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<body> <font FACE="Times" SIZE="5"> <p ALIGN="CENTER">ENGLISH-HOKKIEN REFERENCE</p> </font><font FACE="Times"> <p ALIGN="CENTER">Hugh M. Lewis, 1996</p> </font> <p ALIGN="CENTER"> </p> <font FACE="Times"> <p ALIGN="CENTER">Copyright, 1996, Hugh M. Lewis</p> <p ALIGN="CENTER">Copies of this text may be printed for research and classroom use only.</p> </font> <p>  <hr> <font FACE="Times"> <p>The Hokkien Chinese dialect as it is spoken on Penang Island is an "oral" language. Chinese language newspapers there are written in Mandarin. There are few English-Hokkien references available which would facilitate the understanding or learning of the Hokkien Dialect. The only and most authoritative account available is a two volume <u>Spoken Amoy Hokkien</u> (Bodman, 1955, 1958) which appears to be intended for use by British military officers.</p> <p>The Hokkien Chinese dialect as it is spoken in Penang and upon the Jetty is differs from the Hokkien dialects found in Singapore, Taiwan and the province of China in which Amoy is situated. It is expected that there are a number of loan words, loss of formal spoken styles, refined vocabulary, idioms and colloquialisms of the parent language and the presence of neologisms that are not borrowings from Malay or English. This dialectal variation is significant in understanding the restructuring that a local language goes through, and significant dialectal differences in the replacement of basic terms, form of grammatical construction and sound shifts can be demonstrated even between sister communities of Hokkien Chinese within Malaysia.</p> <p>This patterning must be understood against a complex sociolinguistic background of Penang that is characterized by the presence of multiple overlapping languages and communities of partially fused (limited competence) multilingual speakers. The language landscape of Penang is represented by formal British English, informal "Penanglish," Mandarin, Hokkien Chinese, Tamil, Hindi, Bahasa Malaysia and Pasar Malay, Cantonese, Teow Chiew Chinese, Kek, Hakka, Hok Chiew and other Chinese languages.</p> <p>Though among the Chinese communities that were studied, Hokkien remains the principal base language. It is expected that most people in Penang have some competence in at least two or three other languages to a better or worse degree of competence, and it is not unusual to find individuals knowing five or six distinctly different languages with a fairly high level of competence in most of them. An interesting facet of this patterning is that much of this multilingualism is acquired through indirect and informal means, personal interactions in the market place or business world, through television and other forms of media and friendship or familial ties. Only the major languages of English, Malay and Mandarin are taught formally in the curriculum.</p> <p ALIGN="CENTER"> </p> </font> <p ALIGN="CENTER"><img SRC="jetty5.gif" WIDTH="438" HEIGHT="417"></p> <p ALIGN="CENTER">A schematic diagram portraying the linguistic complexity and heteroglossia of Penang</p> <p ALIGN="CENTER"> </p> <font FACE="Times"> <p>Fused multilingualism is a common, shared part of the language patterning found in Penang--a part of the mother tongue spoken by parents and among one's peers and other social role models. Multilingual fusion is characterized by relative frequencies of code-switching/mixing between languages at several levels (syntactic, semantic, phonetic, stylistic levels) of linguistic analysis simultaneously. The following is an example of a normal dialogue mixing Hokkien, English (underlined) and Malay (highlighted) between two Chinese women who were originally of different dialect groups:</p> <p>Speaker one: 1. <b>Tiga suku.</b>..<u>in a way</u>...siaw lian boh <u>mature</u>....e a <u>thinking</u> a noun boh har me <u>straight</u>....<u>so every time</u> e <u>a boyfriend</u> chiau e chut kee <u>dating</u>, <u>the next day </u>e lai <u>office</u>....e kong e a <u>boyfriend</u> chow har mi, chuah e kee tak loh...har mi ka liau....<u>these two old ladies </u>wah....kong koh, <u>tell me more, tell me more</u>, koh, ai chai <u>whatever happen</u> kah liau.</p> <p>Speaker two: 2. <u>So</u>, e <u>tell more</u>.</p> <p>Speaker one: 3. <u>Tell</u> kah liau, kah lu kong, <b>tiga suku</b>....si wah, boh kong hor tian e lang...<u>after that</u>....lau e kong lau loh, t<u>his girl</u> chut kee l<u>unch....gossip.</u>...<b>bodoh</b>, <u>actually</u>, tit ah <u>girl</u>....bay haui koh e a seng ku....a ya, <u>terrible</u> <b>lah</b>, <u>these two old ladies....Remember these two old biddies I was telling you about in the office</u>.</p> <p>Speaker two: 4. <u>Ya....how can I forget</u>.</p> <p>Speaker one: 5. <u>One day.</u>...e <u>meet </u>wah <u>for lunch downstairs and then the two old ladies</u>...lau wah...<u> introduce him to one of them, only one of them because the....I don't know what happen to her...I get angry with them, these two old ladies....terrible....in my whole life cho kang working life.</p> </u> <p>Code-swtiching and code-mixing patterns occur both contextually in the background, unconsciously as part of the individual's normal speech style, and consciously as part of a deliberate and strategic form of "information control" and status manipulation. A great deal of attention must be paid to the effective use of code switching/mixing at appropriate points, especially in complex inter-linguistic interactions when information and status are critically important.</p> <p>Within such a context, the expressive function of language as an aesthethic medium, the "poetic" function of language, and subjectivation-objectivation in the reinforcement of a coherent, shared version of reality necessarily yields to the social and largely pragmatic function of communicative efficacy of "making oneself understood in the best, shortest way possible." Pragmatic problems of "making things happen" and "getting the job done" take first place over formal or aesthetic consideration of language production and interpretation.</p> <p>Within this normal context of fused multilingualism, we must understand the importance that the individual speech setting plays in the patterning which linguistic interaction takes (in the home, in the office, in the market place, in the neighborhood, at the shopping center, etc.).