Cosmological models are important to our understanding of physical systems, because they serve to provide the common frame of reference for all other naturally defined or definable systems. Hence what model we adopt, what presuppositions we choose, will in part determine how and what we see in that world as a fundamental part of our scientific worldview. If we conceptualize, for instance, what I call a finite or end state universe, then this leads to very different cosmological and quantum physical outcomes of thinking than if we hypothesize the alternative infinite state universe. In such metaphysical considerations of physical models, we cannot logically have it both ways and still hold a non-contradictory view of reality. In other words, we cannot implicitly presuppose a finite-state universe, and then speculate on its infinitudes. Vice versa, if we are to presuppose that the universe is infinite, then we cannot then conclude that it is closed and limited in some basic way.

These issues broach a very fundamental set of questions that are in an ultimate sense unanswerable by science--but they are questions science must ask and seek to answer nonetheless as points of departure into realistic, if relative, systems of natural order. Thus, we must ask and seek an answer to the question of infinity, even though we might never be able to prove or falsify it. Another related question is whether there be nothing in an absolute, initial or ultimate sense. Answering these kinds of questions lead to antinomal paradoxes about our knowledge and a fundamental sense of contradiction. We can say that infinity exists as a logical truth of our mathematical systems, but it may have no necessary demonstration in the real world if we assume a finite-state universe or otherwise.

We present hypothetical or alternative state universes as a heuristic system for modeling metaphysically alternative cosmological models and their necessary logical outcomes. In this I distinguish what I call zero-state from non-zero state models. A zero-state universe, as for instance one defined by a principle of singularity, implies a universe that has some sense of fundamental nothingness. It implies, among other things, a fundamental constituent entity of the universe, below which there is no further division. It implies a model that is also finite-state in some way or another, versus the alternative infinite state universe. We may go further and speculate on other alternative state structures for the universe, as for instance a closed versus open state model, or a divergent or convergent state model, or a isotropic or non-isotropic state model, or a multi-state or single-state model, with implications of a positive and/or negative state model or an anti-state or parallel state model. Another kind of model that occurs in cosmological theorization are steady-state versus dynamic state models, and meta-state versus single state models.

These alternative models have different kinds of implications and lead to different kinds of non-contradictory conclusions that are forced upon our conceptual systems in terms of a coherent metaphysics, and they point to the important role that philosophy still plays in the articulation of conceptual systems about physical reality and cosmology, whether scientists as astronomers, physicists and family men embrace metaphysics or not.

Between the basic mechanical paradigms governing all natural systems and our metaphysical systems and their implications underlying our cosmological models and understanding of physical reality, exists a middle ground arena that we can refer to as physical systems theory, upon which all other natural systems are derivative and emergent.

The aspects of the universe requiring sufficient explanation include the following:

1. If the only known mechanisms of the production of elements are fusion reactions occurring in older and hot stars, then how do we explain the presence and production of heavy elements in planets like the earth? It is difficult to explain the origination of these elements in any other fashion than in the known manner of their fusion production in the core of stellar systems. Thus, the presence of heavy elements, in the earth for instance, can only be explained by the previous production of these elements in stars.

2. The speed of light is a peculiar property of electromagnetic radiation. This property is unique to this form of energy. It is possible that other forms of energy, for instance gravitational energy, do not have this property, and in fact may have another speed or set of speeds specifically associated with it. Several possibilities are suggested by this deduction.

a. This leads to a composite theory of gravity that gravitational energy may exist upon a continuum that is composed of a range of energy forms.

b. Gravitational energy may transmit itself at faster than the speed of light, and, possibly, even in an instantaneous manner. The significance of this is that the universe "holds itself together" beyond the relativistic space-time constraints determined by the speed of light.

c. This suggests that cosmological relativity or universal relativity may not be based upon an immutable constant of the speed of light, but upon the relative instantaneity of gravitational radiation.

3. Gravitational radiation does not appear to follow common thermodynamic principles attributed to electromagnetic radiation. In other words, it appears that this form of energy defies the important conventions of the laws of thermodynamics in basic ways. Evidence for this can be found in the continuous production of gravitational energy from all gravitating bodies, particularly very large or very heavy ones, especially black holes that are stable.

a. The great stability of star systems can be accounted for by these gravitational processes in which thermodynamic energy and, in very large systems, new mass, is continuously created from gravitational energy. Most of this new energy is thrown off by the stars in the form of solar winds and electromagnetic and cosmic radiation. Some percentage of this new mass is captured in the mass of the system itself.

Stars appear to achieve a relatively stable mass-size configuration, such that they do not significantly grow or shrink over the course of their lifetime. It is interesting that heavier stars have a shorter life cycle than smaller stars. This suggests the possibility that greater gravitational forces of larger star bodies act more rapidly upon such entities. Changes to stars that follow the typical state-path trajectory appear to be those kinds of alterations of internal structure and composition during its various phases. In particular, it appears that stars increase in the relative percentages of heavier and heavier elements, and in the corresponding loss of hydrogen nuclei or core nucleonic substance. This process of nucleonic fusion is accompanied by increasing temperatures of the star that are associated with the energy of fusion. The pathways followed by the production of elements in stars are probably extremely complex and to some extent quite variable.

It is possible that even older stars are continuously producing new nucleonic "feeder" material that is subsequently either absorbed by the star or else blown off into inter-stellar space where it accretes to form large hydrogen clouds and new stellar masses.

In understanding the production of elements in sun systems, we must understand the possible pathways that may occur in the fusion of hydrogen nuclei, or nucleons, into larger nucleic structures, and the possible fusion of these larger structures into even heavier nuclear structures. The key question to be asked in the universe is whether the distribution of basic elements in the universe is relatively uniform and the same throughout, or if not, then whether the relative presence and densities of different kinds of elements are different and essentially random in the universe.

These fusion process allegedly take place within the core regions of stars on a regular basis, fueled perhaps in the outer regions by reverse fission processes which serve to reduce nuclei back into smaller nucleonic particles. In general, though stars typically through off a vast amount of mass each year, the net mass of such systems appear to change little over its life-span. This net mass is defined gravitationally by the size of the total system. The nuclear composition of its core appears to alter, especially in its latest stages, with increasing temperatures and the possible buildup of more dense distributions of heavier nuclei. At some stage, the reverse fission processes that feed such systems slow down or eventually stop, and less nucleonic material is blown off in the normal radiation of such a star.

This process is the only known or observed means of manufacturing heavier nuclear materials from lighter material. In other words, we know of no other means of making any of the elements that occur on earth or in any of the other planets, or naturally any where else in the universe. The original production of nucleonic material remains unknown, though I speculate that it can be made in one of two or more different state-path trajectories, and gravitational energy may be the basis of its production and its ultimate destruction. If new nucleonic material is produced as a result of gravitational forces in sun-sized systems, then it is apparent that there is an equilibrium of total mass of such systems such that they remain fairly stable and the same in size throughout most of their life-span. Thus, if new nucleonic material is constantly manufactured in sun-sized stellar systems, then this new mass must be a part of the material that is continuously ejected and blown off into outer space. It may be blown off only as free neutrons and protons, too light to remain trapped within the core of such systems. We do not know if the total universe exhibits a set amount of nuclear material, in some kind of grand equilibrium, or else if this total volume of its mass may fluctuate with time, decreasing or growing in time. We may perhaps never know.

This theory suggests that new nucleonic material that constitutes the basis for all known forms of mass is regularly and continuously created in the observable universe. Most forms of elements as these have been found to occur on earth in their relative abundances, were probably formed in the last stages of the death of a stellar system, and represent the multiple pathways of nuclear fusion that proceeded when the basic hydrogen of the system was spent or finally lost. It also suggests that there must exist an alternative pathway by which means such material is destroyed. It appears to me that the best candidate for the destruction of such material are black-holes that, due to their tremendous gravitational force, is capable of breaking all mass and nucleonic material into constituent entities, and possibly even into gravitational energy itself, which is then released back into the universe.

For this theory to be successful, several things must be explained. Perhaps the most important is to explain the observed Doppler Shift of all electromagnetic radiation received upon earth from distant stars. The explanation I offer for this phenomenon is to suggest that in the long run, with increasing distance, light cannot change its speed, which is an intrinsic property of light. It can only lose its relative momentum, which would be the equivalent of its red-shifting towards lower frequencies. Light will systematically lose its momentum to its surrounding background over the long-run, and it does this at relatively steady rates. Mechanisms implied in this are the "bending" of light by intervening and differential gravitational fields.

Random and non-uniform curvature of space-time reflects a genuine non-isotropism and suggests that we cannot define an overall structure to the universe, especially if we hypothesize an infinite or non-zero state universe without extensive or intensive limit. The essential structure of the universe probably in effect changes over the larger context. The observational sphere of the universe, which is the universe of special and general relativity, may in fact also lack any larger sense of uniformity of structure or curvature to the purported fabric of space-time.

We might state the following kind of hypothesis. The observable universe exists in space-time, and conforms to the structure of space-time, but space-time is not bound by the observational sphere of the universe, or by the structure of light, which is in effect the constant of the speed of light. Space-time may exist within the gravitational sphere of the inferable universe, but gravitation exists within another dimensional field contained within the universe that is complementary to the positive space-time dimensions we experience, and which contains these dimensions as variable, continuous manifestations.

It seems to me that the kinetic motion of molecules in a gaseous phase illustrate something important about the relationship of mass to the structure of space-time. Another way of looking at this problem is to ask whether if when a hydrogen molecule is in its gas phase attaining an enormous velocity a fraction of the speed of light, whether or not this energy that it contains does not represent the degree of inertia of the small mass of the hydrogen nucleus upon the space-time field within which it operates. Hydrogen gas in its natural state must be in a state of almost constant kinetic motion, and it is this kinetic energy which overrides and shapes the space-time context in which it occurs, or rather, is shaped by this space-time context in a random manner. It can be said that in such a state, space-time is in a state of relative inequilibrium and flux. Such motions, if they achieve a very concentrated state, can be said to possibly rend the fabric of space-time itself.

Another way of looking at this is to consider that compound matter in a solid or liquid state exhibits properties of a shared mass about a common center that tends to exclude the effects of space-time within the material itself. In other words a kind of gravitational boundary layer of space-time is created between the object of mass, however large or small, and the surrounding space-time field. The molecules in such a substance become unified in terms of their mass, such that it can be said that a hypothetical center of gravity emerges from their unification. Such a center of gravity is negligible, even immeasurable, for an object of very small mass, but as mass is compounded together, it becomes increasingly greater in an exponential manner. So slight must gravitational forces be for a small collection of unified molecules that it is the other attractive forces--the ionic and covalent bonds between the electrons, that serve as the primary basis for its chemical properties and physical structure. But the accumulation of enough material in unification leads eventually to the gradual increase in the strength of the gravitational field that is concentric about the shared center of mass balance in the object. A unified gravitational field exists in a state of relative equilibrium

Again, like a gas cloud, the other way of looking at this unification of mass in solid and liquid phase matter is the manner in which it shapes and redirects the space-time framework within which it occurs.

A gas cloud that is not contained within some kind of vessel must lack any common center. Its kinetic and chaotic sense of random disorder would entail that such an entity would expand until the cloud dissipates as such--the molecules eventually dispersing in every direction. The behavior of such a cloud of randomly distributed molecules would indicate the natural omni-directionality of the space-time envelope within which it occurs.

The origination of hydrogen gas clouds must have been achieved through the definition of a common center of gravity. It strikes me that this in its basic form may be an impossibility with hydrogen gas, unless this gas had achieved a degree of pressure and density of volume that created a sense of shared mass. Hydrogen gas in a cloud may exhibit a common central region within which, perchance, densities and pressures can increase to very high levels. At these high pressures/densities, it is possible for hydrogen to undergo a series of transformations. Among these transformations may be the production of plasma by the stripping of electrons, the occurrence of neutron plasma as a result, and the fusion of hydrogen nuclei together with additional neutron plasma to create other elemental forms.

It strikes me as well that understanding the nuclear physics of an atom is critical to our understanding of the structure and dynamics of space-time as well. It appears that the nucleonic dissociation of a neutron into a proton/electron pair in which electro-magnetic forces and fields come into play and can be yielded, represents on one hand a more stable dissociation of mass than that found within a neutron. Neutrons appear only to exist within a nucleus in conjunction with protons and other neutrons. The foundation of all radioactivity is then the continuous dissociation of a neutron and its tendency to breakdown into proton-electron pairs.

As stars reach their final stages, it seems to me that a solid mass core takes over from a liquid plasma core, and as the composition of the plasma changes towards heavier and crystallic elements, a degree of gravitational equilibrium is achieved at the core at which time the space-time fabric can repair itself to the point that no new nucleonic material will be produced, and material already existing within the system will either be blown out of the system or consumed and crystallized into heavier and heavier elemental forms. At some stage, secondary fission reactions might overtake the primary fusion generator reactions--these secondary reactions tending to redistribute heavier atomic nuclei.

As the original fusion pathways continue, a greater density of heavier and heavier nuclei would emerge, and more pathways for more possible combinations for secondary fusion reactions would be available. A star apparently spends the greater part of its lifetime cooking up the basic elemental ingredients--primarily the hydrogen nuclei--followed by helium, lithium, beryllium, boron, carbon, etc. Whatever the final broth of the star in its final death throes, the greater mass and amounts of the heavier elements will be formed in the penultimate moments of the stars emergence. Once the processes come to completion, the pathway of the star can go in one of several directions depending upon its overall size--very large stars that have short state-path trajectories end up collapsing in upon themselves to form the dark stuff of black holes in a gravitational vortex. Intermediate stars probably become unstable neutron stars and quasars, possibly exploding or pulsing. Stars below a certain threshold almost certain end up as brown dwarves that shrink upon themselves, throwing off the last remaining plasma fuel. At this stage, it is possible that the mass of such stars actually shrink to an indefinite limit. Gravitational energies in the unified mass of the core would become stabilized and concentrated upon a common focus, at which point no new stellar material would be formed. In the very last stage, a dead star would emerge as a kind of planetoid within which the process of molecular compounding and crystallization would be the main remaining reaction.

Space-time disequilibrium to electro-magnetic/gravitational interaction to stellar nuclear material to fused elemental material to fission heavy nuclei to chemical crystallization of molecular compounds to nuclear degeneration of compounds.