</p> <p>The second level upon which this operates is in the sociolinguistic background of speech community in which the boundaries of that community are inherently complex and inherently "isolectal" rather than clear-cut. Members have normally access to more than one alternate patterning of language at any one time, and this patterning complicates communication and characterization of a speech community in which the normal state of affairs is a sort of creolized "fusion."</p> <p>It can be expected that normally complex multilingual settings are characterized by high levels of noise--potential for ambiguity and misunderstanding. The problem of the disambiguation of meaning, primarily through simplification of code, will therefore take precedence over the problem of expression or refinement of meaning through the sophistication and elaboration of code. Structural resemblance of emergent languages must be understood as the consequence of shared design features in the process of linguistic reduction.</p> <p>Rules of practice are worked on daily, ironed and eventually smoothed out biographically and historically by trial and error, and the entire prolonged process can be looked upon as one of a long series of mistakes and learning and focal elaboration and simplification on the basis of these error patterns.</p> <p>The consequence of this patterning may be a process of continuous "linguistic convergence" which can be dialectically contraposed to the better understood patterning of linguistic divergence. Within a given speech community, we can hypothesis the emergence of a new, fairly coherent "creolized" patterning of speech which is the direct consequence of multilingual fusion and which can be considered to be the offspring of two or more distinct parent languages.</p> <p>The basis of organization of this reference is upon "natural classes" that are the result of systematic elicitation of terms from native speakers. A brief vocabulary of Hokkien terms and sentences has been put together based upon what appear to be ethnosemantically salient and possibly more basic categories within the language (based upon pile sorts of terms and domains and word lists by native speakers), with the idea of conveying a fraction of spoken Hokkien as it occurs in Penang. Some of these terms are compared with those available (those underlined and in parenthesis in the following word lists) from the only Hokkien reference available (Bodman, 1958) probably drawn mostly but not exclusively from the standard parent dialect of Amoy. Phonological shifts of certain vowel sounds are apparent in some of the terms, the most notable are those for fish ("hu" from "hí") and pig ("tu" from "tî").</p> <p>The form of presentation or ordering of this patterning is merely suggestive and should not be taken as either correct or monolithic or homogeneous within the community that was studied. Morphophonemic shifting of certain tone patterns, vowels and consonantal clusters regular occur within the varying phrase contexts which makes uniform description difficult and there appears to be a dropping or merging of certain final consonants. There is no standard form of spelling of these terms, and nor is there uniform agreement on the orthography of the syllables and sounds heard. Variant, alternate forms can be found for many terms, and many exceptional terms and even basic categories are missing from this inventory.</p> <p>At the outset, it should be remarked that the Penang variety of Hokkien as an oral language is inherently bound up in trading and marketing activities, in practical affairs of the home, kinship, domestic management, cooking, familial relationships and in religious practices and beliefs. It is not a language to be used for intellectual abstraction, scientific theorization, refined discussion of the more subtle or sublime feelings or resonance's in the world, or for the romantic elaboration of the affairs of heart. When Hokkien Chinese wish to talk about these things, they invariably "switch-out" of Hokkien and easily slip into other codes--Mandarin, English, Malay, for the sake of expressive elaboration. To underscore this facet of Hokkien is not to belittle the language--such elaboration and sophistication is possible and probably has been worked out by some people--but it is not commonly found among the average speaker.</p> <p>There is an important sense in which spoken Hokkien is "context" bound and a great deal of the phrase structure of the language depends upon an understanding of the local context in which it occurs. A great deal of the stylistic modification and manipulation of the language for purposes of information control and communicative efficacy is based upon this contextual nature of the language, and knowledge of the immediate context is often necessary before a correct interpretation of a statement can be made.</p> <p>This contextuality of Hokkien Chinese finds expression in spatially oriented constraints within syntactic construction through the use of special verb forms of "to go," "to come," "to give," and "to take;" of particles that act as "localizers" and noun-specifiers; as well as in the deemphasis of devices of temporal modifiers--i.e. verb tense. This intrinsic context-boundness of Hokkien can be easily fit within an extrinsic cultural context of a larger patrilineal, "kin-centric" universe of relations in which geomantic principles and familial social relationships are highly elaborated.</p> <p>Grammar normally entails a simplified subject-verb-object order, but this order does not appear to be strongly determinative of phrase structure, except that verbs or the objects of a predicate do not come before the subject. Adjectives come before nouns, as in English. There are a number of ways of saying the same thing, for example the simple and common phrase "Are you going to the market today?" can be expressed in several different ways--"Lu ki bahn sahn o kane jit?", "Lu ai ki bahn sahn o?", "Kane jit lu ou ki bahn sahn o?", "Kane jit lu ai ki bahn sahn o?", "Lu ai ki banh sanh o kane jit?".</p> <p>Verbs are not conjugated and have no tense or plural/singular markings. The placement of the verb in relation to the subject is marked by adverbial particles (such as"beq, ue, thang, ue sai, ue thang, teq, + la, bat, -liau" aspects), "stative verbs" (such as "ho"), "directive verbs" (such as "ki", "lai", "sang"), and auxiliary verbs (such as "u") and that defines the entire system as "aspectual," expressing assertion, possibility, likelihood, intention or expectation.</p> </font> <p>  <hr> <b><u><font FACE="Times"> <p>Wh-Question Words</p> </font></u></b><font FACE="Times"> <p>what-- ha mi</p> <p>where-- ta lok</p> <p>why-- ha mi su</p> <p>how-- an chua<i>hn</p> </i> <p>when-- ti si</p> <p>who-- chu chooi</p> </font> <p>  <hr> <b><u><font FACE="Times"> <p>Pronouns</p> </font></u></b><font FACE="Times"> <p>I, me--wah we (all)--wah lang (kah liow)</p> <p>you-- ee them--ee lang eh ("them all", the people)</p> <p>you- lu you--lu lang eh (them, they, you all, you people)</p> <p>his, hers--e eh yours, theirs--ee lang eh</p> <p>mine-- wah eh ours--wah lang eh</p> </font> <p>  <hr> <b><u><font FACE="Times"> <p>Conjunctions</p> </font></u></b><font FACE="Times"> <p>and (with)--kah or--a si</p> </font> <p>  <hr> <b><u><font FACE="Times"> <p>Prepositions</p> </font></u></b><font FACE="Times"> <p>on top, above--teng bi<i>hn</p> </i> <p>on bottom, underneath--e teh</p> <p>in front--tau cheng</p> <p>before, first--tau seng</p> <p>beside, next to--pi a<i>h</p> </i> <p>across--tui bi<i>hn</p> </i> <p>inside--la bi<i>hn</p> </i> <p>outside--gwa kao</p> </font> <p>  <hr> <b><u><font FACE="Times"> <p>Specifiers and Locators</p> </font></u></b><font FACE="Times"> <p>this--chit</p> <p>that-- hit</p> <p>each--take</p> <p>further--kouq</p> <p>on-- -tieng</p> <p>at foot of-- -kha</p> <p>beside-- -pi</p> <p>before-- -chieng</p> <p>behind-- au</p> <p>in, inside-- -lai</p> <p>at, by-- -ni</p> <p>direction to, away-- -khi</p> <p>other, different--pat</p> <p>some-- u +</p> <p>near--ki<i>hn</i></p> <p>far--<i>h</i>ui</p> </font> <p>  <hr> <b><u><font FACE="Times"> <p>Opposites (Boh Siang "Different," Toh Tau Peng "Reverse, the other way around")</p> </font></u></b><font FACE="Times"> <p>yes--ai</p> <p>no--mai</p> <p>far--hui</p> <p>near--=keen</p> <p>cheap--pan gi</p> <p>expensive--kui, kooi</p> <p>dirty--la sam, (boh chin ki)</p> <p>clean--chin-ki, (boh la sam)</p> <p>light--chien</p> <p>dark--tang</p> <p>bright (daylight)--ku <i>hnw</i> i</p> <p>dark --am</p> <p>high--kuan</p> <p>low--<i>k</i> eh</p> <p>tall--kuan</p> <p>short--a</p> <p>up--t<i>hng</i> bi<i>nh</p> </i> <p>down--e teh</p> <p>beautiful--suwee, sue</p> <p>ugly--boh sui, kap si</p> <p>in--jep</p> <p>out--cho<u>t</p> </u> <p>good--ho</p> <p>bad --pi<i>e</i> (broken appliances, naughty, bad)</p> <p>good--<i>k </i>way</p> <p>naughty-- pi <i>e-</i>si</p> <p>left/right--tow chew</p> <p>right--c<i>h</i> ia chew</p> <p>thin--sun</p> <p>fat--pui</p> <p>pretty (for women, objects, flowers, pictures, etc.) suwee, sui</p> <p>ugly--boh suwee</p> <p>handsome (for men)--ean tau</p> <p>ugly--kiap see</p> <p>cute (for baby, small craft)--chu bee</p> <p>not cute--p<i>iy</i> k<i>wa</p> </i> <p>crude, vulgar--cho<u>r</u>-lo<u>r</u></p> <p>refined, fine (delicate, petite, fragile)--ewe siew</p> <p>vulgar (unrefined, rough, crude, ill-mannered, buffoon, clumsy)--cho<u>r</u> lo<u>r</u></p> <p>polite (to have manners)--(oo) lay-sa<i>w<u>r</u></i></p> <p>man--ta<u>r</u> <i>p</i> o<u>r</p> </u> <p>woman--cha<u>r</u> <i>b</i> o<u>r </u>--female (human),</p> <p>male (animal)--kang</p> <p>female (animal)-- kbo</p> <p>clever--gao</p> <p>stupid--<i>g</i> ong</p> <p>small--seh</p> <p>big--tua</p> <p>young--seh hanh</p> <p>old--tua hanh</p> <p>thin--san</p> <p>fat-pui</p> <p>front--tao chi<i>ng</p> </i> <p>behind--au boey</p> <p>straight--tea<u>t</u></p> <p>crooked, slanted -- <i>ow </i>hy</p> <p>young--siow-lien old--lao</p> <p>child--gin na adult--<i>t </i>ua lang</p> <p>dead--si</p> <p>alive--<i>wh </i>oa</p> <p>weak--lam</p> <p>strong-- i-yong</p> <p>wet--tam</p> <p>dry--<i>t</i> a</p> <p>sharp (pointy needle)--<i>ch </i>iam</p> <p>dull--tun</p> <p>sharp (knife)--lai " "</p> <p>hard--<i>h</i> eng, teng</p> <p>soft--<i>t</i>/<i>n </i>ui, nooi</p> <p>fast--ko-<i>wh</i>y</p> <p>slow-- ba<i>hn</p> </i> <p>big, large--tuwa</p> <p>small, little--say</p> <p>long--tung</p> <p>short (length)--teh</p> <p>broad,wide--kuwaa'</p> <p>narrow --/ <i>e</p> </i> <p>happy--<i>huwha</i> -he</p> <p>sad--/kek-sim ("frustrated hard")</p> <p>over, above--te<i>ng</i>-bin</p> <p>under, below--/<i>e</i>-te</p> </font> <p>  <hr> <b><u><font FACE="Times"> <p>Colors (Se<i>k</i>)</p> </font></u></b><font FACE="Times"> <p>black--oh</p> <p>white--pek</p> <p>red--ang</p> <p>blue--lam</p> <p>purple--lam-ma-na</p> <p>yellow--ooi'</p> <p>brown--chocolat</p> <p>grey--hoay-<b>hoo</p> </b> <p>pink ("watery red")--chui-ang</p> <p>green--che'</p> <p>orange--kam</p> <p>Description of intermediate colors:</p> <p>turquoise--'the color of the <u>sea</u>' --'siang ka <u>hai</u> e sek'</p> <p>off-white--'the color of the <u>clouds</u>'--'siang ka <u>hung</u> e sek'</p> <p>deep red--'the color of <u>pig liver</u>' --'siang ka tu <u>kwa</u> e sek'</p> <p>tangerine--'the color of <u>tangerine</u>'--'siang ka <u>kam</u> e sek'</p> <p>This thing is <u>red</u>--Chile meki'a <u>ang</u> e sek--"This thing <u>red</u> one color"</p> <p>This thing is <u>blue</u>--Chile meki'a <u>lam</u> e sek--"This thing <u>blue</u> one color"</p> <p>This thing is <u>white</u>--Chile meki'a <u>pek</u> e sek--"This thing <u>white</u> one color"</p> <p>light--chien</p> <p>dark--tang</p> <p>light red--chien ang</p> <p>dark red--tang ang</p> <p>light blue--chien lam</p> <p>dark blue--chien lam</p> <p>(light/dark) red apple--(chien/tang) ang e pengko "red the apple"</p> <p>(light/dark) blue ball-- (chien/tang) lam e bot "blue the ball"</p> <p>(light/dark) purple flower--(chien/tang) lam-ma-na e hua "purple the flower"</p> <p>(light/dark) green grass--(chien/tang) che' e chou"green the grass"</p> <p>this grey sea--hoay-hoo e hai "grey sea"</p> <p>this brown river--chocolat e kang "brown river"</p> <p>sea is grey--hai hoay-hoo e sek "sea grey (this,one) color"</p> <p>river is brown--kang chocolat e sek "river brown (this,one) color"</p> <p>this grey sea--chi-peng e hai hoay-hoo (e) sek "one here this sea grey color"</p> <p>this brown river--chi-le (e) kang chocolat (e) sek "one-this (one) river brown color"</p> <p>that grey sea--hi-peng e hai hoay-hoo sek "there this sea grey color"</p> <p>that brown river--hi-le (e) kang chocolat (e) sek "that (one) river brown color"</p> <p>this corner of the sea is grey--chi-kak e hai hoay-hoo (e) sek "one section this sea grey (this) color</p> <p>this stretch (section, corner) of the river is brown--chi-kak e kang chocolat (e) sek "one section this river brown (this) color" one red apple--chi-liap ang (e) pengko "one round red (this, one) apple"</p> <p>one blue ball--chi-liap lam (e) bot "one round blue (this, one) ball"</p> <p>one purple flower--chi-lui lam-ma-na (e) hua "one round purple (this,mone) hua"</p> <p>one patch of green grass--chi-kak che (e) chou--"one patch green (this) grass"</p> <p>one bundle of green grass--chi-chok che (e) chou--"one bundle green (this) grass"</p> <p>one patch of green grass --chi-kak e chou che e sek "one patch this grass green this one"</p> <p>grass is green--chou che' e sek "grass green this color"</p> <p>apples are red--pengko ang e sek "apple (s) red this color"</p> <p>balls are blue--bot lam e sek 'balls blue this color"</p> <p>flowers are purpole-- hua lam-ma-na e sek "flowers purple this color"</p> <p>this grass is green--chi-le chou che' e sek "this grass green this color"</p> <p>these apples are red--chi-le pengko ang e sek "the apples green this color"</p> <p>these balls are blue--chi-le bot lam e sek "these balls blue this color"</p> <p>these flowers are purple--chi-le bot lam-ma-na e sek "these flowers are purple"</p> <p>this (one) apple is red -- chi liap pengko ang e sek "one round apple red this color"</p> <p>this (one) ball is blue -- chi liap bot lam e sek "one round ball blue this color"</p> <p>this (one) flower is purple--chi lui hua lam-ma-na e sek "this bloom flower purple this color"</p> <p>this (spot of) grass is green -- chi kak chou che e sek "one square (corner, spot, patch) grass green this color"</p> <p>this (bundle of) grass is green--chi chok chou che e sek "one bundle (bunch, bouquet) grass green this color"</p> <p>Distinction between single definite emphasis--this "one", the "one" and a singular "set" definite emphasis--this "bundle"</p> <p>Distinction between a thing, object, (flower, apple) and a place (sea)</p> <p>Distinction between place noun and thing noun</p> </font> <p>  <hr> <b><u><font FACE="Times"> <p>Numbers (Ho Tau, Suee Ho Tau "Count numbers")</p> </font></u></b><font FACE="Times"> <p>one--chi<u>t ,</u> i<u>t</p> </u> <p>two--no, gee</p> <p>three--sa<u>n</p> </u> <p>four--see</p> <p>five--go<u>r</u></p> <p>six--lu<u>k</p> </u> <p>seven--chee<u>t</p> </u> <p>eight--pe</p> <p>nine--kow</p> <p>ten--cha<u>p</u></p> <p>eleven--cha<u>p</u> i<u>t</p> </u> <p>twelve--cha<u>p</u> gee</p> <p>thirteen--cha<u>p </u>sa<u>n</p> </u> <p>fourteen--cha<u>p </u>see</p> <p>twenty ("two ten")--gee cha<u>p</u></p> <p>twenty-one ("two ten one")--gee cha<u>p </u>it</p> <p>twenty-two ("two ten two")--gee cha<u>p</u> gee</p> <p>thirty ("three ten")--san cha<u>p</p> </u> <p>thirty-one ("three ten on")--san cha<u>p</u> it</p> <p>thirty-two ("three ten two")--san cha<u>p </u>gee</p> <p>forty--si cha<u>p</p> </u> <p>fifity--go cha<u>p</p> </u> <p>sixty--lu<u>k </u>cha<u>p</p> </u> <p>one hundred--chi<u>t</u>-<i>b </i>ah</p> <p>hundred (and) one--<i>b </i>ah (lien) it</p> <p>"hundred (and) two"--<i>b </i>ah (lien) gee</p> <p>"hundred (and) ten"--<i>b </i>ah (lien) cha<u>p</p> </u> <p>"one hundred (and) eleven--chi<u>t</u>-<i>b </i>ah (lien) chap it"</p> <p>"two hundred (and) one"--no-<i>b </i>ah (lien) it</p> <p>"one thousand"-- chi<u>t</u>-cheng</p> <p>"thousand one"-- cheng it</p> <p>"thousand two"-- cheng gee</p> <p>"thousand three"-- cheng san</p> <p>"(one) thousand (and) ten"--(chit) cheng (lien) cha<u>p</p> </u> <p>ten thousand--chap cheng, chap ban</p> <p>one hundred thousandchi<u>t-</u><i>b</i> ah cheng, chit-bah ban</p> <p>two hundred thousand--no-<i>b</i> ah cheng</p> <p>one hundred (and) ten thousand (and) one hundred (and) forty-five--</p> <p>chi<u>t</u>-<i>b</i> ah lien chap chen chi<u>t</u>-<i>b</i> ah see chap go<u>r</u></p> <p>one million-- chi<u>t</u>-ba ban, aik ban</p> <p>first -- (kio<u>k</u>/pie) te it, (kiok) tau--"take head"</p> <p>second --(kio<u>k</u>/pie) te gee</p> <p>third --(kio<u>k</u>/pie) te san</p> <p>fourth--(kio<u>k</u>/pie) te see</p> <p>fifth--(kio<u>k</u>/pie) te go<u>r</p> </u> <p>tenth --(kio<u>k</u>/pie) te cha<u>p</p> </u> <p>eleventh -- kio<u>k</u>/pie cha<u>p</u> it, "take/line ten one"</p> <p>twelvth--kio<u>k</u>/pie cha<u>p</u> gee, "take/line ten two"</p> <p>"pie" is used in a line--</p> <p>person is eleventh in line-- chi-le lang pie chap i<u>t</p> </u> <p>s/he is eleventh in line-- ee pie chap i<u>t</p> </u> <p>"kiok" is used in "place"--</p> <p>this person came in eleventh (place)--chi-le lang kiok chap i<u>t</u> (meea)</p> <p>s/he came in eleventh (place)--ee kiok chap i<u>t</u> (meea)</p> </font> <p>  <hr> <b><u><font FACE="Times"> <p>"Action"--verbs (Cho ming k<i>ia</i> "doing things")</font></u></b><font FACE="Times">--Verbs are basic and simple, without conjugation for person, tense or plurality. They are contextually modified by basic adverbs.</p> <p>come--lai go--kii'</p> <p>send as a gift--sang</p> <p>swim--su'i</p> <p>sink--tim</p> <p>eat--chiak</p> <p>eat (without chewing)--kam</p> <p>drink--lim</p> <p>bite--ka<i>hr</p> </i> <p>suck--sok</p> <p>drive (car, plane, train, boat)--hoa<i>nh</p> </i> <p>ride--chee, tak</p> <p>stand--kia</p> <p>stand up--kia kee</p> <p>sit--cheh</p> <p>sit down--cheh lok</p> <p>run--chow, chau</p> <p>walk--<i>k</i> ia</p> <p>crawl--<i>p</i>eh</p> <p>jump--t'eoh</p> <p>throw--tim</p> <p>fall-pat toh</p> <p>catch--li a' (fish, rabbit)</p> <p>fly--pua</p> <p>spin, to go around--lian</p> <p>love, pain (only children)--<i> t</i>-<i> </i>ia</p> <p>embrace--lam</p> <p>want (an apple, love a spuse)--aye</p> <p>kiss--chim</p> <p>sleep--koon awake (get up)--kee, ki</p> <p>dream--bang</p> <p>nightmare--hang been</p> <p>day dream--koon bang</p> <p>lay down--toh</p> <p>nap--bee</p> <p>hit--pa -- hit beat--paa', pak</p> <p>slap--<i>p </i>ah kick--ta<u>t</u></p> <p>struggle--koon leong scratch--peh</p> <p>scold--meh curse--lay</p> <p>scold (usually with vulgar words)--chok</p> <p>quarrel--seow