It also is the case that once a star is formed in its proto-form then it will not change in size or dimension in any considerable degree. It attains a state of relative gravitational equilibrium that entails that any new nuclear material it may produce within its core, will be ejected and lost from its mass through stellar radiation. Such a star will only gradually change in its internal composition, the rate of change being dependent upon its relative size and possibly is relative plasma densities. This factor may be related to the relative size and density of the star's core. Equilibriation of a star may be related to the relative formation of the core about the outer sheath's of the star, which serve as a sufficient transport mechanism to carry off all new mass and energy produced within the core.

It is apparent that gravitational energy is transported to the core of gravitating bodies by means of pressure that is exerted by increasing mass densities about a common center of gravity. This pressure is eventually translated into heat energy that is lost primarily through conductance from the core, back through the body of the mass of the planet and released back to space, relatively free of gravitational constraint by the object that created it in the first place.

In understanding the production of elements in sun systems, we must understand the possible pathways that may occur in the fusion of hydrogen nuclei, or nucleons, into larger nucleic structures, and the possible fusion of these larger structures into even heavier nuclear structures. The key question to be asked in the universe is whether the distribution of basic elements in the universe is relatively uniform and the same throughout, or if not, then whether the relative presence and densities of different kinds of elements are different and essentially random in the universe.

These fusion process allegedly take place within the core regions of stars on a regular basis, fueled perhaps in the outer regions by reverse fission processes which serve to reduce nuclei back into smaller nucleonic particles. In general, though stars typically through off a vast amount of mass each year, the mass of such systems appear to change little over its life-span. The nuclear composition of its core appears to alter, especially in its latest stages, with increasing temperatures and the possible build of more dense distributions of heavier nuclei. At some stage, the reverse fission processes that feed such systems slow down or eventually stop, and less nucleonic material is blown off in the normal radiation of such a star.

This process is the only known or observed means of manufacturing heavier nuclear materials from lighter material. In other words, we know of no other means of making any of the elements that occur on earth or in any of the other planets, or naturally any where else in the universe. The original production of nucleonic material remains unknown, though I speculate that it can be made in one of two or more different state-path trajectories, and gravitational energy may be the basis of its production and its ultimate destruction. If new nucleonic material is produced as a result of gravitational forces in sun-sized systems, then it is apparent that there is an equilibrium of total mass of such systems such that they remain fairly stable and the same in size throughout most of their life-span. Thus, if new nucleonic material is constantly manufactured in sun-sized stellar systems, then this new mass must be a part of the material that is continuously ejected and blown off into outer space. It may be blown off only as free neutrons and protons, too light to remain trapped within the core of such systems.

We do not know if the total universe exhibits a set amount of nuclear material, in some kind of grand equilibrium, or else if this total volume of its mass may fluctuate with time, decreasing or growing in time. We may perhaps never know.

*****

The relationships suggested by the perfect gas law and the behavior of gases in space-time, lacking an apparent gravitational core, bring up the question of pressure theory as this may relate to gravitational pressures affecting gravitating bodies, albeit in inverse relationship to gas pressure. It is apparent that space-time has a fluidity almost like a gas or liquid in motion.

Electrostatic bound entities constitute the basis for the reorientation of field-lines about a common center of gravity. How this occurs exactly is unknown, but it is clear that at the level of gravitational field-lines, electromagnetic forces interact and shape their structure of space-time. It is equally clear that gravitationally unified and bound systems, such as Earth, are not held together by electrostatic forces so much as by a gravitational field that keeps everything close to the ground, so to speak. But it is equally clear that all mass must exhibit electrostatic binding before they can become gravitationally unified and bound together as a single gravitating body.

This is just the reverse of the case of gases, especially hydrogen gas. Gases can diffuse into each other without any apparent reaction--they appear to be spatially unbound unless they are confined to some kind of container. And yet the kinetic and random motion of their molecules suggests that these entities do interact with space-time field-lines, albeit in disordered and perhaps a non-isotropic manner. If we examine the possible s-t relativity of such phenomena. If an object does not fall to earth, except that it may be carried by the space-time manifold to the earth, in a similar way we must ask whether the kinetic hydrogen molecules are really bouncing off one another, or is the s-t that they are contained within set into a kind of wild turbulence.

It is apparent to me as well that plasmas have similar properties of pressure and flow dynamics as gases and fluids, especially in contexts such as in the sun where they apparent of a certain density. The expansion of a red giant may be due to the sudden change in temperature and the increase of relative pressure of the internal composition of the plasma. Pressure/density/temperature relationships. The outer shell of the sun acts as a boundary layer, possibly, maintaining internal equilibrium and unification of the system. Pressures and temperatures may balance one another within the solar system to achieve a kind of equilibrium. It is possible that the perfect gas law would not apply to conditions of extremely high pressures and temperatures in the same manner.

The principle of universal relativity emerges from consideration of the dynamic state universe. It states that there can be no non-relative frames of reference by which to understand or define any subsystem of the universe. It implies that the universe is infinite and unbounded, and non-zero state, which implies as well that absolute zero is a physical constant of the universe that appears inviolable but which may be gradually changing as a zero-reference point for all coordinate periodic processes occurring in the universe.

Universal relativity represents an extension of the basic principles of the theory of general relativity into a n-dimensional construct that allows the normal four-dimension construct of space-time independent variability as a result of kinetic energy and motion.

Universal relativity may be stated or summarized by the following example. For each object that is embedded in a discrete space-time matrix, there is a single instantaneous set of values that can be associated with that object in relation to its direct frame of reference. At this level, the rules of mechanics governing the behavior of the object would be the same for any other object that occupied the same frame. The trouble is that the frame itself that defines the mechanical behavior of the objects it contains, can be part of a yet larger frame or space-time matrix, and this sub-frame, including the objects it contains, may be obeying a different set of rules of behavior than those that determine the behavior of the objects in reference to itself. The rules of behavior that determine the outcomes for the larger framework are completely independent of the mechanistic rules that determine the behavior of the objects it contains. In other words, depending on the scale we specify, any frame or object it contains may be a part of any number of larger frames, each of which obeys its own state-path trajectory that is independent of the frameworks and trajectories contained within it. In fact, there may be an infinite number of such frameworks simultaneously co-occurring in the universe, even within one area of the universe.

I will call the framework within which set rules of mechanics conform all objects the gravitational frame of reference, because in all such systems gravitational force appears to be the common denominator and the main thing in common between all frames of reference, of whatever observable scale. We notice most our motion on the earth's surface in terms of gravity that pulls everything earthward, sometimes destructively so, and in terms of the earth's rotation, which we see as the rising and setting of the sun. We notice less the passage of the earth about its orbit of the sun, as the passage of days of the year and the seasons that recycle. These motions occur independently of our own actions or movements upon the earth's surface. We notice even less our passage about the Milky Way, or the possible travels of the Milky Way galaxy through space in relation to other galaxies.

The possibility of relative gravitational frames of reference occurs as the result of the gravitational unification of a system in a state of relative equilibrium that defines a long-lasting state-path trajectory. There are few abrupt shifts expected in the rotation of the earth or in its orbit around the sun. There may be slight long term perturbations or periodic fluctuations. We cannot guess really the long-term behavior of any system. Once a system becomes gravitationally unified, it achieves an equilibrium of gravitational force within the framework that it is defined within, such that it remains relatively stable and quite predictable in its pathway over the long term.

Gravitational unification is related to the notion of the physical definition of a fixed dominant center of gravity within a bounded system, such that all objects belonging to such a system have adjusted their motions and behaviors in relation to a common center of gravitation. Any object, within any single frame of reference, must obey certain laws of motion: it can be in only one place at one time, and it can travel in only one direction at one time. Furthermore, in order to accelerate the object, it must require the input of additional energy. Usually, such centers of gravitation are defined by the largest material body locally present in a system, but such local systems are indeed part of larger systems that are defined by centers of gravitation. It is possible that centers of gravitation can be defined in relatively empty space, in juxtaposition between two or more bodies in relation to one another. This would be a form of complex equilibrium.

Free falling bodies of different masses within the same gravitational frame of reference will achieve equal speeds of acceleration, all other things being equal. This points to the independence of the gravitational structure of space-time that surrounds and embeds the objects to the relative mass of the objects themselves. In such conditions of free-fall, it is the relative disequilibrium of the gravitational framework of these objects, and the corresponding disruption of their space-time matrix, that causes their uniform acceleration. What served as key evidence for general relativity remains primary observational evidence for universal relativity as well.

Universal relativity thus suggests that space-time may have different values depending upon the frame of reference within which it is measured, and that each frame of reference would represent a different relative dimensionally of the system. The naturally stratified universe would therefore exist in a multi-dimensional set of spatio-temporal frameworks.

One outcome of universal relativity is that acceleration of any object alters its relative gravitational frame of reference, and the energy required for acceleration, or the energy of inertia, is related to the negative threshold energies of the gravitational field that embed the object in the first place. A fast moving object will exist within a different space-time coordinate system than a slow moving object. Simultaneously, a very large and massive object may also exist within a different space-time structure than a very small one. The size of an object is indirectly equivalent to its speed of motion within a given frame of reference. In other words, they may have equivalent effects upon the structure of the space-time manifold that embeds such objects. It follows that if an object may become so massive and dense as to fundamentally disrupt the space-time manifold that embeds it, it is also possible that an object may be accelerated to a speed that it breaches the limits of the space-time manifold. The results might be similar in terms of the disappearance of the object from normal observability.

In the larger scale of the universe, it appears that there is no central or common equilibrium for the overall system. In other words, at some scale at which the cosmological principle becomes operative, gravitational unification cannot be presumed to occur on a wide scale, and patterns of behavior can be said to be overall non-isotropic, and in the largest sense, random. There may be a larger frame of reference for the observable or total universe that has not yet been observed. In fact, gravitational unification may occur for larger scales that are essentially beyond the observational sphere of the universe, and that may be misleading because the main structures they contain may exhibit little or no isotropic equilibrium in relation to one another. It is upon this scale that we must speculate upon a universe that is parallel or else topographically stratified in spatial-temporal dimensions, or in alternative dimensions otherwise unknown.

In this notion of multi-dimensionality, space-time, however convoluted or structured, may in fact not be a uniform or continuous entity, but may be heterogeneous in its constitution. The structure of space-time that would be encountered at any one point in the universe would be a function of the relative frame within which it, or rather our measuing instruments, were determined. Multiple structures of space-time may interpenetrate the same points at the same time without interference, albeit upon different dimensional trajectories. Space-time may be complexly structured in the same coincidental frame of reference without apparent interference or transference of energy from one frame to another. This complex stratification of space-time would be experienced as a continuous gradient or a continuum, much as uniform acceleration might be seen to occur in a continuous transition.

Space-time can be said to be relative to the gravitational frame of reference that determines its measurement and its mechanical principles. Gravitation may thus represent a kind of well system of field-energies that are continuous and instantaneous throughout the universe at any scale of measurement or determination. Space-time would be structured differently at different levels within this well-system.

One aspect of universal relativity thus defined is that all objects that have mass do so because they are essentially a part of some gravitational system, or in fact a complex set of such systems. Material objects with physical properties as we know them all share certain features of motion in common. Such objects have the inertia of energy or momentum in their motion when they are accelerated, and it is almost impossible to accelerate any such material entity at or beyond the speed of light. The resistance to acceleration is the entropy effect essentially of the gravitational field upon the object, or, looked at another way, is the consequence of the disruption of the gravitational field or its relative state of equilibrium in its acceleration.

In such a system, the speed of light may not be so much a universal constant, as it is universally constant as a unique property of electromagnetic radiation. In other words, the speed of light is a specific property of this form of energy. There is logical reason to believe that gravitational energy may actually propagate at much greater than the speed of light, albeit almost instantaneously throughout the universe.

Another feature of this conception of universal relativity is that there can be no object or energy that is at complete rest or at absolute zero. All objects are in some kind of motion, even if this motion cannot be observed due to our inability to escape the frame of reference that is a part of this motion. The motion of all objects in the Universe, however large or small, is inherent to the material definition of all physical phenomena as existing: 1. In relative space-time; and 2. Within at least one relative gravitational frame of reference. No material object can occur or happen outside of the gravitational frame of reference that defines that object in space-time.

Gravitation itself can be said to exist at relative zero, because its simultaneous propagation through the universe achieves a unification of space-time at which space-time becomes essentially static and valueless. In this sense, gravitation is a form of "negative" energy the effect of which is just the reverse of the positive physical energies that we observe in the universe. Its effect is entropy in the sense that all such motions exhibit some relative measure of inertia that is equivalent to its mass and its motion.

Universal relativity may be stated or summarized by the following example. For each object that is embedded in a discrete space-time matrix, there is a single instantaneous set of values that can be associated with that object in relation to its direct gravitational frame of reference. At this level, the rules of mechanics governing the behavior of the object would be the same for any other object that occupied the same frame. The trouble is that the frame itself that defines the mechanical behavior of the objects it contains, can be part of a yet larger frame or space-time matrix, and this sub-frame, including the objects it contains, may be obeying a different set of rules of behavior than those that determine the behavior of the objects in reference to itself. The rules of behavior that determine the outcomes for the larger framework are completely independent of the mechanistic rules that determine the behavior of the objects it contains. In other words, depending on the scale we specify, any frame or object it contains may be a part of any number of larger frames, each of which obeys its own state-path trajectory that is independent of the frameworks and trajectories contained within it. In fact, there may be an infinite number of such frameworks simultaneously co-occurring in the universe, even within one area of the universe.

I will call the framework within which set rules of mechanics conform all objects the gravitational frame of reference, because in all such systems gravitational force appears to be the common denominator and the main thing in common between all frames of reference, of whatever observable scale. We notice most our motion on the earth's surface in terms of gravity that pulls everything earthward, sometimes destructively so, and in terms of the earth's rotation, which we see as the rising and setting of the sun. We notice less the passage of the earth about its orbit of the sun, as the passage of days of the year and the seasons that recycle. These motions occur independently of our own actions or movements upon the earth's surface. We notice even less our passage about the Milky Way, or the possible travels of the Milky Way galaxy through space in relation to other galaxies.

Rules of universal relativity

All things are in motion: there can be nothing that is not in motion.

a. in the universe, there are no fixed points of reference that are unchanging.

All motions are relative to the frames of gravitational reference in which they occur.

All objects are in some kind of relative motion. All objects therefore have some relative mass.

All frames of gravitational reference are relative to themselves and to the nested frames within which they are embedded.

There are no non-relative gravitational frames of reference.

Any object may exist in any number of independent gravitational frames of reference simultaneously, as long as these frames of reference are ordered as a well system, relative to the object contained within such a systems.