meh</p> <p>fight--seow pak</p> <p>write--sia<i>h</i></p> <p>draw--o'wa<i>h</i></p> <p>paint--chat</p> <p>read--tak</p> <p>cook--choo chiak, chu</p> <p>fry--chien'</p> <p>cut--<i>k </i>aa, ka<i>hr</p> </i> <p>cut (meat)--kuak</p> <p>fry--cha<i>har, </i>char<i></p> </i> <p>deep fry--chien</p> <p>toast over heat-- poo</p> <p>burn--seow</p> <p>pour--to<i>hr</i></p> <p>slice (vegetables)--chiat</p> <p>smoke (cigarette)--sok hoon tie--pak</p> <p>pick--k'eok</p> <p>point--<i>g</i> ey</p> <p>stop--he<i>h</p> </i> <p>close--kam</p> <p>open--kooi, kui</p> <p>push--sak</p> <p>pull--kui</p> <p>pray--pai</p> <p>attach--tau</p> <p>sew (by hand)--<i>t </i>ee</p> <p>sew (by machine)--cheay</p> <p>to iron-- ut (ü<u>t</u>)</p> <p>comb--seh (<u>luâa)</p> </u> <p>think--s<i>i </i>ow</p> <p>teach--ka</p> <p>plead--kui</p> <p>pray--pai</p> <p>laugh--cheow, chioo</p> <p>cry--how</p> <p>tickle--gili (Malay)</p> <p>frown--pong tau, pong bin</p> <p>swallow--toon</p> <p>pass water, pee--pang jeou</p> <p>pass motion, poo--pang sai</p> <p>cough--sau</p> <p>spit--p ui spit (spittum)-- p'tui nueh</p> <p>clear throat--kah sau</p> <p>hiccup--pak kak a<i>rhk</i>, pak kok wu</p> <p>fart--pa<i>ng</i> pooi</p> <p>choke--k'neh</p> <p>vomit--ow</p> <p>sneeze--hai choo</p> <p>yell, scream--jiang</p> <p>call--ki o</p> <p>sing--kua</p> <p>talk--kong ua</p> <p>speak, talk--kong</p> <p>hear--ti a'</p> <p>smell--bee</p> <p>taste--taa<i>m</p> </i> <p>pinch--chu bit</p> <p>wink--ge' ou</p> <p>race--seow tau chow</p> <p>dig--o<i>hr</p> </i> <p>catch--liak</p> <p>play--ti toh</p> <p>sweep--sau</p> <p>abscond--chau lor</p> <p>slaughter--tia</p> <p>bathe--chang ak</p> <p>wash--say</p> <p>wash clothes--say snah</p> <p>scrub, brush--bin</p> </font> <p>  <hr> <b><u><font FACE="Times"> <p>Adverbs--"Action Adjectives"</p> </font></u></b><font FACE="Times"> <p>quiet, silent--tiam</p> <p>noisy--luan</p> <p>wind/gas in stomach--pong hong</p> <p>bloated up (too full)--kam chek</p> <p>itchy--gatai (Malay)</p> <p>very--chin ya</p> <p>very many--chin ya che</p> <p>almost-- toh ho</p> <p>already--liow</p> </font> <p>  <hr> <b><u><font FACE="Times"> <p>Fruit (Kueh Chi)</font></u></b><font FACE="Times">--There are no singular or plural forms--just a general form. Plurality is unmarked. The amount must be specified if more than one.</p> <p>apple --peng-ko</p> <p>orange -- kam</p> <p>tangerines--chiam</p> <p>lemon-- leng-mong</p> <p>pear -- lie-ya</p> <p>banana--keen-chyo</p> <p>peach -- tow</p> <p>mangosteen--mang-git</p> <p>mango--suo-ya-chu</p> <p>pineapple--ong-lai</p> <p>papaya--bu-kwa</p> <p>Durian--'du-<i>rl</i> ien'</p> <p>rambutan--'<i><u>rl</u> </i>am-bu-tan'</p> <p>olive--kan-<b>na</p> </b> <p>date--cho</p> <p>lychee-'ly-chi'</p> <p>coconut--e-ya</p> <b> <p>related words:</p> </b> <p>sek--ripe</p> <p>seen-- new ("fresh")</p> <p>ku (liow) -old (already)</p> <p>nu<b>a</b> (liow) - rotting (already)</p> <p>chow (liow) --bad (already)</p> <p>nui (liow) --soft (already)</p> <p>ta (liow) --dry (already)</p> <p>tam (liow) --soggy, wet (already) "Durian"</p> <p>oo (liow) --black (already) "bananas"</p> <p>pi (liow)--old (already)</p> <p>chow bee (liow) -- smell bad (already)</p> <p>(oo) bee (liow) -- got smell (already)</p> <p>teng (liow) --hard (already)</p> <p>boh sek (ko)--not ripe before</p> <p>a-boy sek (ko)-- not yet ripe before</p> <p>siow sek (liow)--too ripe (already)</p> <p>che' ko--still green</p> <p>the ripe apple--chi-le peng-ko sek (liow)</p> <p>the (one) ripe apple--chi-liap peng-ko sek (liow)</p> <p>the old apple--chi-le peng-ko ku (liow)</p> <p>the (one) ripe apple--chi-liap peng-ko ku (liow)</p> <p>the unripe apple--chi-le peng-ko boh sek (ko<u>-</u>)</p> <p>the green apple--chi-le peng-ko che' (ko<u>-</u>)</p> <p>the apple is very good to eat--chi-le peng-ko chin ho chia<u>k</u> "this apple very good eat"</p> <p>the apple is not very good to eat--chi-le peng-ko (chin-nya) boh ho chia<u>k</u> "this apple (really) bad to eat"</p> </font> <p>  <hr> <b><u><font FACE="Times"> <p>Vegetables</p> </font></u></b><font FACE="Times"> <p>green mustard--chai sim, kui tiow, ka<i>hr </i>na<i>hr</i> chay, chai tiow</p> <p>jicama-- bang kuang</p> <p>potato--ka<i>hr</i> nang choo</p> <p>carrot--ang chai tow</p> <p>Chinese white radish-- pek chai tow</p> <p>chile--han cheow</p> <p>ginger--k<i>ihow</p> </i> <p>chives-- ku chai</p> <p>dried chiles--han cheow kua</p> <p>squash (hairy)--mor kua</p> <p>cucumber--timun</p> <p>small chile--han cheow kea</p> </font> <p>  <hr> <b><u><font FACE="Times"> <p>Food</p> </font></u></b><font FACE="Times"> <p>sugar--ting</p> <p>salt--tam</p> <p>soy sauce--tau u</p> <p>bean sauce--tau cheon, tau joo</p> <p>black soya sauce--o<i>hr</i> tau u</p> <p>salted fish--kiam hu, kiam hoo</p> <p>fish--hu, hoo</p> <p>vegetables--chye</p> <p>salted vegetables--kiam chye</p> <p>meat-bak</p> <p>shrimp--har</p> <p>crabs--chiem</p> <p>shellfish--ha<i>hrm</i>, ciput (Malay), lala (Malay), balitong (Malay), hau, chiem, cheik</p> <p>eggs--<i>nu</i> i</p> <p>salted egg--kiam <i>nu</i>i</p> <p>syrup water--ting chooi</p> <p>bananas--keen choui</p> <p>candy--ang mo ting</p> <p>chocolates--chok ko lat</p> <p>peanut brittle--tow tow ting</p> <p>sugar cane--kam cheay</p> <p>bread--low ti</p> <p>biscuits, cookies--piah</p> <p>lemon grass--chang mow</p> <p>coffee--kopi</p> <p>coffee beans--kopi hoon</p> <p>tea--teh</p> <p>boiled water--koon chui</p> <p>soup--th'ng</p> <p>dishes--kiam, siang pueh</p> <p>oil--eui</p> <p>lard--bak eui</p> <p>vegetable oil--chye eui</p> <p>peanut oil--tow tow eui</p> <p>fried pork rind--bak eu pok</p> <p>pork floss--bak hoo</p> <p>rice--pooi</p> <p>rice (uncooked)--bee, bee chek</p> <p>red pepper--han chieou</p> <p>red pepper powder--han chieou hoon</p> </font> <p>  <hr> <b><u><font FACE="Times"> <p>Hawker Food</p> </font></u><font FACE="Times"> <p>Dumplings (chang)</font></b></p> <font FACE="Times"> <p>bah chang</p> <p>kee chang</p> <p>kiam tee chang</p> <p>hum yoke chang</p> <b> <p>Dim Sum (Cantonese)</b></p> <p>char siew pao <i>t</i>dua pao</p> <p>kaya pao siu mai</p> <p>siu kow ieu pui</p> <b> <p>Food made from flour</b></p> <p>apom, apom telu, apom ablek murtabek</p> <p>roti-canai, roti telu, roti jala, roti babi thosai</p> <p>putu mayam, putu piring mua chee</p> <p>che cheong fun o<i>hr</i> kueh</p> <p>ang ku mee ku</p> </font> <p> </p> <b><font FACE="Times"> <p>Soupy Dishes</p> </font></b><font FACE="Times"> <p>curry mee mee rebus</p> <p>Hokkien mee mee jawa</p> <p>lo<i>hr</i> mee yong tau foo</p> <p>lum mee lok lok</p> <p>hoo tow bee hoon hoo wan th'ng</p> <p>tok tok mee wan tan mee</p> <p>ark th'ng koay chiap</p> <p>mee sua th'ng laksa (sui, lemak)</p> <p>ke ling gnah mee</p> <b> <p>Deep Fried Food</p> </b> <p>ban chang koay goreng pisang</p> <p>eu char koay kueh kodoh</p> <p>ham chim peng hua chee, ha<i>r</i> chee</p> <p>poh piah chee tau kua chieu (plain), tau kua goreng (vegetables)</p> <p>har ch'nh</p> <b> <p>Drinks (Chui, "water, liquid")</p> </b> <p>kopi o kau kopi o ch'neah</p> <p>kopi o poke kopi kau</p> <p>kopi si kop peng</p> <p>kopi o peng</p> <p>tau chooi (soy bean juice)</p> <p>kiam chea chui (sugar cane water)</p> <p>teh o kau te o-ch'neah</p> <p>teh o poke teh kau</p> <p>teh si teh peng</p> <p>teh o peng teh tarik</p> <p>lim chooi (beer) stout</p> <b> <p>Meat Dishes (bak)</p> </b> <p>satay (chicken, beef, mutton, rabbit, pork)</p> <p>lo<i>hr</i> bak</p> <p>oh chien (fried oyster)</p> <p>gee hu</p> <b> <p>Rice dishes (pui)</p> </b> <p>bah moey kek pui</p> <p>chee cheong chuk nasi ulam</p> <p>kai chok ark pui</p> <p>hoo moey ketupat</p> <p>nasi lemak nasi kunyit</p> <p>nasi kandar nasi tomato</p> <p>char siuw pui</p> <b> <p>Fried dishes (char a ming kia)</p> </b> <p>char kaoy teow char mee suah</p> <p>char tung hoon Hokkien char</p> <p>keng che bee hoon koay kak</p> <p>mee goreng sar har fun</p> <p>sambal bee hoon</p> <b> <p>Salad (Chia liau)</p> </b> <p>ch'neh hoo gado gado</p> <p>ji hoo eng chai pasembor</p> <p>po piah rojak</p> <b> <p>Sweet Dessert (tee a ming kia<i>h</i>)</p> </b> <p>ais kacang an tow th'ng</p> <p>pek koay th'ng geng geng kua th'ng</p> <p>leng chee kang bubur cha cha</p> <p>bee koe moey chindol</p> <p>gandum heng jin teh</p> <p>see koe th'ng tau hua</p> <p>muar chee</p> <b> <p>Nonya Kueh</p> </b> <p>conde conde pulut ta tai</p> <p>kueh tayap apok apok</p> <p>rempah udang kueh udang</p> <p>kueh lapis kueh beng kang</p> <p>kueh talam kueh kosui</p> <p>otak otak pulut inti</p> <p>ketupat k'nui koh</p> <p>kueh badar huat kueh</p> </font> <p>  <hr> <b><u><font FACE="Times"> <p>Animals (Kim Sieu)</p> </font></u></b><font FACE="Times"> <p>fly-hor seen (<u>hö sín)</p> </u> <p>spider-ti too</p> <p>pidgeon-kap</p> <p>monkey-kau</p> <p>monitor lizard-si ka<i>r</i> chuah</p> <p>Gecko--sin tang</p> <p>cockroach -ka chuah</p> <p>squirrel- pong chu</p> <p>bird- cheow <u>ciâu</p> </u> <p>turkey-hueh keh</p> <p>caterpillar-seh moh tang</p> <p>tiger- ho<i>hr (</i><u>h'ò, laü-h ò)</p> </u> <p>goose- go <u>(goú)</p> </u> <p>cat-meow, neow (<u>ni</u></font><u>âu )</p> </u><font FACE="Times"> <p>mouse-niau choo</p> <p>turkey-hue kay (<u>hê-kuê)</p> </u> <p>prawn, shrimp- har</p> <p>king crab-hau</p> <p>worms- tang</p> <p>turtle- ku, koo</p> <p>tortoise-pik</p> <p>snake- chuah (<u>cuá)</p> </u> <p>cobra- pun kee cheng</p> <p>python- gim chua</p> <p>dragon- leng</p> <p>phoenix- hong</p> <p>fowl-keh</p> <p>rooster-keh kak</p> <p>hen-keh boh (<u>kuê)</p> </u> <p>chicks -keh kia</p> <p>fish - hu, hoo (<u>hí)</p> </u> <p>horse- beh (<u>bè)</p> </u> <p>bird- cheow</p> <p>dog, monkey - kau (<u>kaù)</p> </u> <p>duck- ark</p> <p>pig- tu, too (<u>tî)</p> </u> <p>sow- tu, too boh</p> <p>piglets-tu, too kia</p> <p>cow, cattle--gu, goo <u>(gú)</p> </u> <p>deer-lok</p> <p>mosquito--ba<i>ng</p> </i> <p>crab--chi, chi<i>m</p> </i></font> <p> </p> <p>  <hr> <b><u><font FACE="Times"> <p>Nature</p> </font></u></b><font FACE="Times"> <p>Midnight-pua meh (<u>puà mì)</p> </u> <p>cold-ling (<u>kuaá :SV., lièng)</p> </u> <p>hot-juak (<u>zuâq)</p> </u> <p>flower-hua (<u>huê)</p> </u> <p>leaf-huek (<u>hiôuq)</p> </u> <p>rain-lo<i>r</i> ho<i>r (</i><u>hö, loüq hö)</p> </u> <p>snow-ho<i>r </i>sing</p> <p>drizzle- ho<i>r</i> chooi, ho<i>r</i> chui</p> <p>tree- chui chang (<u>chiü)</p> </u> <p>grass- chaw (<u>chaü)</p> </u> <p>rainbow- kheng</p> <p>fire -hueh (<u>hè)</p> </u> <p>water-- chooi, chui (<u>cui)</p> </u> <p>sea-- hai (<u>hai)</p> </u> <p>river- kang (<u>hoú)</p> </u> <p>clouds- hoon (<u>hún)</p> </u> <p>wind- hong (<u>hông)</p> </u> <p>thunder- lee kong (<u>tän luí V.O.)</p> </u> <p>lightning- sik nak (<u>sìq-nä)</p> </u> <p>heaven- th'n teng <u>(thî)</p> </u> <p>hell- im kan</p> <p>earth- teh (<u>tuëe, thó)</p> </u> <p>morning- char kee</p> <p>afternoon- jit tau, chit tau (<u>ë</u></font><u>-pô)</p> </u><font FACE="Times"> <p>night-- a<i>r</i>m meh (<u>mí)</p> </u></font> <p>  <hr> <b><u><font FACE="Times"> <p>Vehicles (Ch<i>i</i>ah)</p> </font></u></b><font FACE="Times"> <p>bicycle- ka<i>r </i>tak cheay (<u>khä-täq-chiâ)</p> </u> <p>motorbike- mo to<i>h</i> bike</p> <p>motorcar- cheay (<u>chiâ, khi-chiâ, höng-chiâ)</p> </u> <p>train-- hua cheay (<u>hê-chiâ)</p> </u> <p>plane-- pueh key</p> <p>ship-- choon <u>(cún)</p> </u> <p>bus-- bus, ba<i>ht </i>(older people use this) <u>(bàs: bât; bat-si, kóng-kióng khi-chiâ)</p> </u></font> <p>  <hr> <b><u><font FACE="Times"> <p>Buildings</p> </font></u></b><font FACE="Times"> <p>school--ouk ting <u>(oüq-t'ng)</p> </u> <p>hospital--lo<i>h</i> koon choo (<u>i-i, i-kuàn, loû-kün-châ)</p> </u> <p>maternity hospital--seah kia ting</p> <p>I.C. building-- teng ki kuan I.D. = (<u>tieng-ki)</p> </u> <p>legal office (lawyer) -- "law yer kuan"</p> <p>prison-- kah khoo keng (<u>haa-khü-kiêng)</p> </u> <p>sundry shop-- chia tiam mah (<u>cäp-hè-tiäm)</p> </u> <p>police station-- mata ke<i>ng (</i><u>kièng-chât-kiêk, mâ-tä-chü)</p> </u> <p>shop-- t<i>ia</i>m (<u>tiäm, tiàm-thaú)</p> </u> <p>coffee shop-- kopi t<i>ia</i>m</p> <p>medicine shop--eo<i>k</i> t<i>ia</i>m medicine = (<u>iôuq)</p> </u> <p>cloth shop--po<i>r t</i> t<i>ia</i>m cloth=(<u>pö)</p> </u></font> <p>  <hr> <b><u><font FACE="Times"> <p>Household (Chu lai)</p> </font></u></b><font FACE="Times"> <p>house--chu, choo (<u>chü)</p> </u> <p>host/hostess, home owner--chu la<i>ng</i> ("house person")</p> <p>balcony-- hang lo<i>hr</p> </i> <p>roof--chu teng <u>chù-tièng po</p> </u> <p>bedroom, room--pa<i>ng </i>ke<i>ng</p> </i> <p>hall, living room--t<i>iah</i> (<u>t'ng</u>)</p> <p>lounge, sitting room ( <u>khèq-thiâ</u>)</p> <p>kitchen--chow ka (<u>caù-khâ)</p> </u> <p>toilet--jamban (Malay)</p> <p>window--ta<i>ng</i> <i>ngah (</i><u>thängâ-m'ng, thängà)</p> </u> <p>door--mui (<u>m'ng)</p> </u> <p>key-- soo <i>si (</i><u>soû-sí)</p> </u> <p>curtains for door--ta<i>ng ngah poh</p> </i> <p>garden-- hui (<u>h'ng)</p> </u> <p>fish tank--hu ti, hoo ti</p> <p>upstairs--lau teng (<u>laü-tièng po)</p> </u> <p>downstairs--lau ka<i>hr </i>(<u>laü-khâ po)</p> </u> <p>stairs- lau tui</p> <p>rag-- to<i>r</i> po<i>r</i></p> <p>feather duster--keh moh cheng</p> <p>broom--chow chew (<u>saù-chiù)</p> </u> <p>air conditioner--leng kee</p> <p>television--tien see kee</p> <p>telephone--tien wa (<u>tian-ue)</u> N.