The possibility of relative gravitational frames of reference occurs as the result of the gravitational unification of a system in a state of relative equilibrium that defines a long-lasting state-path trajectory. There are few abrupt shifts expected in the rotation of the earth or in its orbit around the sun. There may be slight long term perturbations or periodic fluctuations. We cannot guess really the long-term behavior of any system. Once a system becomes gravitationally unified, it achieves an equilibrium of gravitational force within the framework that it is defined within, such that it remains relatively stable and quite predictable in its pathway over the long term.

Gravitational unification is related to the notion of the physical definition of a fixed dominant center of gravity within a bounded system, such that all objects belonging to such a system have adjusted their motions and behaviors in relation to a common center of gravitation. Any object, within any single frame of reference, must obey certain laws of motion: it can be in only one place at one time, and it can travel in only one direction at one time. Furthermore, in order to accelerate the object, it must require the input of additional energy. Usually, such centers of gravitation are defined by the largest material body locally present in a system, but such local systems are indeed part of larger systems that are defined by centers of gravitation. It is possible that centers of gravitation can be defined in relatively empty space, in juxtaposition between two or more bodies in relation to one another. This would be a form of complex equilibrium.

Free falling bodies of different masses within the same gravitational frame of reference will achieve equal speeds of acceleration, all other things being equal. This points to the independence of the gravitational structure of space-time that surrounds and embeds the objects to the relative mass of the objects themselves. In such conditions of free-fall, it is the relative disequilibrium of the gravitational framework of these objects, and the corresponding disruption of their space-time matrix, that causes their uniform acceleration. What served as key evidence for general relativity remains primary observational evidence for universal relativity as well.

Universal relativity thus suggests that space-time may have different values depending upon the frame of reference within which it is measured, and that each frame of reference would represent a different relative dimensionally of the system. The naturally stratified universe would therefore exist in a multi-dimensional set of spatio-temporal frameworks.

One outcome of universal relativity is that acceleration of any object alters its relative gravitational frame of reference, and the energy required for acceleration, or the energy of inertia, is related to the negative threshold energies of the gravitational field that embed the object in the first place. A fast moving object will exist within a different space-time coordinate system than a slow moving object. Simultaneously, a very large and massive object may also exist within a different space-time structure than a very small one. The size of an object is indirectly equivalent to its speed of motion within a given frame of reference. In other words, they may have equivalent effects upon the structure of the space-time manifold that embeds such objects. It follows that if an object may become so massive and dense as to fundamentally disrupt the space-time manifold that embeds it, it is also possible that an object may be accelerated to a speed that it breaches the limits of the space-time manifold. The results might be similar in terms of the disappearance of the object from normal observability.

In the larger scale of the universe, it appears that there is no central or common equilibrium for the overall system. In other words, at some scale at which the cosmological principle becomes operative, gravitational unification cannot be presumed to occur on a wide scale, and patterns of behavior can be said to be overall non-isotropic, and in the largest sense, random. There may be a larger frame of reference for the observable or total universe that has not yet been observed. In fact, gravitational unification may occur for larger scales that are essentially beyond the observational sphere of the universe, and that may be misleading because the main structures they contain may exhibit little or no isotropic equilibrium in relation to one another. It is upon this scale that we must speculate upon a universe that is parallel or else topographically stratified in spatial-temporal dimensions, or in alternative dimensions otherwise unknown.

In this notion of multi-dimensionality, space-time, however convoluted or structured, may in fact not be a uniform or continuous entity, but may be heterogeneous in its constitution. The structure of space-time that would be encountered at any one point in the universe would be a function of the relative frame within which it, or rather our measuring instruments, were determined. Multiple structures of space-time may interpenetrate the same points at the same time without interference, albeit upon different dimensional trajectories. Space-time may be complexly structured in the same coincidental frame of reference without apparent interference or transference of energy from one frame to another. This complex stratification of space-time would be experienced as a continuous gradient or a continuum, much as uniform acceleration might be seen to occur in a continuous transition.

Space-time can be said to be relative to the gravitational frame of reference that determines its measurement and its mechanical principles. Gravitation may thus represent a kind of well system of field-energies that are continuous and instantaneous throughout the universe at any scale of measurement or determination. Space-time would be structured differently at different levels within this well-system.

One aspect of universal relativity thus defined is that all objects that have mass do so because they are essentially a part of some gravitational system, or in fact a complex set of such systems. Material objects with physical properties as we know them all share certain features of motion in common. Such objects have the inertia of energy or momentum in their motion when they are accelerated, and it is almost impossible to accelerate any such material entity at or beyond the speed of light. The resistance to acceleration is the entropy effect essentially of the gravitational field upon the object, or, looked at another way, is the consequence of the disruption of the gravitational field or its relative state of equilibrium in its acceleration.

In such a system, the speed of light may not be so much a universal constant, as it is universally constant as a unique property of electromagnetic radiation. In other words, the speed of light is a specific property of this form of energy. There is logical reason to believe that gravitational energy may actually propagate at much greater than the speed of light, albeit almost instantaneously throughout the universe.

Another feature of this conception of universal relativity is that there can be no object or energy that is at complete rest or at absolute zero. All objects are in some kind of motion, even if this motion cannot be observed due to our inability to escape the frame of reference that is a part of this motion. The motion of all objects in the Universe, however large or small, is inherent to the material definition of all physical phenomena as existing: 1. In relative space-time; and 2. Within at least one relative gravitational frame of reference. No material object can occur or happen outside of the gravitational frame of reference that defines that object in space-time.

Gravitation itself can be said to exist at relative zero, because its simultaneous propagation through the universe achieves a unification of space-time at which space-time becomes essentially static and valueless. In this sense, gravitation is a form of "negative" energy the effect of which is just the reverse of the positive physical energies that we observe in the universe. Its effect is entropy in the sense that all such motions exhibit some relative measure of inertia that is equivalent to its mass and its motion.

The consideration of gravitational energy suggests a form of negative force in the universe. It confers the inertia of acceleration to all objects of mass, and it also imposes the rules of entropy upon all energy transactions in the universe. It appears to maintain a state of steady equilibrium, such that objects embedded within it tend to maintain a very stable and ordered trajectory through it. Gravitational field-lines may transect the axis, such that it is the transverse lines an object crosses in its motions that provides the basis for the inertia of the object to acceleration, or the change of velocity which must be interpreted in terms of time and space dilation. A free-falling body on earth will transect in its trajectory an increasing number of these transverse lines that would be concentrically arranged in relation to the earth's center of gravity, such that the closer such an object came to the earth, the greater its speed as a consequence of transecting an increasing number of such field lines. The constant of acceleration of any such object, or of two different objects, is the product of any such objects crossing the same, increasing number of field-lines upon its trajectory to earth.

This brings up the question whether or not it is possible that distant field-lines tend to become straightened out, or else stretched out, and that the field-lines emanating from different distant gravitating bodies may interfere within one another upon their intersection, creating possible phase or periodic patterns in gravitation.

Field-lines define directional and unified flow of space-time. Field-lines appear to transect this flow, which is always in the direction of the relative center of gravitational attraction. It is possible that in deep, empty space, where gravitating bodies are distant, these field-lines are either smoothed out or possibly straightened or stretched out to the maximum limits--this state would resemble the most desirable equilibrium.

It is clear that for any given object at any given speed maintains its own independent gravitational frame of reference. This frame of reference is determined by the gravitational field that surrounds and embeds the object in space-time.

The communication of gravitational attraction between objects suggests that the gravitational field-lines exist de facto within an already unified field, and that there may be a form of reciprocal vibration or oscillation along such preexisting lines. This reciprocity appears to be instantaneous. The frame of gravitational reference is already unified unless disturbed by a change of direction/or acceleration of an object. Such frames exist independently, and are already unified. The paradox of universal instantaneity is that in such a universe there is no time, or no sense of time. Time at such a rate is inconsequential. Hence, space is the only relevant dimension, and space is bridged.

It is possible that neutrons are the basis for gravitational attraction, and gravitational field-lines are a natural consequence of the neutron embedded within the nucleus. Evidence from hydrogen atoms that are not affected gravitationally suggest the possibility that the charge dichtomization of proton-electron pairs serves to neutralize the gravitational forces within these pairs. It is possible that protons bound in conjunction with neutrons derive their gravitational energies and characteristics from their bonds and proximity to their gravitational neighbors.

It is possible that the same field-lines that serve to unify all gravitational frames of reference about a gravitational body, serve as well to unify the constituent entities within the body as well, being the basis for the gravitation in the first place, even going so far as to orient such entities about a common center of gravity, and possible permitting the transference of energy from one entity to another or from all entities to the entire gravitating body as a whole.

It is evident that field-lines form a space-time unity of frame that is very ordered and predictable, and that relates objects to one another, to the background space-time context, and the constituents of the objects, to a common reference point. This act of unification occurs automatically and instantaneously, precisely and exactly, without further development or processing of information required. It is a form of natural physical intelligence that is the outcome of the rules of relation governing gravitation in the universe. Gravitational field-lines have the further quality of uniting the frame of reference to the entire universe in such a way as to assure that there will be no fundamental disruption of the foundational mechanical laws of the physical information.

Rules of gravitational unification

1. There can be no non-relative discontinuity of space and time.

a. Within any given frame of reference, an object may travel in only one direction at the same time.

b. An object may not be in two different places at the same time,

c. Time only flows in one direction. It flows forward, not backward.

d. Two objects may not occupy the same space at the same time without

dynamic interaction resulting in the transference of energy to obtain mutual gravitational equilibrium.

2. Space and time are relative periodic properties of gravitational unification of physical reality (i.e. the unified gravitational field).

a. Space and time vary in an inverse manner within the gravitational frame of reference in which they occur.

b. Mass is a measure of the relative space-time density of the gravitational

manifold continuously enveloping an object of matter.

c. Motion and kinetic energy are the relative measures of the disequilibrium of the gravitational manifold that surround and object in a directional gradient.

Rules of gravitational mechanics.

The same rules of gravitational mechanics apply in the same way to all objects embedded within a common frame of gravitational reference. All measuring instruments would be equal within the same frame.

Rules of gravitational mechanics are relative to the framework that they occur within.

There is no object without gravitational properties as it occurs within at least one or more gravitational frames of reference. No object can escape the forces or effects of gravitation, or exist as an object beyond or outside of a gravitational frame of reference.

The gravitational field is a priori and independent of the object(s) it contains, though the objects do affect the local gravitational field in critical relativistic ways.

I define Absolute Zero as the point of minimum convergence of the positive and negative energy systems of the complementary-state universe, and I define the speed of light as the point of maximum divergence in disequilibrium of the two complementary systems. There appear to be two other points relevant to the structural description and articulation of such a complementary state universe. There appears to be a point of maximum gravitational concentration, definable as the Singularity, beyond which positive physical energy or matter cannot exist as such. There also appears to be a point of minimum gravitational dispersion, which I define as the Zeroth Simultaneity, beyond which physical matter and energy also cannot exist as such. There appear furthermore to be relative isoclines connecting these points in a common metaspace which defines the limits of physical transition for any complementary state energy system, beyond which such systems cannot exist.

Gravity is negative energy, measured as the mass of inertia, or the energy required to counter the effects of gravity. It is thus like a counterbalance used in the determination of the relative mass of an object. It is the measure of the potential positive energy required specifically to alter or overcome the pre-established equilibrium of the system.

Virtual gravitation is the total universal range of gravity, beyond the limits of effective gravitation, past which gravitation from alternative points of reference tend to cancel one another out, or average out, such that at great empty distances from any gravitating bodies, there is relative uniformity of the gravitational field. This would be experienced as a relative weightlessness, or a gravity-less environment. The only felt forces would be the inertia of acceleration that would accompany any change of speed or direction of a moving object.

In the large and in the long run, all gravitational fields in the universe will average out to zero, or relative absolute gravitational equilibrium. Any locally or regionally defined gravitational field is only isotropic in a relative sense, and in the large is non-isotropic in relation to the gravitational field as a whole. Isotropic gravitational systems are neutralized in deep space where multiple gravitational fields interfere with one another and where there is no single dominant field to overshadow the others.

Space and time are physical properties of the gravitational field, and are a function of the relative gravitational frame of reference for any object within this field. It follows that physical reality as we know it, with the observable dimensions we can see in our reality, is defined and made possible by the unified gravitational field, and all occurring energies are but derivatives of this field, alternative forms of expression of the same basic energy. It is possible that disruptions of the gravitational field occur, and that this field or other fields may exist within other dimensional realities to which our physical universe is somehow connected, but these are at this time unknown, and unknowable, for us in any direct sense.

Spin synchronization/spin orientation--orientation & synchronization may fluctuate with shifting frames of reference. A neutron is like a small compass or gyrator always aligned. This sense of alignment is determined probably by the gravitational force that is dominant in the local sense. The numbers involved in the calculus of gravitation forces are non-discrete ratio values, or else dimensionless numbers.

If we are to understand the origin of the universe, then we must seek to explain the systemic universe, and we must seek to understand the nature and origin of universal entropy itself. If all systems tend toward such a universal and undifferentiated state in the long run, we can speculate as well the possibility that all systems also originated from such a state in the first place. The total universe may consist of nothing more than the continuous differentiation of natural systems from the entropy background, and the subsequent return of such systems to the background.

What appears to us to be entropy, especially in the classical thermodynamic sense, may be on another level anything but chaotic. If we see entropy as being as a form of negative counterbalance upon a scale or balance beam, then we can see that the net sum of all systemic-entropy interactions is always zero or equilibrium. In other words, entropy always complements and makes up the difference between a system and its ideal state, and it always connects that system with the larger meta-system and other systems within the universal matrix. The observation of entropy therefore entails that there is a sense of possible structure, or rather potential information, in the universal background that is not clearly understood. It is in the instances where basic thermodynamic principles appear to be violated, as for instance in super-conducting states when there is zero resistance, that we might be able to see more clearly the boundaries of boundaries and the structure of the constraints themselves.

Understanding this sense of order in disorder constitutes, I believe, the basis for understanding the universal field. In this universal field, there may lie hidden before our eyes, in the voids of nothingness, an amazing sense of order and relation as yet undiscovered and even unimagined. In this field, time may flow not only forward, but backward, or not flow at all. In this field, multiple dimensions of multiple physical realities may collide comfortably with one another, and even inter-digitate within one another such that we may hypothesize the instantaneous coexistence of an infinite number of universes within the same meta-space. Into this field, mass may eventually escape and disintegrate and energy may eventually disappear and become altered into some other form.

In fact, what we understand to be weight, or the equilibrium of inertia, as the basis of gravity systems, may be nothing more than the dynamic effects of this background entropy system upon the structure of space-time itself, and upon the objects of the field contained within it.

Thus the uniform acceleration of objects in free fall may be a function of the relative disruption of the space-time continuum by the fact of the greater mass of the gravitating body. This disruption may in fact be little more than a sense of disequilibrium of space-time structure on opposite sides of the falling body in relation to the gravitational center. The gradual increasing acceleration of such bodies, and their winding, spiraling trajectories, may in fact be little more than the result of such a differential relative to the distance to the center of gravity.

At the other end of the gravitational continuum, if the evidence of the Doppler shift does indicate an accelerating universe, then could it be that the expanding universe is accelerating because it is falling into the voids of space-time, where space-time becomes eventually disrupted or stretched in its field-lines. In other words, the entire universe may be "free falling" into the voids of empty space at the perimeters of the system, albeit falling away everywhere at the same time. Rather than a primal big bang, is it possible that the original universe started off with just a small lurch.

If such a model were correct, it would suggest that the normal structure of space-time is like a huge hill on a plane, or a mound, over which light and all objects must travel. One one side of this hill may be all the large gravitating bodies that drag everything small and local down. On the other side may be the empty cavern of the voids of space-time itself, dragging the hill itself down further and further into its vast emptiness.

This brings a relative issue about motion. Though an object can travel in only a single direction in a given instant, the entire system within which that object may be traveling can simultaneously be traveling in any direction other than the one in which the object were traveling. If the entire system were traveling in the same direction as the object and at the same speed, then the object would appear motionless and we could not notice motion of any kind. One way of understanding the nature of acceleration and inertia is to conceive of the energy required to change directions of an object from its normal "meta systemic" trajectory to any other pathway, especially one that leads in an opposite direction from its metasystem.

Of course, we can throw a ball almost anywhere upon the earth to the same general effect, and the distance and direction we can throw it is almost completely independent of the motion of the earth (and the ball and ourselves) upon its axis or about the sun or through the Milky Way.

Rules of gravitational dynamics.

1. Gravitational energy is continuous and unending.

2. Gravitational energy cannot be made or destroyed, only altered in a relative sense.

3. Gravitational energy always seeks a state of relative equilibrium defined as a unified frame of reference.

4. The universal equivalence of mass to energy is an empirical measure of gravitational energy and its equivalence to other forms of positive energy.

5. Gravitational energy may, under the right conditions, become transformed into other kinds of energy, and vice versa.

6. Mass is the relative measure of the gravitational energy defined by a given object within an effective gravitational frame of reference.

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The consideration of gravitational energy suggests a form of negative force in the universe. It confers the inertia of acceleration to all objects of mass, and it also imposes the rules of entropy upon all energy transactions in the universe. It appears to maintain a state of steady equilibrium, such that objects embedded within it tend to maintain a very stable and ordered trajectory through it. Gravitational fieldlines may transect the axis, such that it is the transverse lines an object crosses in its motions that provides the basis for the inertia of the object to acceleration, or the change of velocity which must be interpreted in terms of time and space dilation. A free-falling body on earth will transect in its trajectory an increasing number of these transverse lines that would be concentrically arranged in relation to the earth's center of gravity, such that the closer such an object came to the earth, the greater its speed as a consequence of transecting an increasing number of such field lines. The constant of acceleration of any such object, or of two different objects, is the product of any such objects crossing the same, increasing number of field-lines upon its trajectory to earth.

This brings up the question whether or not it is possible that distant field-lines tend to become straightened out, or else stretched out, and that the field-lines emanating from different distant gravitating bodies may interfere within one another upon their intersection, creating possible phase or periodic patterns in gravitation.

Field-lines define directional and unified flow of space-time. Field-lines appear to transect this flow, which is always in the direction of the relative center of gravitational attraction. It is possible that in deep, empty space, where gravitating bodies are distant, these field-lines are either smoothed out or possibly straightened or stretched out to the maximum limits--this state would resemble the most desirable equilibrium.

It is clear that for any given object at any given speed maintains its own independent gravitational frame of reference. This frame of reference is determined by the gravitational field that surrounds and embeds the object in space-time.

The communication of gravitational attraction between objects suggests that the gravitational field-lines exist de facto within an already unified field, and that there may be a form of reciprocal vibration or oscillation along such preexisting lines. This reciprocity appears to be instantaneous. The frame of gravitational reference is already unified unless disturbed by a change of direction/or acceleration of an object. Such frames exist independently, and are already unified. The paradox of universal instantaneity is that in such a universe there is no time, or no sense of time. Time at such a rate is inconsequential. Hence, space is the only relevant dimension, and space is bridged.

It is possible that neutrons are the basis for gravitational attraction, and gravitational field-lines are a natural consequence of the neutron embedded within the nucleus. Evidence from hydrogen atoms that are not affected gravitationally suggest the possibility that the charge dichtomization of proton-electron pairs serves to neutralize the gravitational forces within these pairs. It is possible that protons bound in conjunction with neutrons derive their gravitational energies and characteristics from their bonds and proximity to their gravitational neighbors.

It is possible that the same field-lines that serve to unify all gravitational frames of reference about a gravitational body, serve as well to unify the constituent entities within the body as well, being the basis for the gravitation in the first place, even going so far as to orient such entities about a common center of gravity, and possible permitting the transference of energy from one entity to another or from all entities to the entire gravitating body as a whole.

It is evident that field-lines form a space-time unity of frame that is very ordered and predictable, and that relates objects to one another, to the background space-time context, and the constituents of the objects, to a common reference point. This act of unification occurs automatically and instantaneously, precisely and exactly, without further development or processing of information required. It is a form of natural physical intelligence that is the outcome of the rules of relation governing gravitation in the universe. Gravitational field-lines have the further quality of uniting the frame of reference to the entire universe in such a way as to assure that there will be no fundamental disruption of the foundational mechanical laws of the physical information.

within an effective gravitational frame of reference.

Gravity is negative energy, measured as the mass of inertia, or the energy required to counter the effects of gravity. It is thus like a counterbalance used in the determination of the relative mass of an object. It is the measure of the potential positive energy required specifically to alter or overcome the pre-established equilibrium of the system.

A virtual center of gravity is a common point of reference for a unified gravitational frame. It is the spatial anchor point about which a gravitational system becomes defined.

Effective gravitation is that range about an object within which gravitational energies related to that object play a significant role in the behavior of that object.

Virtual gravitation is the total universal range of gravity, beyond the limits of effective gravitation, past which gravitation from alternative points of reference tend to cancel one another out, or average out, such that at great empty distances from any gravitating bodies, there is relative uniformity of the gravitational field. This would be experienced as a relative weightlessness, or a gravity-less environment. The only felt forces would be the inertia of acceleration that would accompany any change of speed or direction of a moving object.

In the large and in the long run, all gravitational fields in the universe will average out to zero, or relative absolute gravitational equilibrium. Any locally or regionally defined gravitational field is only isotropic in a relative sense, and in the large is non-isotropic in relation to the gravitational field as a whole. Isotropic gravitational systems are neutralized in deep space where multiple gravitational fields interfere with one another and where there is no single dominant field to overshadow the others.

Space and time are physical properties of the gravitational field, and are a function of the relative gravitational frame of reference for any object within this field. It follows that physical reality as we know it, with the observable dimensions we can see in our reality, is defined and made possible by the unified gravitational field, and all occurring energies are but derivatives of this field, alternative forms of expression of the same basic energy. It is possible that disruptions of the gravitational field occur, and that this field or other fields may exist within other dimensional realities to which our physical universe is somehow connected, but these are at this time unknown, and unknowable, for us in any direct sense.

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Gravitation remains as yet a fundamentally mysterious and unexplained force of nature--the greatest minds of the century have not yet been able to solve its most basic riddles. I have put forth a theory of gravitation that sees gravity as a force essentially different in nature than what we conventionally construe as energy, at least in a positive, radiation sense. It is a form of energy, but unlike what we can directly see. It seems as if gravitation cannot be thought of separately from space-time, and space-time exists only in the framework we know of as being gravitational. If this is true, then it follows that there can be no spatio-temporal juncture or rift in the universe and there can be no place or time in which gravitational force is not manifest and apparent.

The primary observation about the separateness of gravitation from other known forms of energy are the following apparent properties:

1. It is all pervasive in the known universe.

2. It is virtually transparent or invisible to any known instrumentalities of direct observation or detection--it can only be detected indirectly in terms of its omnipotent effects upon things.

3. It interacts with all mass and energy in predictable if as yet unexplainable ways.

I would go two steps further, and say that what makes gravitation interesting in relation to other known energies in physical reality is that it appears to be essentially non-thermodynamic in the way that energy is usually thought of. In other words, in basic ways it appears to violate the fundamental laws of thermodynamics.

I would add to this a second step, and this step relates gravitation as a known form of energy or force, with space-time. I would claim that space-time is not empty or devoid, but it consists of some form of mass or mass-relation. In other words, the emptiness of space-time is nothing but the invisibility of the substance of space-time, and this is essentially the stuff of gravitational energy and mass-relations. As a result of this substantive identity of space-time, I would claim that it interacts with gravitation in interesting ways that are critical to an understanding of gravitational dynamics and to the way the Universe works in the large and the long run.

We must ask whether or not mass and solid matter is nothing but an electro-statically defined form of condensed space-time, and whether or not an object that is compounded and gravitationally unified, is not in a sense a distribution of space-time, a solid distribution, that is in at least one sense fairly uniform. If this is perhaps the case, then we can reason the rise of a common center of gravity in a large gravitating body, although there is no clear reason why all the molecules of all the matter of such a body, however distributed, should all be aligned to a common center.

These kinds of questions suggest that perhaps gravitation, space-time and the universe are a little more interesting than an empty-space, hard matter, gravitational radiation type of model.

It is clear that a star is defined gravitationally by its total mass-the larger the star, the quicker the life-trajectory and the formation of heavier and heavier nuclei from a hotter and hotter body, until this body eventually runs itself out and collapses under its own weight, blowing off most if its original starter fuel. But this process, nor the gravitational unification of the body, explains its long-term equilibrium as a continuously radiating body. Only the notion of the transformation of gravitational energy, or more realistically, of the substance of space-time, and its conversion into fuel in the star, can explain its great longevity as an energy producing system.

Space-time may not really be empty void, so much as it may be invisible and transparent to our ability to see it for what it may really be--possibly composed of a basic constituent substance consisting of a kind of dark energy and dark matter. It is in essence invisible and transparent to light. Space-time is gravitationally integrated, and gravitational energy is the basic force and building block of space-time. What is normally referred to as space-time in this work will be called more appropriately the gravitational field or frame, with the implication that relativistic space-time relations are the four vector dimensional properties associated with this field, and that the gravitational integration of the field is the basis for these properties. Measures and awareness of space and time are how we understand this field, and the relation of this field to mass-objects is how we understand gravitation.

In other words, gravitation can be said to be an intrinsic property of the integration of space-time, and it exists as a form of negative or potential energy within the integrated substance of the space-time manifold. It is brought to realization in the interaction of space-time with mass and energy that it contains, and constitutes a kind of accounting systems for all energy interactions in which there is held to be a net balance and conservation. These interactions constitute the basis for all known physical and mechanical phenomena, and constitute the basis for an experimental field of gravitational mechanics and engineering. According to this model, gravitational energy is a kind of negative binding energy. It may require the input of positive forms of electromagnetic energy in order to realize a change in its relative structure and equilibrium.

Mass is not an intrinsic property of matter. It is an extrinsic property of matter in a space-time manifold that is defined by the relationship between the gravitational field and the total kinetic energy potential of the mass-energy system that the gravitational field contains. An object carries with it at all time a critical space-time manifold that is its gravitational context and frame of reference. Depending on the size, shape and motion of the object, the manifold that it contains will take on different shapes and density characteristics--relativistic properties associated with its structure, that require energy for its transformation or alteration to a new configuration.

Motion is not intrinsic to an object of matter or to a particle of energy. It is the result of the differential space-time manifold in which the object or particle exists. This is most clearly demonstrated in the free fall of different mass-sized objects in a uniform gravitational field. It is also demonstrated in the continuous state-path trajectory of an object that is traveling through space in an unimpeded manner.

The realization of tremendous kinetic energy from the sudden collision of an object in space represents the instantaneous and automatic conversion of the potential negative energy defined in the space-time manifold of the object into positive forms of energy. The potential energy of the object was contained within the space-time relationship of the object to its gravitational frame of reference. Alternatively, it requires a great deal of kinetic energy input into the system to alter the space-time manifold in such a manner as to result in the acceleration of the object to a faster speed.

Positive and negative energy exist in a perfect balance, such that we can make the following kind of relationship:

Ep + -En = 0

It appears though that in the energy conversion processes, which is immediate, positive energy is entropy and escapes into the thermal sink of space-time. This diffusion of positive energy entails that the same level of negative energy could never be fully recovered from the amount of positive energy produced from such a reaction. It also entails that the gravitational field, as a universal construct, is the infinite energy sink into which all positive forms of electromagnetic energy must escape.

While the principles of thermo-dynamics suggests that we can never recover the full amount of energy lost from the reaction due to the realization of positive energy, we can much more efficiently transfer the full amount of negative gravitational energy into positive electromagnetic energy to begin with. This cannot be done without much work being transferred into such a system in the first place.

Space-time therefore represents a gravitational frame of reference for any object or positive energy that is contained within it, and the entire structure of the universe in terms of space-time represents a grand thermal energy sink that exists in dynamic equilibrium with the objects contained within it.

It appears that the structure of space-time is variable, and that it varies in its densities in a continuous manner. In general, the denser the space-time manifold becomes, the greater the time dilation and space-compression and the greater the net negative energy contained within such a thickened fold of space-time. It appears furthermore that such variable densities may be directionally variable and create differentials that result in motion. Space-time appears to be able to be condensed in one direction, but not necessarily in others. This reflects a certain interesting omni-directional property of the structure of space time which suggests that multiple energies can pass simultaneously through simultaneously the same structure of space-time, but in variable directions and at variable velocities, without significant interference.

Differentials in densities of the space-time manifold suggests also that there is continuous flow from a gradient of low density to high density. This pattern of flow is just the opposite of what would be expected. It is the flow from low to high density areas that is responsible for the realization of motion upon objects. It is the shape of the object, when in motion, that creates the space-time differential in the first place.

The differential density of space-time is a relative phenomenon, and this differential can be expressed as the slope of a line, such that the faster the speed, the more vertical the line.

The change in velocity, or relative acceleration/deceleration, would change the slope of the line, such that the the point would move upon a curve of changing velocities. The rate of change of speed that is the result, say, of a free fall in a uniform gravitational field, can also be plotted upon a line based upon a standard rate of acceleration.