</p> <p>fridge- seeng to (<u>tiän-piëng-siû)</p> </u> <p>sewing machine--chiam cheay</p> <p>iron--ut tau (<u>thiq N)</p> </u> <p>needle- chiam (<u>ciâm)</p> </u> <p>scissors--char tow</p> <p>buttons--looi wa<i>h (</i><u>liûà)</p> </u> <p>snap buttons--tak tak looi</p> <p>washing machine--seh sah kee</p> <p>electric kettle-- tien teh ko<i>r</p> </i> <p>kettle-- teh ko<i>h</p> </i> <p>ladle-- sin dok</p> <p>wok--tia</p> <p>tiffin carrier-- u-wa chan</p> <p>spatula--chien see</p> <p>medicine (drug)-- eo <i>hk</i>( <u>iôuq)</p> </u> <p>medicine (water, liquid)-- eo<i>h</i> chooi, eo<i>r </i>chui</p> <p>medicine (pills)--eo<i>h</i> wan</p> <p>medicine (powder)--eo<i>h </i>hoon</p> <p>soap--sabun (Malay) (<u>sâp-bún)</p> </u> <p>detergent--sabun hoon</p> <p>scrubber--bin na<i>r</p> </i> <p>comb--sa<i>r</i> seh (<u>luäqà)</p> </u> <p>perfume--pang chooi, pang chui</p> <p>lipstick--ea<i>n</i> chee</p> <p>powder (face)--b<i>in</i> hoon</p> <p>towel--b<i>in</i> <i>pohr</p> </i> <p>toothpaste--chu kee ko (<u>khî-koû)</p> </u> <p>toothbrush--chu kee bin (<u>khî-bïn)</p> </u> <p>washbasin--b<i>in </i>poo<i>n</p> </i> <p>stove--chau (stationary)--(<u>cau)</p> </u> <p>stove top--chau teng</p> <p>burner--hua lo<i>r</p> </i> <p>floor--tau ka<i>h</i>, tau ka<i>r (</i>thö-kh<u>â)</p> </u> <p>light-- hua (<u>tiêng)</p> </u> <p>cups--<i>ow</i> (<u>aâ, puê)</p> </u> <p>plates-pu<i>ah</p> </i> <p>bowl--ou<i>ah</p> </i> <p>chopsticks--<i> </i>too (<u>tí)</p> </u> <p>spoons--tua keong (<u>thng-sí)</p> </u> <p>forks--chiam ma (<u>chiâ mà)</p> </u> <p>knife--to<i>h (</i><u>toüa (small): toù (large))</p> </u> <p>pots--book ke<i>ng</p> </i> <p>cutting board--t<i>i</i>am</p> <p>Tongs (for picking up hot charcoal pieces) -- h<i>oy ngek</p> </i> <p>charcoal--h<i>oy</i> teo<i>ah</p> </i> <p>altar--ang kong tok</p> <p>table--tow ten<i>ng (</i><u>toüq)</p> </u> <p>chair--kow ee</p> <p>bed--me'ng ch'ng (<u>bín-ch'ng, mng-ch'ng)</p> </u> <p>blanket--pou tu'eo (<u>thânà)</p> </u> <p>pillow--chim tau (<u>cîm-thaú)</p> </u> <p>bolster-- lam chim, puluk</p> <p>bed sheet-- chuak ga kam (sheet, bedding) <u>(phë-tuâ)</p> </u> <p>mattress--chuak ga</p> <p>pillow cases--chim tau long</p> <p>pail--tim <i>b</i>a (<u>thàng, cuî-thàng)</p> </u> <p>water tub-- chooi tee, chui tee</p> </font> <p>  <hr> <b><u><font FACE="Times"> <p>Things (Miscellaneous)</p> </font></u></b><font FACE="Times"> <p>cigarettes--hoon kee (<u>hün-kî, hûn)</p> </u> <p>matches--huey chik (<u>hê-chït, hê-chá)</p> </u> <p>money--lui, looi (<u>cí, gún, luî)</p> </u> <p>road--lo<i>hr, </i><u>(lö)</p> </u> <p>loose change, coins--toon nah kea</p> <p>name, life--mia <u>miá</p> </u> <p>pencil--iam pit (<u>i ä n-pït)</p> </u> <p>ball--bot (<u>kiú)</p> </u> <p>ice-cubes--see<i>ng</i> kak</p> <p>story book--koh<i>r</i> so chk (story) = (<u>kò-sü)</p> </u></font> <p>  <hr> <b><u><font FACE="Times"> <p>People (Lang)</p> </font></u></b><font FACE="Times"> <p>people, person, human--lang (<u>láng)</p> </u> <p>(common people) = (<u>pèq-sï)</p> </u> <p>devil-- kooi, kui</p> <p>fairy--sien</p> <p>spirit-- sin</p> <p>wife--boh, char <i>boh </i>lang, lau ee ("the old one") (<u>bò)</p> </u> <p>(wife, woman)= <u>(hü-zïn-láng_</p> </u> <p>(wife, Mrs.)= (<u>thaì thaì, si ä n-sï; -niú)</p> </u> <p>husband--ang, tar <i>pho </i>lang, lau ee ("my old one") (<u>ang) </u>(rustic); (t<u>hong hû, sian-</u> <u>sî; ta-pô </u>(said by wife))</p> <p>bridegroom, "son-in-law"--k<i>ia </i>sai (<u>ki</u></font><u>â<font FACE="Times">; -saï)</p> </font></u><font FACE="Times"> <p>bride- sin neoh (<u>sín-niú)</p> </u> <p>in-laws (male)--chin keh</p> <p>in-laws (female)--cheh um</p> <p>relatives--chin lang ('close people') (<u>chïn-láng)</u>("clans men")</p> <p>(relations) = (<u>chín-chiëk )</p> </u> <p>grandson--tah <i>bor</i> soon</p> <p>granddaughter--char <i>boh </i>soon</p> <p>grandchildren--soon (<u>sûn)</p> </u> <p>sister--ah chi (<u>cî-bë; tuä -cì)</p> </u> <p>brother--ah koo (<u>hi ä; -ti; hi</u></font><u>â<font FACE="Times">; tu</font>â<font FACE="Times">-hi</font>â<font FACE="Times">; ä -hi ä; koû; ä</font> -koû)</p> </u><font FACE="Times"> <p>younger brother--seow tee (<u>siôu-tï)</p> </u> <p>younger sister--seow mua (<u>siôu-bë)</p> </u> <p>older brother--tua ko</p> <p>older sister--tua chi (<u>ä</u></font><u> -cì (elder sister))</p> </u><font FACE="Times"> <p>father--ah pa, papa (<u>laü-pù, k ä -hù)</p> </u> <p>mother--ah ma, mama, ah bo (<u>laü-bù; ká-bù)</p> </u> <p>grandfather--ah kong (</font><u>ân-k<font FACE="Times">ô</font>ng: â-k<font FACE="Times">ô</font>ng)</p> </u><font FACE="Times"> <p>grandmother--ah ma (</font><u>ân-mà)</p> </u><font FACE="Times"> <p>aunt--ah ee, ah chim, ah um <u>('m,: ä -'m,: cïm, ä -cim, cîm-'m: kô: a ä -kô; í: ä -í )</p> </u> <p>uncle-ah koo, ah chek, ah pek, ah theow (<u>ciêk-pëq: pëq, ä -pëq: ciëk, ä -ciëk, kó-tiü; kü; ä-kü; ï-tiü)</p> </u> <p>grandaunt (not necessarily related by blood)--chek ma</p> <p>granduncle (not necessarily related by blood)--chek kong</p> <p>boy--tar bor gin na (<u>tä-pö gîná, tä-pô te)</p> </u> <p>girl (virgin)--char<i> bor </i>gin na <u>(cä-bó; cä-bò te)</p> </u> <p>child--gin na (<u>zi-lù)</u> (boys & girls, children)</p> <p>son--how sneh (<u>kià; haü-sî; tuä-kiä)</p> </u> <p>daughter--char yow <u>(cä-bô-kià)</p> </u> <p>dumb--ar kow</p> <p>deaf--chau hi lang</p> <p>mad, insane, schizophrenic--tau hong, ting tong, mor sin, siow</p> <p>out of mind--"gila"</p> <p>visitor--lang khek</p> <p>surgery--kui toh</p> <p>innoculation--pak chiam</p> <p>indigestion--beh seow hua</p> <p>dizzy--lian, heen</p> </font> <p>  <hr> <b><u><font FACE="Times"> <p>Occupations</p> </font></u></b><font FACE="Times"> <p>beggars--kee chiak ar</p> <p>tiger-lady--ho<i>r </i>ko<i>r</i> poh (<u>tiger-hò, laü-hò)</p> </u> <p>trishawman--lang chia pek</p> <p>pimp--o<i>r</i> kooi, o<i>r</i> kui</p> <p>lady pimp--o<i>r</i> kui poh</p> <p>schoolchildren--o<i>k</i> th'<i>ng</i> gi na</p> <p>male boss--tou keh (<u>thaü-kê)</p> </u> <p>female boss--tou keh soh</p> <p>coffin maker--chow kua cha<i>hr</p> </i> <p>goldsmith--pak kim (gold<u>)</u>= (<u>kîm)</p> </u> <p>vegetable seller--beh chye</p> <p>pork seller--beh bak</p> <p>fish seller--beh hu, beh hoo</p> <p>chicken seller--beh keh</p> <p>hawker--beh seow huan, chow seow huan</p> <p>seamstress--chiah sah (tailor) = (<u>cha</u></font><u>í<font FACE="Times">-hóng)</p> </font></u><font FACE="Times"> <p>road sweeper--sow keh lo<i>hr</p> </i> <p>fisherman--toh hai</p> <p>(to fish, go fishing) = (<u>liäq h</u></font><u>í)</p> </u><font FACE="Times"> <p>(to go sea fishing) = (<u>toú h</u></font><u>í<font FACE="Times">; thoû hai)</p> </font></u><font FACE="Times"> <p>(to fish with a hook)= (<u>tiöu h</u></font><u>í)</p> </u><font FACE="Times"> <p>(to fish with a net)= (<u>b</u></font><u>äng hí)</p> </u><font FACE="Times"> <p>businessman--seng li lang</p> <p>shop owner--tau kay</p> <p>shop clerk--chai hoo (shop assistant) = (<u>ca ï -hü)</p> </u> <p>bridal attendant, lady who knows rituals for the bride--ch'ng khek um</p> <p>fortune teller--kua meia sen</p> <p>shaman, bomoh-ki tong, tang ki</p> <p>priest, exorcist of spirits, officiates funerals--sai kong</p> <p>person who knows rituals to frighten off spirits--k<i>ioh kiah</p> </i> <p>medium-kee tong, tang ki</p> <p>monk--hwa seoh</p> <p>nun, (buddist)-- mare chee</p> <p>nun--lee ko<i>h</p> </i> <p>medicine man--sin seh</p> <p>medicine woman--sin seh ma</p> <p>dentist--chow chu kee</p> <p>doctor--lo<i>h</i> koon, low kun (<u>ï-siêng; loû-kûn)</p> </u> <p>woman doctor--char <i>bor</i> lo<i>h</i> koon</p> <p>Chinese physician--teng lang sin seh</p> <p>feeling pulse--bong mek</p> <p>nurse--"missy" (<u>mì-sî)</p> </u> <p>judge--poh lay cho</p> <p>principal--hwa teoh (<u>haü-tiú)</p> </u> <p>detective--a<i>har</i>m pia (<u>ciëng-thäm)</p> </u> <p>police inspector, secret detective--tua kow (<u>tuá kaù</p> </u> <p>policeman--mata kia (<u>kièng-chät; mâ-tá)</p> </u> <p>actor/actress--beng seng</p> <p>construction--cho<i>r </i>choo teoh (coolie, laborer)= <u>(kü-lì; käng-láng)</p> </u></font> <p>  <hr> <b><u><font FACE="Times"> <p>Clothing (Sa<i>nh</i>)</p> </font></u></b><font FACE="Times"> <p>zipper--tua lean</p> <p>shoe--aa <u>ué</p> </u> <p>sandals--chien tua</p> <p>wooden clogs--ka kia<i>k</p> </i> <p>ring-- chew chee</p> <p>bracelet--chew lian, gelang</p> <p>anklet--ka lian</p> <p>earring--he su'ean</p> <p>locket, pendant--pai</p> <p>amulet--tangkai, hoo</p> <p>bib--<i>orh tohr</p> </i> <p>long blouse--t'ng sa<i>nh</p> </i> <p>pajamas--koon sa<i>nh</p> </i> <p>sweater--nee sa<i> h</p> </i> <p>raincoat--lo<i>h </i>ho<i>hr</i> sa<i>nh</p> </i> <p>hat--boh (<u>boü, boü-à)</p> </u> <p>skirt--goon</p> <p>dress--sa<i>nh</p> </i> <p>school uniform--ouk ting sa<i>hn</i> (school)= (<u>üq-t'ng)</p> </u> <p>(uniform)=--cè-hôk</p> <p>sarong-mua</p> <p>long pants--ting ko<i>hr</p> </i> <p>short pants--tay ko<i>hr</p> </i> <p>socks--buek</p> <p>gloves--chui long</p> <p>underwear, "undies"--lah bin ko<i>hr</i> (<u>laï-sâ)</p> </u> <p>lace--lendah</p> <p>bras--la bin seh</p> <p>suit--kot (<u>së-công; sû; thoú; sä; khö)</p> </u> <p>necktie--tie</p> <p>vest--y tau (Mandarin)</p> <p>collar--ni a (<u>nià)</p> </u> <p>shoe lace--a sok (<u>uë-tuà)</p> </u> <p>hair clip--ta<i>hr</i> mo pin</p> <p>design--siak ke</p> </font> <p>  <hr> <b><u><font FACE="Times"> <p>Body Parts</p> </font></u></b><font FACE="Times"> <p>hair-<i> </i><u>m'ng</p> </u> <p>hair (of the head)--ta<i>hr</i> mo<i>r <u>t</u></i><u>haü m'ng</p> </u> <p>face--bin <u>bïn</p> </u> <p>nose--pe kong <u>phí</p> </u> <p>(nostril)= <u>phí-khâng</p> </u> <p>ears--hee ya<i>har </i><u>hï; hïà</p> </u> <p>eyes--but chew <u>bâk; bäk-ciû</p> </u> <p>cheeks--chui pe<i>h</p> </i> <p>lips--chui toon</p> <p>mouth--chui <u>chuï</p> </u> <p>tongue--cheek</p> <p>chin--sia po (on)</p> <p>forehead--heak</p> <p>head--tau kak <u>thaú</p> </u> <p>(of body only)= <u>thaü-khäk</p> </u> <p>teeth--chu kee</p> <p>eyelash--but chew mo<i>hr</p> </i> <p>eyebrow--baht bai mo<i>hr</p> </i> <p>body--seng ku <u>sïn-khû</p> </u> <p>breast--leng</p> <p>waist--ee yo</p> <p>back--ka chiak</p> <p>neck--a<i>hr</i> mor koon</p> <p>hand--chew <u>chiù</p> </u> <p>thumb--tua kee chai <u>tuä-pö-bù</p> </u> <p>fingernails--chin kak</p> <p>liver--ku wah</p> <p>kidney--e yok chi</p> <p>heart--sim <u>sìm</p> </u> <p>lung--hee, hooi</p> <p>ribs--pai kut</p> <p>leg--ka<i>hr</i> <u>khâ-thuì</p> </u> <p>(leg, foot)= <u>khâ</p> </u> <p>knee--ka tak ou</p> <p>thigh--ka<i>hr</i> tui, tua tui</p> <p>buttock--ka<i>hr</i> che lun</p> <p>woman's bottom--<i>ahr</i> sin</p> <p>penis (derogatory) --ku ku chiou</p> <p>testicles (derogatory)--lam pa</p> <p>sole--ka pan</p> <p>brain--now</p> <p>fingers--chew chai <u>caì; chiû-cai</p> </u> <p>toe--ka chai</p> <p>big toe--chai</p> <p>sin--phoi</p> <p>fat--pui <u>puí</p> </u></font> <p>  <hr> <b><u><font FACE="Times"> <p>Senses</p> </font></u></b><font FACE="Times"> <p>bad smell--chow</p> <p>sweet smell--pang</p> <p>sour--sioun</p> <p>salty--kiam <u>kiám</p> </u> <p>sweet--tee</p> <p>bitter--ko<i>hr</p> </i> <p>heat--ha<i>hr</p> </i> <p>hot--juak <u>zuâq</p> </u> <p>cold--leng <u>kuâ</p> </u> <p>(cold, chilly)= <u>lièng</p> </u> <p>angry--kee hong <u>khï</p> </u> <p>(to get angry)=<u>siü khï</p> </u> <p>good--hoo <u>hoù</p> </u> <p>naughty--pia</p> <p>spicey--luak</p> <p>pain--tia</p> </font> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p align="center"> <SCRIPT TYPE="text/javascript" LANGUAGE="javascript" Src="http://www.lewismicropublishing.com/Scripts/MyCounters/MyCountera"> </SCRIPT> <SCRIPT TYPE="text/javascript" LANGUAGE="javascript1.2" Src="http://www.lewismicropublishing.com/Scripts/MyCounters/MyCounterb"> </SCRIPT> <SCRIPT TYPE="text/javascript" LANGUAGE="javascript" Src="http://www.lewismicropublishing.com/Scripts/MyCounters/MyCounter35"> </SCRIPT> <NOSCRIPT><A HREF="http://www.TheCounter.com" TARGET="_top"><IMG SRC="http://c3.thecounter.com/id=2247879" ALT="TC" BORDER=0></A> </NOSCRIPT>  <p> </p> <p 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