These gradients, and the slopes they represent, are an intrinsic property of the space-time manifold that determine the motion and affect upon objects contained within them, and can be used to describe the structural properties of these manifolds as manifest by the behavior of the object that they define.

The alternative model is a flow from high to low density that serves to displace an object continuously forward from a low to high density plane--just the reverse of what can be expected in a gravity based system but what is found in thermodynamic systems. If this model is more realistic, then it suggests that space-time exists within mass objects at much lower densities than without, such that the differential between outside to inside creates a continuous flow of space-time into the object, condensing space-time more and more about the boundary layer of the object. In this sense, condensed positive energy, in the form of matter, can drive out space-time structure from within itself.

It is evident that mass and energy serve to displace internally the structure of space-time in critical ways, and the internal space-time structure of mass objects must be in a state of critical disequilibrium. Within the internal dimensions of matter, space-time must exist in a turbulent way. There is also associated with mass a process of continuous space-time replacement, in which positive energy is drawn from the negative energy field to replace energy lost from the system due to the entropy of the system.

Spime replacement is an alleged process that occurs within the structure of all matter having mass, and is a function of the density of the mass. I believe the rate of spime replacement to be directly proportional to the total relative mass of the object involved. Spime replacement provides the energy source in the transformation of negative energy to positive, and in the continuous production of heat energy in the core areas of very large mass objects. Energy is created through the extreme pressurization of space-time in such a dense interior zone.

The exact mechanisms that might be involved in this process are unclear, but it is quite evident that such a process occurs normally and continuously in all large gravitating bodies. The larger the mass of a body, the more rapid the rate of spime replacement.

The nature of the space-time relationships in the interior of large mass bodies is unknown, but it is known that the mass pressures of such systems build to tremendous amounts--this pressure is basically sustained by the condensation of the space-time envelope that exerts continuous pressures uniformly to the surface of the object. Usually if the object is large enough it is almost always spherically shaped, suggesting the concentric nature of omni-directionally convergent space-time upon a common center of gravity at the center of the object.

When an object is set in motion, it is the motion of the object that results in a permanent deformation in the space-time manifold defining the object in relation to the universe--motion is carried forward perpetually as long as no further interference affects its trajectory. There is a differential gradient of space-time established in the manifold, from forward to aft, which is defined by and defines as well the motion of the object in a particular direction and at a particular velocity. The "internal clock" of the object, in its matter, are the relative periodicities and orbital trajectories of its constituent particles in relation to the space-time manifold in which they exist--or, in more precise terms, in relation to the gravitational frame of reference.

One must wonder about the boundary layer about such an object, as well as the slope of the gradient which remains a permanent part of the structural properties of the motion of the object. Its motion in a sense becomes an intrinsic part of the object in its space-time manifold. It is to be asked whether or not solid objects do not create a kind of boundary layer of space-time about itself in such a manner as to affect the properties of space-time structure in the objects relation to the rest of the universe, resulting in a space-time or gravitational gradient. These considerations invite the possible invention of certain kinds of kinetic energy devices.

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Evidence suggests that the entropy loss of positive energy that is part of any thermodynamic system is also a part of the same energy conversion process. The positive energy lost to the thermal sink of the gravitationally defined space-time background essentially returns to a negative form of energy. It appears as if even light itself must continuously push itself against the negative energy gradient represented by the gravitational structure of space-time. The result of this is that light exhibits a kind of universal Einstein shift that is equivalent to the Hubble Constant. This can be regarded as the natural entropy of light in the medium of space-time, and is expressed in terms of its loss of energy by means of continuous red shift to lower frequency levels, as a function of space-time traveled. The speed of light as a constant may also be understood in this way, as the intrinsic upper limit of positive energy.

Positive thermodynamic energy may be created and destroyed--in essence it is produced or disintegrated by its conversion into gravitational energy. All matter is composed of positive thermodynamic energy that is trapped in a state of stable equilibrium. Energy escapes from such systems on a nuclear level, but this energy is replaced continuously by the constituent substance of gravitationally integrated space-time.

We can state that all energy systems in the universe exist in a kind of gravitationally dynamic equilibrium, in which positive energy is counterbalanced by negative energy that automatically structures the space-time field in which positive energy is expressed.

The universe can be said to be fundamentally dynamic and universally relative because all components of its structure are in constant motion and there are therefore no fixed reference points by which to define the behavior of the entire system or of its many components in relation to one another. We call this the dynamic state universe.

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The basis for the claim of universal relativity lies in the statement that there can exist in physical reality no non-relative or absolute frames of reference by which the parameters of space and time, and the principles of motion and inertia, are not a function of the relative gravitational frame that these measures occur within. In other words, any measure of mass, energy, direction, velocity or space or time that we may make in the physical universe, will be made relative to the frame of reference it occurs within, and this frame of reference itself is relative to some larger frame or sets of frames of reference. What appears stable and absolute at one level or frame of reference, will appear dynamic and relative in some larger frame of reference. From this we can conclude the following:

1. There are no final or total frames of reference by which all other frames can be evaluated or standardized. There is neither a grand total frame of reference encompassing all other frames, nor is there any smallest frame of reference that will be totally encompassed by all other frames.

2. Frames of reference are stratified in a hierarchical manner, such that smaller frames of reference, or gravitational systems, are relative to larger frames of reference, which in turn are relative to even larger frames, and so on ad infinitum.

It appears at this time, from our observational sphere, that the frame of reference at any level is characterized primarily by the concept or the condition I would refer to as "gravitational unification." In other words, within that given frame, at whatever scale we may define, all parametric values or measures that are relevant to the description of that physical system are coordinate within that system, and from such a relativistic standpoint, the frame of reference appears fixed.

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The theoretical basis of physical systems theory stems from several basic observations of the physical universe and the presupposition of the cosmological principle, that what is true for our observational sphere of physical reality, holds true in all parts of the knowable physical universe. In other words, a fundamental framework of universal relativity holds that the fundamental laws that govern the relation and behavior of things in our observational corner of the universe, hold true in all corners of the universe, within the same universal frame of reference. This may or may not prove to be the case in the largest sense, but, for the sake of the unification and coherence of our science, we assume that it holds true in a significant and basic way for most of the universe.

The obverse side of the application of the cosmological principle to a consideration of the larger scope and size of the universe, is that, though the same basic laws governing physical reality may apply equally in all sectors of the vast region of the universe, it appears as well that in the largest frame of reference the patterning of the universe is non-isotropic in that it follows no sense of overarching order or pattern, but at some regional level its patterning breaks down into random and stochastically determined directions. In other words, the relativistic universe that is the outcome of a principle of universal relativity, lacks a common center or edge by which to order its relations.

It is not impossible to call into question both these fundamental tenets of the cosmological principle--to hypothesize that in the larger frame, basic rules and principles that appear to hold in our own observational fields are different or no longer apply in the same manner, and conversely, that in the largest scale of measurement--the cosmological scale. There may in fact be some general sense of isotropism of pattern that we, in our locally bound view, cannot or have not yet noticed. But again, for the sake of our science, we assume that the cosmological principle will hold for most of the universe that is connected, more or less remotely, to our own corner. In the largest frame of reference available to us, we assume that the rules and principles that order physical reality as we experience it apply with equal validity and force in all other frames to which we might be connected, however indirectly.

Another way of stating this concept of universal relativity of gravitational systems is to state a principle something like the following:

There are no non-relative gravitational frames of reference.

Such a concept implies the validity of the cosmological principle in both senses. In the largest sense, we can find no final limit or absolute boundary to the universe by which all other frames become oriented. This implies as well, among other things, that the universe is a non-zero state system and that it is encompassed or encompasses an infinite number of nested gravitational frames of reference. If there were an overarching universal frame of reference, then there would be some non-relative set of constants that would apply to all frames. Only once constant appears to be valid, and serves as a common connecting point for gravitational and thermodynamic energy systems, and that is absolute zero.

Universal relativity implies as well the concept of the relative independence of frames that are contained within larger frames, such that the motions and measures serving to define a sub-system, are independent of the motions and measures defining the larger system that the sub-system is contained within. A subsystem is also independent of other subsystems that are not directly related to that system in a gravitational hierarchy.

The concept of relative gravitational frames of reference invites further speculation about the relativistic structure of physical reality. It is a case that relative gravitational frames of reference define units as subsystems that are in effect separate from the larger systems that contain them--fundamental relations within the frame are determined--the clocks and yard sticks are predefined at a subatomic level in their increments by the relative gravitational fields that determine and define the system, and that delimit the system as separate and unique. These systems are marked almost invariably by some focal center of gravity that, at least in a local sense, is predominant, even though other background gravitational forces may still be found and felt to exist.

It seems that the essential question is how exactly does gravitation accomplish this kind of pattern and relativistic ordering in the universe--how can local gravitational istropisms over ride much larger and more powerful gravitational systems, relatively nullifying their effects within the local system such that this local system proceeds independently in space-time in its own state-path trajectory.

There is a clear sense that with gravitational attraction and radiation the former kind of cohesive force is most powerful locally, and quickly diminishes with distance from its center. The cumulative power of this local attraction of gravity may be much weaker than one of a larger range, more pervasive force that is defined by gravitational radiation from distant gravitating sources, but it seems to override this distant force, or set of forces emanating for divergent multiple sources, at least within a local frame of reference. Outside or beyond the boundaries of such a system, which might be referred to as the escape limits of a gravitational system, broader and more diffuse forces emanating from distant but even more powerful sources take over and become significant.

Several caveats can be concluded from these kinds of observations:

1. First, it is likely that space-time in any particular instance can only be oriented in one way, or set to one system, at any one time, and resetting space-time entails a sense of disquilibrium and an abrupt departure from a sense of local equilibrium. In other words, any area of space-time can be only oriented in one specific direction at one time, or else disequilibrium of space-time will result and will be resisted. All periodic processes occurring within a particular gravitational frame of reference are set to that reference, determining the resulting mass and equivalent energy relations of that system. This isotropic property of space-time is determined by the dominant gravitational source that serves to constrain and delimit that area of space-time as a part of dynamic system. Such a source is invariably an object of matter.

2. Second, of alternative distant sources of gravitation, it appears that the strongest source will achieve predominance in creating a concentric center of gravity of the entire system about itself. If we are to seek the strongest gravitational source for any system, then we must look to the center of the system to find the most massive and gravitationally powerful object. Another way of stating this is something like the following: there is a clear gravitational hierarchy and a competition among gravitational bodies for attractants, and clearly the strongest survive and the weaker bodies become subservient or bound to the dominant body. In this sense we can see a clear sense of size order in the cosmographical distribution of the physical universe.

3. There is a third caveat possible, and I believe it goes something like this. Should two bodies of relatively equal gravitational power come into proximity with one another, without collision, then it is likely that the two bodies will enter into a kind of spatial waltz or pirouette about a commonly defined virtual center of gravity that is defined as some midpoint between the two systems at which point the gravitational attraction of one object precisely cancels that of the other object. Such a system is probably anomalous in the universe, but not uncommon in occurrence, and it is possible that it leads to interesting outcomes.

These characteristics point of a certain duality about gravitational fields, which allegedly pre-structures and determines the isotropic and relativistic properties of the local space-time manifold in which they occur. First, gravitational fields are defined by a form of gravitational radiation that, like electromagnetic radiation, is far reaching and in essence may be almost instantaneous. We get from this the notion of "action at a distance" the result of which is a form of remote attraction. Secondly, in a local framework, gravitational radiation appears to shape and orient the space-time manifold in certain discrete and directional ways, leading to the creation of gravity systems that serve to cause falling bodies to light to earth. This second force is strongest at its most proximate coordinates, and appears to dissipate rapidly with any great distance, to the point of becoming negligible or even nullified by the range of divergent gravitational forces emanating from a variety of alternative host bodies in deeper space. This apparent duality of patterning of gravitation has, I believe, critical significance for a theory of gravitation and gravitational unification of space-time.

Another interesting facet of the notion of relative gravitational frames of reference is that though each frame can be said to be locally independent of other alternative frames of which it is composed, or with which it coexists, or of which it is a part, nevertheless all gravitational frames of reference at all levels appear to be integrated in a fairly seamless and smooth web of forces and attractions, such that the transition to one frame to another is one that is largely unnoticed except perhaps for the feeling of certain inertial forces due to an accelerative shift.

Another way of possibly stating this relativistic relationship in a continuous way is that gravitational space-time clocks/scales (periodic processes) of positive energy systems (matter and electromagnetic energy systems) are always set to the highest gravitational energy system of which they are a part, this system overriding all other influences upon the system.

The question is to understand how the universe becomes gravitationally integrated and unified as a single composite system, regardless of all the local isotropisms and the countless subsystems that are defined independently within it. Needless to say there must occur a vast interstitial network of space-time fabric, relatively devoid of any matter, which serve as gravitational transition zones between different gravitational bodies, and that serve to both unite and separate these different systems as both independent and as part of a larger system. These interstitial zones are undoubtedly defined by relative distances between gravitational systems, but they may also be defined by other properties--perhaps a turbulence or inter-tidal zone of gravitational neutralization at which competing gravitational waves from distant alternative sources basically interfere with one another in a destructive manner, canceling one another out and essentially rendering the space as if it were without gravity from any particular source. If this is the case, such inter-space should not be seen as the smooth and calm space without any disequilibrium, but more like a sea of cross-cutting eddies and waves that clash and crash into one another and broil in all different directions at the same time.

For instance, on earth, we do not notice the motion of the earth in its rotation or orbit around the sun except for the passages of the sun and the moon and the gradual changing of the seasons. We can see the motion of ourselves and earthbound bodies in the earth--a car or train moving relative to ourselves. But these earthbound motions become unified and irrelevant to the motion of the earth about the sun. Similarly, we do not notice the motion of the sun or the solar system about the Milky Way galaxy. In fact, we may as a system be traveling in almost an infinite number of directions, at an infinite number of different velocities, without our knowing it.

To the next larger frame, a gravitational system is unified if all its parts occur as a single system to the larger frame. The solar system would appear as a single system from the point of view of a distant star, even though from the point of view of the earth, it appears to be a complex set of motions of a number of planets and lesser bodies about the sun.

In this regard, we may speculate upon the following kind of proposition:

In any given gravitational frame of reference, the net cumulative value of all larger scale frames of reference is gravitationally zero.

We might say that an infinite number of independent motions in the universe has a reverse unification affect in relation to the immediate gravitational system, such that all motions tend in the largest sense to cancel one another out and to appear fixed. Similarly, we can say that any set of nested subsystems of a given gravitational system that is unified, appears as a single unity within that system, and thus their net cumulative value in relation to the larger frame of reference they occur within is also zero.

Then we might go one step further and speculate on something like the following:

The value of the immediate gravitational frame of reference is zero minus the net inertial and kinetic forces involved in the motion and dynamics of the local system.

In other words, gravitational energy is defined as the negative of positive energies in locally defined systems. We understand the relative parameters of any local system in terms of its net deviation from the zero-equilibrium established by its gravitational frame of reference. All higher or lower orders of motion are canceled out. We can say that a system achieves relative gravitational equilibrium within the larger frame of reference when its net deviations from zero-equilibrium become non-dynamic or do not change unless affected by agencies external to the system. Such systems will tend to indefinitely preserve their established patterns of motion in a stable manner.

We might speculate as well that gravitational unification upon any and in theory every local level, implies gravitational relativity on the universal or grand scale, just as the relative independence of nested frames of reference implies a lack of non-relative frames on a grand scale.

In terms of gravitational unification of subsystems, we can see that the center of gravity for any subsystem becomes the key defining point of consideration for the system as a unity in relation to the next larger system that it occurs within. Another way of looking at this is that gravitational unification is the result of, or alternatively results in, the creation of a common center of gravity by which all known sub-elements achieve relative gravitational equilibrium.

Such a system of gravitational frames of reference implies a kind of well system of nested gravitational fields, such that locally concentrated gravitational centers that occur locally are part of deeper and broader systems that are locally less powerful, but cumulatively much greater. The gravitational field exists as a kind of well system of energies in which the relative strength or frequency to possible wavelength of gravitational energy exists along a gradient of increasing speeds. I would hypothesize that these speeds all tend to be greater than the speed of light, and are thus felt instantaneously in the integration of the universe.

It is also the case that random, locally anomalous motions can occur within gravitationally unified systems to fundamentally alter the equilibrium of the system. The entire system can be seen to be stochastically chaotic in the sense that perturbations in one part of a system can result in resonating reverberations in other remote regions of such a system. Systems may be responding to such remote anomalous patterns in a kind of butterfly effect, without our realizing it, unless, like a meteorite crashing in from space, they intrude in a real way upon our immediate frame of reference itself. It is unlikely but not impossible to imagine our sun eventually crashing into another solar system, or of two galaxies or clusters coming to occupy a common ground. This is a consequence of the relative independence of all systems, such that the gravitational unification of one system does not directly effect the unification of any alternate subsystem that is occurring simultaneously in some other region.

Gravitational unification implies another principle that may have profound implications for the system as a whole. Universal relativity rests upon a hypothetical notion that I will refer to as the principle of universal simultaneity. The concept of universal simultaneity is logically demanded by the cosmological principle of universal relativity if we accept certain things as being true:

The principle of universal simultaneity is important if we are to construe a physical universe that exists as an integral, instantaneous entity in some kind of real time and space. This concept is lost sight of in general relativity theory that sets the parameters of the speed of light as somehow the ultimate limit and measure of distances in the universe.

1. The universe occurs everywhere at the same time in an instantaneous manner. This is what we can refer to as the instantaneous universe. Even if the total instantaneous universe is beyond our ability to see, we must surmise based upon observational evidence that the instantaneous universe exists.

2. The relativity of time within an instantaneous universe is merely the change of parametric scale of the system depending upon the gravitational frame of reference the clock occurs within (relative periodic processes). Time dilation that is a consequence of relativity theory is a natural outcome of the changing scale by which time would be measured.

The paradox of this is that in the largest scale imaginable, the instantaneous universe, would be considered to be eternally frozen or in a sense time-less. Time on the largest scale would have no value. Time is only a measure of, and measured in terms of, local or regional frames of reference of subsystems.

Universal simultaneity implies an important relationship of absolute distance, which states that no matter how fast a vehicle or line of communication between two distant objects in the universe, the distance between these objects is always absolute and fixed within the frame of reference that it occurs within. This is an important principle that maintains the spatial order and relations of things in the universe, and determines that the universe cannot instantaneously collapse upon itself or radically alter its spatial patterning unless some outside set of forces is brought to bear upon this patterning. Universal simultaneity implies a sense of universal spatial instantaneity.

Temporal dilation and spatial contraction/expansion is evidence of the relative independence of different gravitational frames of reference that affect subsystems. An object traveling close to the speed of light occupies a different gravitational frame of reference compared to a similar object that is traveling the pace of a snail.

The principle of universal simultaneity must be regarded as an important concept in the understanding of the hypothetical universe, as it states in general terms that a substantive physical universe can and must exist beyond the relativistic boundaries determined by our own light-based spheres of observation. In other words, we cannot see or guess the exact instantaneous disposition of the total universe at this moment or the next, when all we can see is light from stars that is thousands, millions or billions of years old. Nevertheless, because of the observational relativity of our light, we do not necessarily conclude that the instantaneous universe cannot or does not exist. We infer its existence, and it becomes part of what can be called the "inferable Universe" that exists beyond the boundaries of the "observable Universe."

The principle of universal simultaneity has other important implications to our understanding of the hypothetical and inferable universe. First, it leads us to believe that though there may be no non-relative frames of gravitational reference in any grand cosmological sense, there must be some larger and larger frame of reference for the universe as a whole within which we may come to understand even the non-isotropic juxtaposition of its many subsystems. In other words, the instantaneous universe must be held together, or gravitationally unified by some means, even if it is the default of a lack of a central gravitational frame of reference in shared space-time, and even though we may not be able to directly observe such unification. Even the hot-big bang model implicitly suggests a scheme of the grand unification of the universe in terms of its expansion and possible contraction. This is linked to the relative isotropic curvature of space-time.

In an instantaneous universe, both time and space become meaningless or non-relative parameters. An instantaneous universe would encompass all simultaneously, and time would be immeasurable and therefore meaningless. Like the related principle of singularity, the principle of universal simultaneity suggests some kind of absolute end state or non-relative frame of reference. We may or may not accept such a principle. It may be the case that real systems may approach such absolute conditions to an infinite degree, but never obtain them. In other words, the principle of universal simultaneity exists as a possibility, as a possibility demanded by the instantaneous patterning of the inferable universe, like absolute zero, but it may not exist as anything more than such a possibility. It may be ultimately an unrealizable possibility that is there because it is inherent to the structural order of the universe in the most basic of senses.

The question of universal simultaneity of an inferable universe suggests that in the largest sense the universe may be in fact what I have referred to as a "dynamic state" universe. A dynamic state universe can be looked upon as infinite. In a universe in which there occurs no non-relative states, the only true absolute possibility is that of change itself. In other words, in such a universe, everything is changing continuously, on its own scale, relative to its own gravitational frame of reference. Isotropic unification of systems can only be achieved in some relative and local sense. A dynamic state universe would suggest that even constants like the gravitational constant may be changing at its own rate in its own way.

A way of stating the implications of a dynamic-state universe is to formulate the following conditions that might apply:

1. There are no non-variable constants in a dynamic state universe.

2. There are no discontinuous or discrete states separate from alternate states in a dynamic state universe.

Whatever constants we might wish to apply to a dynamic state universe, we must realize the possibility that in some larger frame of reference, those properties that might appear to be constant and unchanging may be in fact alterable and quite variable. These involve the constants of Absolute Zero and the speed of light, for instance. These variables may change without our realization or ability to measure their changes, as everything in the positive-universe we experience would be calibrated to these constants, and would change in a relatively coordinated manner.

All variables that are subject to change do so in a continuous manner--in other words, we can have no discontinuous or sudden disruptions in a dynamic state universe, which implies that the universe should change from one state to the next without apparent connection between subsequent states.

A dynamic state universe therefore comes to imply a general model of the universe that is in continuous transition or flux at all levels, even at the most basic levels. It suggests that the very principles and laws that govern the universe from one state or stage to the next may vary continuously in ways we do not yet understand. Evidence has been interpreted suggesting that the gravitational constant is weakening, and that the overall force of gravitation in the universe is weakening, such that all forms of matter, and perhaps space-time itself, is gradually expanding, albeit in relativist ways. Regardless of such theoretical interpretations, it remains the case that we still do not understand the basic patterns or processes or properties that govern the universe. In this regard we must ask how much the speed of light, as a constant that is central to the Einsteinian theories of relativity, may not in fact be, in some general frame of reference, a variable that is a defining characteristic of our own physical and observational limits in the universe.

In consideration of a dynamic state universe, it is important to contrast this with the conception of a fundamentally static-state universe--a universe that in some basic sense does not change and remains permanently unalterable. We may state a third precept of a dynamic state universe, the inference that:

3. In a dynamic state universe, there is nothing that is permanent in an absolute sense.

This last point suggests that matter as we know it may be a function of a phase or period of development of the larger universe--however stable we may presume protons or other essential particles to be, it is possible that in the long run the total ratio and composition of matter in the universe may change in some irreversible direction.

This last point is important because it defines change as uni-directional and as inherently irreversible. We see this in several principles relating to space and time. Motion is always unidirectional in an instantaneous sense, and such motion is always nonreciprocal. Similarly, clocks always move in one direction, but never in reverse, at least in what we can refer to as a hypothetical positive state universe.

The uni-directionality of all change processes, whether this is entropy decay or the motion of objects in space or the passage of time, suggests that change processes are dimensionally constrained in some complex manner that we do not yet understand. This issue becomes important when we consider the possibility of multi-dimensional or parallel universal realities that simultaneously coexist with one another.

The basic model behind this alternative system is recognition that space-time is not an empty void as implied by a relativistic model, but it has "substance" of a kind that can be said to be of an event-structure. This structure interacts with matter and energy in concentrated forms, defining the relative mass of the system, such that it is pulled into the mass system, and it is involved in the on-going replacement and construction of matter and energy on a fundamental level. A consequence of this process is the uniform gravitational attraction of objects of uneven mass, on the one hand, the increase of concentric gravitational pressures on the core of the mass system, on the other hand. Large mass systems tend to become spherical due to the concentric pressure exerted by the space-time manifold of the gravitational field on the object. Another important consequence of this interaction of gravitation with matter and positive energy is the continuous production of heat energy at the core of gravitational objects--the larger the object, the greater the amount and intensity of heat that will be generated, to the extent that in very large objects, this heat becomes the basis for thermonuclear reactions, and from these reactions, new nucleonic mass particles may be produced.

This gravitational process becomes an important consideration in the dynamics of solar systems and planets, and in the production of elementary particles in large quantities and relative abundances. It becomes an important consideration in the origination of matter and energy in the universe and the explanation of the origins of the universe.

On the other side of this model is a conception of a universal gravitational field that is probably infinite in extent and which inherently seeks a condition of near perfect zero equilibrium with itself. There nonetheless occur tidal forces in the relative space-time flow and folding of the gravitational field, and these tidal eddies and turbulence can be the source of spontaneous energetic events.

The gravitational field is seen as a kind of seamless, convoluted structure that essentially exists in at least five or more dimensions, and which contains and determines relativally the four-dimensional space-time construct that arises as a result of gravitational interactions with mass and electromagnetic energies. The fifth-to n-th dimensions are paradoxically not experienced in the large and the long run, but on the level of the smallest coherent fundamental structures constituting matter and energy. On the largest scale, they are experienced in terms of alternative state universes, but in our own relative scale they are felt only as the degree of space-time slippage or "slop" in the system. In other words, the gravitational relativity of all periodic processes is evidence of the variability of space-time constructs in higher dimensional states.

In understanding this structure of the universal gravitational field, I have superimposed the notion of universal relativity, which states, in general, that there are no non-relative frames of reference in which fundamental physical properties, for instance the speed of light, remain always and absolutely unaltered. In other words, in a universally relative world, there is nothing that does not change depending upon the frame of reference.

Part of this notion is the idea of Universal Simultaneity which arises from a conception that something that can travel instantaneously exists with equal probability everywhere in the universe. We can understand the function of such a principle when we consider that the real momentary universe must be somehow instantaneous in structure, by inference, and that this instantaneous structure must exhibit some kind of ordering principle that regulates relations between things all at the same time. This notion of an inferable instantaneous physical universe--of the exact instantaneous disposition of all physical systems at any particular moment--transcends what we can call the general relativity of the observational universe defined by the speed of light. The observational universe remains one that is bound to a specific speed, and hence to a certain degree of boundness. We cannot in such a universe see the entire universe in its exact current disposition because we are bound to a positive-state, light based observational universe.

We can say that in such a model, gravitational energies are fundamentally attractive, and they are omnidirectionally propagative. Unlike electromagnetic radiation, they do not propagate outwardly, but they propagate in reverse, in essence in reverse time, or backwardly. It is entirely possible that these forces propagate at faster than the speed of light, and hence appear as virtually instantaneous to us. Rather than moving from its source, they propagate towards a common source. It is difficult to conceptualize--it is almost as if gravitational fields exist within a separate set of dimensions and only interface with the four dimensional space-time universe as gravitational effects upon positive and relative states of matter and energy.

I have hypothesized that the basis of gravitation is what I refer to as a zeroeth entity, an event entity of some infinitesimally small size, but which can exist with equal probability almost everywhere at the same time. The only constraint of this entity, and of all larger structures that it composes, including subatomic particles, atoms and molecules, is that it exists as a periodic phase structure, such that it can be said to "blink" and not to exist discretely at any particular point at any one time. The possibility of omnidirectionality of the gravitational field becomes imaginable in consideration of the quantum dynamics of the zeroeth entity. Another way of putting this is to say that gravitational field-lines of a unified field propagate in all possible directions, infinitely, at the same time. These lines always integrate the gravitational field together.

To picture an n-th dimensional universe, we must see that the normal four-dimensional structure of space-time is inherently variable. If we could topographically map this four dimensional structure onto a two-dimensional surface, like a large sheet of rubber or cloth, we would see that a smooth, steady state system would be like a flat sheet. If we twist and bend the sheet, and contort it topographically all kinds of ways, we create variability in the structure which is associated to its deformation and variation in an n-th dimension. As we travel across the surface of the sheet, as we would in normal space-time, we would experience the contortions, depressions and elevations of the sheet as so much gravitation, acceleration and relativistic space-time properties associated with differential velocities. Always being confined to the surface of the sheet, we can not notice the actual topography of the sheet except in how it affects our movements and our clocks--it would seem uniformly flat to us no matter how twisted it became. Furthermore, we can imagine the translation of the sheet itself in an a greater than n-dimension, though we would be hard-pressed to explain what consequences this added dimensionality, or set of dimensions, would have for our experience of reality.

If we hold to our model of the rubber sheet, then the parameters that keep us bound to the surface of the sheet are the physical constants of absolute zero and the speed of light. These positive-state constants represent in a sense the tolerance limits in the deformability or ductility of the sheet in the four space-time dimensions that govern the expression of all positive physical matter and energy in terms of mass and mass equivalence. The n-dimensional creates for us an additional frame for understanding the consistent variation of pattern of space-time coordinate reference systems that are operating upon different levels of energy. In other words it provides a dimension of flexibility by which to understand the patterning of space-time in a dynamic manner. At the same time, the hypothezation of a fifth, nth-dimension sets up other possibilities for the interpretation of evidence and the construction of alternative state cosmologies in the universe. The universe becomes then inherently more complex and dynamic with possibilities of structures that exist beyond the bounds of direct observation. To what extent we should accept such structures remains in doubt, although when possibilities of a anti-matter universe arise, or of alternative divergent universes made possible from a grand compartmentalization or isotropic segmentation of structure, then we must ask ourselves how such possibilities might make sense in our models, and be used in such a way as to help us make better sense of phenomena we are capable of directly observing.

If we can consider an nth-dimensional gravitational universe, then we can understand that normal values of space and time as we understand these in four dimensions no longer has any real significance. In an nth dimensional structure, gravitation is propagating in a direction that is transverse of time and space, the result of which are the relativistic structures that we observe. We cannot therefore ask such a question as where or when did it all begin, and where and when will it all end. It was in essence timeless and infinite in its most basic structure.

On the other hand, we can ask such a question as this--what was the origin of mass and energy within such a preexisting system. We can say that energy and mass arose as the stochastic outcome of the structure of the long run of a system that grew increasingly dynamic with time. In such a reverse world, the laws of thermodynamics no longer strictly hold, and it is possible that we can create something from nothing, and create higher energy systems from lower energy systems. As mass and energy systems arose and propagated, time and spatial values also arose concurrently in an increasingly differentiated field. Mass and energy systems created their own dynamic equilibrium the consequences of which we commonly observe in the night sky.

We can summarize this line of reasoning by saying that mass as a measure is really the relative effect of the displacement of space-time by the mass-object, and the resulting pattern of condensation or concentration of space-time about the object. Space-time conforms in a particular way to create a gravitational frame of reference that "holds" the object in some stable position or state-path trajectory. Mass is nothing therefore intrinsic to the object itself, but a measure of the amount of displacement the object causes upon the space-time manifold or the relative gravitational field. By the same token, we can say that gravity produced by a system is a measure of the amount of gravitational replacement that occurs within the body of a system, and it is a function of the relative density of that system.

Another way of considering this is to note that all forms of matter are in essence forms of positive energy that are entrapped within the nuclear structures of atoms. Positive energy systems held at some level of density within a mass bound object are counterbalanced by the negative energy effects of the space-time manifold in which it is situated. Weight is really a measure of potential energy--the energy required to move or lift an object within a gravitationally defined field. There occurs therefore a process of dynamic equilibrium between positive and negative forms of energy that results in a net equilibrium or balance of the system. Acceleration of an object and its inertial resistance is really the resistance of the space-time manifold of the preexisting gravitational field containing the object to further displacement in some direction. It is the inherent resistance of negative gravitational energy, that seeks relative zero gravitational equilibrium to some directional displacement that is locally isotropic. This displacement can only occur in one direction at once, unless the object becomes disintegrated and loses its basic structural integrity. The total kinetic energy of the system, its mass plus the force of momentum, is a measure of the degree of negative displacement of the system in the space-time manifold of the gravitational field.

Unless acted upon by other outside agencies, in space-time an object that is accelerated to a certain speed in a specific trajectory, will retain this speed and trajectory permanently without the addition of any further force. It is in essence a perpetual motion machine, because of a permanent disequilibrium achieved in the space-time manifold of the gravitational field that contains the object, between the front and the sides of the object. This disequilibrium becomes attached to the object by its shape, density, direction and speed, and translates with the object indefinitely through space-time. Space-time remains always denser at the front of an accelerated object, in a specific direction, than at its rear, and this differential causes the object to continuously propel itself forward. Only the addition of further energy, either to decelerate or further accelerate or to shift the direction of the object, can cause a change in the state-path trajectory of the system in the gravitational field. In other words, gravitationally defined properties become indefinitely associated with the motion of the object in continuous ways.

If we go back to the basic laws of thermodynamics, we can see that what appears to be violations of basic principles may in fact be a reinterpretation of the same principles in an expanded system of energy exchange. In this expanded system, things like perpetual motion, concentrative creation of something from nothing, and sustained disequilibrium of subsystems, can be accounted for by the interactions of negative gravitational energy fields that are integrative and concentrative with positive thermodynamic energies that are radiational and dissipative.

On the surface, for instance, the first law of thermodynamics, which states that energy may never be created or destroyed, appears to be violated if we hypothesize that gravitational bodies may in their core generate new heat energy as a result of gravitational replacement and concentrative gravitational pressures. The theory predicts that this energy is produced by the reorganization of the constituent elements of the gravitational field into new packets of positive energy. If new energy can be thus created, then it can also be destroyed, and the same theory predicts the disintegration of energy in some systems into the same kinds of constituent elements, and the reorganization of these elements back into the stuff of space-time or negative gravitational energy. Though the first law of thermodynamics appears to be violated, we can understand that in the processes of creation and destruction of energy, there is a net balance or equilibrium and conservation of total amount of energy between negative gravitation and positive thermodynamic radiation. Forms of energy can change, be created and destroyed, but the fundamental constituents of this energy remains conserved. We can predict therefore that in black holes, energy and mass that becomes entrapped in such a system is ultimately disintegrated back into constituent elementary units, and these units are then released in some continuously entropy manner back into the manifold of space-time. A black hole functions as a giant energy trap or sink, returning energy back into the stuff from which energy was created in the first place.

Similarly, the second law of thermodynamics appears to be violated in basic gravitational dynamics--the simple and ubiquitous example of an object in permanent motion in space demonstrates a kind of perpetual motion machine of both the first and second kind. No apparent energy needs to be transferred to the system to maintain its state-path trajectory beyond its initial inputs of the energy of acceleration, once such a system is set in motion, and this system appears to involve no further transfers of energy in its state-path trajectory, unless it collides or interacts with some other system. Just such a gravitational body that can be said to be stationary still exemplifies a form of perpetual motion machine, as it appears to continuously generate gravitational energy and heat, without further apparent inputs being found. In all such systems, the apparent anomalies can be explained in terms of the continuous displacement and replacement of the space-time manifold in which such objects are situated. In other words, all such systems involve an established equilibrium of energy exchange between negative gravitation and positive thermodynamic radiation. The gravitational inputs in such systems, in all cases, exactly equals the total kinetic and thermodynamic outputs or potentials of such a system.

The only law of thermodynamics which appears to me to remain inviolable, even in gravitational systems, is the third law relating to absolute zero. This suggests that the third law of thermodynamics holds true for both systems all of the time. We cannot have a true energyless vacuum of space-time in which there exists no positive energy. Another way of stating this that makes greater sense gravitationally, is to state that we can have no system that is without kinetic energy. All positive forms of energy are in continuous motion. Absolute zero appears to be a kind of zero-state that sets a fundamental limit to the energy dynamics of the universe as it can never be achieved. What seems to be achieved though is what can be called a form of relative zero, and this I would define as being the degree of energy balance in exchange between positive and negative energy systems.

This basic principle appears as true for the kinetic energy of a photon or other subatomic particle, as it does for very large mass objects, and I believe the underlying principle is exactly the same. The constant speed of light is an intrinsic property of this form of energy--it can travel in space-time neither slower nor faster than this speed.

It seems to me that we can understand gravitational attraction and the influence of gravitation on the relativistic structures of space-time containing in a Machian sense matter and electromagnetic energy in terms of gravitation having what can be called negative or potential mass and negative (or potential) energy that counteracts in reverse manner the positive effects of normal mass and energy. This negative mass and energy is not the same as anti-matter or a form of anti-energy. Anti-matter and anti-energy become possible in a reverse dimension in a nth-dimensional universe. The effects of negative energy and negative mass can be said to be the inertial consequences of the acceleration of a system in space-time, and the entropy thermodynamic effects upon forms of positive radiation of energy. Such negative energy and mass intrinsic to the gravitational field may be the basis for so-called dark energy and mass in the universe.

If we can understand that all physical systems must be in some state of motion, containing kinetic energy, it follows as well that all gravitational fields must exhibit some measure of dynamic flux and local disequilibrium. Gravitational energies appear to follow their own revised laws of gravitational-spime dynamics that are similar to the laws of thermodynamics but in a reverse manner.

We can understand and appreciate the importance of a nth-dimension for the articulation of gravitational energy in the universe and as the structural framework for the flow and shaping of the structure of space-time in a dynamic gravitational field, when we consider that all systems are in dynamic kinetic motion, and yet all motion is relative. The common point of conjuncture for negative and positive energy systems is Absolute Zero, and gravitational dynamics interacts continuously and in a complementary manner with thermodynamics. Such systems become increasingly dynamic up to the speed of light which sets the upper threshold for such dynamic interactions. There are in such a system no absolute reference points for such motion except for absolute zero on one end of the continuum and possibly light-speed on the other end. I would venture to claim that if we could isolate gravitational energy as true negative energy in space-time, in a perfect vacuum, then we would find that it exists at or below absolute zero. It would absorb energy, and it would be found to propagate itself at faster than light speeds, or nearly infinite speed.

We cannot fix any single reference point or anchor in our mapping or understanding of the configuration of motions of the total universe. In the largest frameworks motion appears to be essentially non-isotropic, chaotic and random.

This is the basis for the claim of a dynamic state universe--such a universe can only occur in an n-dimensional frame that allows for continuous variability of gravitational frames of reference. A way of looking at this is to understand that the relativistic phenomena of time dilation and spatial contraction occurs as a result of the relative motion and total kinetic energy of a system. A system that exists at one level, exhibits basic space-time properties that are fundamentally different from a system existing at another level. Both systems can co-occur independently in the same general space-time framework, but they are running on different sets of space-time coordinates. It strikes me that this condition is only possible and only explainable if we invoke a pattern of variation along a continuum of dynamic energy exchange of such systems that fundamentally alter the space-time properties relative to each system. This is the basis of the conception of universal relativity of a dynamic, non-zero state universe. Gravitational frames of reference can occur independently of one another, and yet all such frames exist in coordination with one another.

We tend to imagine the effects of space-time manifolds in terms of a topography of field-lines that are interwoven. I do not know if field-lines per se are the appropriate model to adopt of a negative gravitational system, as such a system can be seen to be flowing and turbulent and hence continuously in motion like a huge empty ocean. If we can assign such a thing as field-lines to such a dynamic and continuous system, then we must think of such lines in relation to the propagative directions of energy particulates, and in terms of the transverse lines of gravitation that these lines transect in their passage through space-time. It appears that energy does propagate in relatively linear, or somewhat curvilinear manner, with the sense of original direction being maintained over the long term. At the same time, secondary transverse field-lines, that are concentric and perpendicular to the force of direction, propagate out as a wave and a unified field simultaneously. In such a manner, propagative field-lines of different energies, coming from different sources, appear to achieve a dynamic integration and interference pattern that appears something like a grand diffraction grating.

One aspect of all energy systems seems to me to be that of a sense of relative directional reference--each energy signal in a field appears to retain information to the nth or rather zeroth degree, of its relative position and time of origin, such that even from very vast distances of space-time, information of its exact origin may be recovered. We might say that space-time curves and even folds or bends in various ways, but the energy traveling through this twisted manifold will retain correct and exact information about its original position. To understand how this might be, we must consider the case of the degree of angle of observation of an infinitely small point that is at an infinite distance of observation.

It seems that if such is the case with individual periodic particulate structures of energy, then it is these same properties which permit a kind of omni-directional transparency of space-time such that multiple, separate signals can pass through the same point in space-time without apparent interference or loss of information within the signal.

It is important to account for motion in the universe in relation to the gravitational field in an nth dimensional universe, and in a more general sense, the phenomena of kinetic energy at all levels of its instantiation. Absolute zero appears to be a critical point at which all motion ceases. We can understand that all things in the universe are in essence in some kind of motion, and this sense of motion appears to have critical bearing on our understanding of gravitation and its affects upon space-time. First, we may observe that all positively observed motion is constrained in some basic ways. Things can travel in only one direction and in one time trajectory. Things cannot travel two directions at once. It is also the case that the inertia of resistance to acceleration is a function of gravitation, but once acceleration is achieved, under ideal conditions, no further force is required to propel the object through empty space-time. On another level, the velocity of an object determines the scales of its clock and its spatial measures--the faster the object travels, the slower the clock and the smaller the scale of spatial measure becomes. Furthermore, we may assume some kind of basic equivalence of energy, such that we can see concentrated mass as really a form of very dense energy that is entrapped in a stable state.

The model of gravitation that I have adopted suggests that mass-based matter and energy systems render the space-time manifold, and the gravitational field-lines, more dense than otherwise found. Making these lines dense requires more energy to perturb the entire system, hence we experience a form of inertia. If we consider the model of gravitational displacement/spime replacement being greater for very massive systems, then we can see the condition of greater densities of space-time surrounding the system. The density of the surrounding space-time manifold, and its relative distribution, is directly proportional to the strength of the gravitational field, and this is directly equivalent to the total amount of energy contained within the system. In a sense, as a system is accelerated in motion, the motion confers upon the object an added directional density. Once a certain speed is achieved, the density of the space-time manifold, being uneven from forward to back, remains the same along the directional gradient as long as the object remains in the same state-path trajectory. This manifold allows the object to travel continuously without interruption and without further addition of more kinetic energy to its system.

We can say that such an object in motion achieves a stable but dynamic equilibrium within its space-time manifold, and it requires more energy to slow or speed the object, or to change its trajectory, than is involved in its steady-state maintenance. Space-time does not give drag to such a system, because it is flowing with the system, carrying the system through space. In other words, motion can be seen as an interaction of the space-time manifold of the gravitational field with the object--the gravitational field flows, carrying objects with them.

Even the motion of energetic molecules in a gas can be seen to be the expression of a disturbed space-time manifold that contains the gas, such that the gravitational potentials that affect the surrounding space of a balloon, for instance, do not affect the balloon in the same way, in spite of its mass. The kinetic energy creates a form of pressure that is counter-resistant to the pressure effects of gravitational attraction. In such a condition, the space-time manifold is fundamentally in disequilibrium in a very local area.

On another level, even within very massive objects, we can see that the space-time differential inside and outside the object sets up a basic gradient of disequilibrium that accelerates the rate of gravitational displacement and spime replacement within the object. This sense of internal space-time disequilibrium of a very massive object, especially extremely dense objects as a black hole, remains continuous for the life of the object.

The differential densities of the space-time manifold that surround and embed the object must be seen as the basis for understanding the dynamics of motion and gravity in systems in the universe. Where high densities can be found, there is greater gravity, greater inertia to acceleration, and greater disequilibrium of systems. In such a case, we can understand therefore the measurement and phenomena of mass to be indirectly equivalent to the relative measure of the space-time density of the manifold surrounding the object. In this case, very dense mass objects contain a great deal of potential positive energy, and this energy is offset by the density of the space-time manifold in a kind of gravitational buoyancy. Gravitation interacts with the energetics contained in the system, and mass is the resulting effect of the equilibrium of the system in the space time manifold.

From this model, we can conjecture that the nth-dimension of gravitation is expressed and experienced in terms of the differentials of velocity and acceleration--in terms of the relativistic considerations that are attached to motion. In a sense, objects operating at different levels of motion, hence of net kinetic energy, whether they are stationary or in eternal flight, occupy different levels of the nth-dimension. In a sense, they exist in completely different gravitational frames of reference than slower or lower energy systems.

If gravitational energies normally exist in an nth-dimensional universe that intersects with the four-dimensional structure of space-time at every point, and which defines the relativistic properties of these structures and all motions, then it is also the case that we can imagine jumping dimensions, somewhat like traveling in purported space-time wormholes, such that we may circumvent the normal structures of space-time. I do not know if it is possible to remain physically continent and integrated in such a jump. I suspect that black holes create such a kind of gravitational vortex of the positive universe, that passes through the nth-dimensional structure, perhaps emerging in an anti-universe that may be the obverse of the structure of this universe.

It is clearly the case that gravitational energies can be manipulated and can be concentrated or diffused in the structure of space-time. Exactly how to do so without employing huge mass objects or incredible energies has yet to be figured out. If we can tap gravitational energy, then we can imagine the construction of machines that function essentially as perpetual motion devices and that fundamentally violate the laws of thermodynamics.

It is evident that the gravitational field as we normally experience this may have what can be called a "reciprocity of propagative structure" such that field-lines propagate both directions equally and simultaneously, unlike thermodynamic radiation which appears to be non-reciprocal in its unidirectional propagation. It would be as if we shoot a laser beam into space, and the light would be traveling both away from and toward the laser source simultaneously. This is only possible in an integrative structure that is virtually instanteous and universal in its rate and scale of propagation.

This suggests that we may somehow one day construct a kind of device that counters the hypothetical reciprocal effects of gravitational energy in such away as to render it nonreciprocal and hence directly available to observation and manipulation in a positive way.

*****

The gravitational unification of a body has the consequence of reorienting in a concentric manner the gravitational field-lines and thus the structure of space-time surrounding the object, such that space-time at least appears to be flowing into the center of the earth.

All objects not at absolute zero are in motion--absolute zero expresses in thermodynamic terms the equivalence of absolute gravitational equilibrium or rest. It is in fact a state of motionless and unification, at which point no spatial directionality can be realized. All physical bodies are in motion by definition of their physicality. They thus exhibit dynamic relationships of time and space. All such objects are constrained in one direction in one time. If gases and molecules become motionless at absolute zero, then this suggests that in perfect space-time, there is no unequal or isotropic gravitational attraction or flow of s-t in a particular direction.

All bodies in motion have inertia of energy and entropy relating to their motion. Even very small entities, like photons and electrons and hydrogen nuclei, must at an extreme observe this same sense. In other words, all bodies above absolute zero are in motion, seeking a state of rest by the laws of gravitational dynamics. All such bodies are connected to space-time by relative field-lines that constrain the motion in a particular direction and convey a given resistance to this motion that expresses itself as inertia.

Relative gravitational equilibrium of a moving body through s-t is as if the body is not in motion, but frozen, relative to a local frame of reference. By bodies becoming gravitationally and electro-statically unified, the motion possible of the individual components becomes transferred to the common possible motion of the entity as a whole--gravitationally at least, the whole body is something more than the sum of its parts.

Consideration of the dynamic state universe leads to two further hypothesis: 1. the subatomic structure relative to gravitation, 2. and the cosmological structure of the universe that is also relative to this model of gravitation.

The first, subatomic or elementary gravitational model proceeds from an observation that gravitational energies may act as a kind of well-system such that it occurs continuously at multiple levels of negative energy and mass, rather than discretely as most electromagnetic radiation is found to do. In other words, a well system of gravitational energy is in a sense energy contained within energy contained within energy, each level being composed of energy-particulates of a smaller and smaller size, until we come to what can be called the hypothetical zeroeth entity that in essence is something from nothing and exists everywhere and nowhere simultaneously. This suggests that the kind of gravitation experienced in a black hole will be of a fundamentally different composite structure than gravitation that may be found to exist in in the empty depths of intergalactic space. It is important to emphasize "experienced" because it is as much an event as it is a thing or an entity--it is a phenomena that has only a partial particulate structure, and this partial structure may be phase-periodic at best.

Thus we may imagine thickened gravitational fields, the effect of which would be dense space-time structures, and relatively thin gravitational fields. It is possible that gravitational fields may become so thin that their effect is essentially the opposite of what we normally experience--in essence, things would be structurally pulled apart in such a system, which may explain why large bodies are not seen traversing deep space. In other words, if we were to shoot a long-sojourning space ship to a distant galaxy to visit our neighbors, we might find that we would not arrive, because our spaceship would essentially "reverse implode" due to the gravitational "depressurization" effects of empty space-time upon the structure of the ship, constructed as it originally was in the gravitational fields of earth. On the other hand, we might find gravitational fields in such interstitial corridors merely to flatten out to some minimal level in a fairly innocuous or neutral manner.

Behind this conception of the gravitational field as a well system of energies within energies, is a conception of infinitesimals, small small subatomic particles, that are composed of yet smaller particles. The smallest particle of positive mass and energy as we know it may be physical constrained somehow by the Planck constant, but this does not mean that smaller "particulates" may not exist that are not really particles so much as they may be said to be infinitesimal event-structures that co-occur with certain Einsteinian probabilities. I refer to this broad class of particulate event-structures as "n-particulates" and it is my theory that they compose an essential class of larger particulate structures that I refer to as spime. A spime gravitational theory is similar to a string theory, but instead of "strings." I have hypothesized what I call a spring theory. These spime particulates acquire a basic helical structure of certain periodic properties. If we go a step down, we can speculate that the class of nth particulates are constituted of what I have referred to as wxyz infinitesimals that behave in certain stochastic ways to create all known subatomic particles. Helical spring structures constitute the normal phase periodic structure of space-time. It is normally invisible and "empty" by all known measures of positive mass and energy, and yet it can decompose down to wxyz infinitesimals, and become recomposed back into the subatomic structures that we are familiar with. Springs are in essence alternative gravitational structures, or what can be called dark matter that is essentially transparent to light. Below the wxyz infinitesimals may be multiple series of less and less event-entities, which I broadly class as "zero-th entities" and which are in essence the infinitely reducible smallest "structures" of the universe--essentially ubiquitous and omnipresent in the universe, such that there is not point or place of the universe where the cannot be found in a probabilistic sense. The string structures of spime are the basis of the gravitational fields, and they occur in a n-th dimension that encompasses the space-time structure of the known positive universe.

It comes as something of a grand paradox in the science of physical properties of reality that the understanding of the very smallest is used to explain the very largest. The model have developed can be considered to be one of an infinitesimal constituency of particle-properties or "event-structures" that, in a non-zero state universe, have no limit or no sense of fundamental essence. The hypothetical "zeroeth entity" is nothing but a composite system with some minimal sense of basic constraint composed of far smaller and smaller systems of which we haven't a hint. At some scale of microscopic measurement, below the level of the Planck length, we end up with a system in which the normal properties of time and space no longer apply, and structures are no longer available to direct observation.

It is interesting as well that if we are to seek the basis for a multi-dimensional universe, then we must seek evidence and explanation for these dimensional structures in the n-infinitesimals that in a sense exist before time and below space. The reason for hypothesizing an nth-dimensional universe is that the universe may be made up of an infinitude of dimensions. We would expect this from a non-zero state model. The so called 5^th dimension would really be a composite structure of nth-dimensions embedded as a well-system in the structure of the gravitational field. I would hypothesize that this dimension is a fifth independent vector that applies to a geometrical-dynamic model of the structure of space-time.

A paradox of this kind of non-zero state model is that we can predict the contemporaneous presence of parallel and divergent state universes and a cosmological scale of compartmentalization of structures, but evidence for this can only be found on the very smallest scales available to us. We cannot look out to the ends of the universe by means of our light-based observational systems and hope to see these parallel and divergent structures. We also cannot observe nth-dimensions directly on the very smallest scales either, because light by definition that forms the basis of our observations is of a certain fundamental size and scale, and below this we can predict that the variables of space time properties themselves dissolve. We can only infer them by means of our models of the dimensional aspects of the very smallest event structures of the fabric of physical reality. If we can build alternative observational instruments, that allow us to "see" gravitation no matter how indirectly, then we have a chance of expanding the compass of our observational horizon beyond a relativistic framework defined by the speed of light. We may in fact be capable of seeing such nth-dimensional structures already, if we realized what we were seeing and new what to look for in the epiphenomenal patterning of light distribution.

If we travel to the other end of the physical scale, to the realm of the very largest, we must hypothesize what can be referred to as the possiblist structures of alternative-state universes. We are of course most comfortable with what can be called a zero-state and ultimately a finite-state universe. We have sought to define this universe in terms primarily of the observable universe, without realizing that the observable universe may be encompassed by a yet larger and more dynamic inferable universe, which may be part of an even larger hypothetical entity classifiable as the unknown or total hypothetical universe. All of these larger hypothetical state universes are in essence part of what can be referred to as meta-universe system. The point of departure for this model of an nth-dimensional gravitational-spime dynamics is that the universe is essentially non-zero state--hence it is ultimately an unbounded and infinite universe. We may also speculate that it is not just a single, positive state universe, but in effect is a multi-state universe that may have both a negative and a reverse state. In other words, we can refer to a multidimensional universe that exists in dimensions that encompass the normal space-time construct that we define theoretically in terms of general relativity theory.

If we go back to the cosmological principle, we can see that the structure of the universe in the large and in the long run is indeed non-isotropic and essentially random. This suggests that the universe is essentially non-zero state and unbounded. We can go a step further and suggest that the curvature ascribed to the normal structure of space-time is cosmologically non-uniform and variable--there is no reason to believe that this structure is uniformly positive, negative or flat.

If we seek to understand the Hubble constant that is observed in the fairly uniform and omni-directional red-shift of light, we can suggest that indeed the structure of space-time is expansive as we know it, but the red-shift is due not to the speeding away of galaxies of a balloon like universe, but rather the long-term state-path trajectory of light through a fairly constant if somewhat dynamic gravitational field, which determines that light that cannot decelerate, will shift to the red as it losses its energy. This shifting will be more or less uniform in all directions, as observed from earth, and will be increasingly noticeable with increasing depth of space-time. The Hubble constant can therefore be taken or interpreted not as a measure of the acceleration of distant galaxies, but of the long-term de-energization of light traveling through space-time.

There are basic dilemmas of the observational universe that we need to account for in our determination of the basic size, shape and historical dynamics of the universe. If we can infer light omni-directionally to a depth of say 16 billion light years, then we can infer an observational sphere with a diameter of 32 billion light years, and if we can infer that light traveling from the furthest sources we observe traveled equally in opposite directions, we can infer a universe that is at least 3 x 32 or 96 billion light years in diameter, and if we can infer a diameter of such vast proportions, then we can inform that light traveling the opposite direction from the furthest edge of this 96 billion light years circumference also traveled simultaneously in the opposite direction from each edge. We end up with a universe that grows exponential to the third power, or x cubed.

If we hypothesize that light is at some point curvilinear such that it eventually comes back to its origin, we must speculate that the light would reach a point at which the origin no longer existed as such. Also, this kind of question yet begs the observational relativity of a generally relative universe that is defined by the speed of light. In other words, it cannot account for an inferable universe that can be said to be instantaneous to the moment of contemporaneous observation. We can never physically observe, by known means of light observation, a universe that exists contemporaneously beyond the observational sphere.

It is also the case that we lack great observational parallax of the universe. If we could travel with our telescopes to very distant galaxies, we might end up with a view of the universe and of new structures in the universe that are essentially unobservable from earth and yet which would be equidistant between earth and our new observational point of reference.

It is these kinds of considerations, forced by logical extension of known observation, and by logical extension of a cosmological principle, that leads me to doubt critically a general relativistic view of a closed universe that is expanding from a common point of origin. If we can hypothesize a fifth to nth-dimensional structure to the universe, one that is strongly suggested by the logic of an instantaneous state, or contemporaneous state universe that still has gravitational structure, then we no longer need to be bound by a general relativistic conception of a finite state universe. Instead, we are bound by a conundrum of an infinite state universe in a model based upon the notion of universal relativity--ultimately we can have no absolute reference points for our model of the universe. The universe as a total entity lacks a center or an edge, it lacks a beginning or an end, and yet it remains totally dynamic.

The dynamic state universe is one that can be said to have arisen from a state of relative nothingness, by a process of increasing stochastic differentiation of its own minimal physical structure in an anti-entropic manner. It is possible that the universe is growing increasingly dynamic, and we must speculate that what is referred to as the gravitational constant may in fact be gradually changing or fluctuating. If there is some larger sense of order to the universe beyond our observational sphere, in a total sense, that exhibits some sense of long term equilibrium of dynamic structure, we do not know yet and probably cannot soon guess. It is not impossible to imagine a larger dynamic equilibrium of structure of the total universe. How many dimensions such an equilibrium might encompass would be impossible to determine, but it is possible.

Such a grand structure of the meta-universe would incorporate known positive and inferable negative and anti universes as but one smaller subsystem of a much larger super-system in as many more dimensions.

I will speculate on a basic principle of the universe. What is physically possible in the universe, no matter how improbable, will eventually come to pass, and will grow increasingly probable. It is for this reason primarily, and not for an blind existential leap of faith, that I wills say that in the final analysis, God played dice with the universe. And where did it all come from after all is said and done. We can only say, it started in the hands of God. He cast the dice and let them land as they may.