The Space-Time Construct

Universal Relativity and the Composite, Complementary Structure of the Spime-Gravitational Field

A theory of the unified field has been a mystery and a challenge to the physical sciences at least since Einstein finally formulated his geometric theory of relativity in 1915. The unification of the four known forms of energy rests especially upon the problem of reconciling the mass-based properties of gravitational fields with the charge-based properties of electromagnetic fields. I propose a model of a composite, already unified field structure of the space-time construct that is essentially "blinking" in a fundamental phase transition that I would characterize alternatively as "on/off," "up/down" or "right/left". The actual fundamental blinking structure may be more complex and involve more than a single kind of phase transition. The electromagnetic field is a derivate, charge differentiated energy field that interpenetrates this blinking structure in its numerous recurring "holes." Light and electrons essentially "tunnel" through space-time, exploiting the near-instantaneous gaps that occur naturally within the fabric of space-time itself. The positive pole of the charged field remains anchored to the mass-based structure of space-time, while the negative pole fills or expresses itself in the gap or hole structure. The speed of light may determine overall the fixed rate of blinking at which the space-time construct lapses, and this would thus be the fundamental interval measure for the duration of time itself. The constant of the speed of light is therefore derivable from the principle of universal simultaneity of cooccuring independent event structures in the universe that underlies the cosmological principle, in terms of the simultaneous lapse rate of the blinking structure of the composite space-time field itself. This would set a size for the blinking momentary event-structure at the Planck constant. The constant of the speed of light does not necessarily set an upper limit to the speed at which things may occur in the universe--time as we know it changes though in its basic structure and process. I maintain that at speeds greater than that of light, time does not become reversed, winding backwards, so much as it becomes reciprocal, stretching both forwards and backwards at the same time. In such a quantized framework, the exact instantaneous event structure becomes indeterminate, and the earlier event may occur after the later event. Event structures that are near instantaneous, or instantaneous, are hypothesized to normally occur in space-time in the structure of reality. These event structures are not exotic, but normal and common if unnoticed and directly invisible. They are inferable from their observable consequences and the theories we use to explain these consequences. In essence, these event structures are without time, or ones in which the duration of time becomes so brief as to be meaningless or pointless.

If this theory is correct, charge may be used to distort temporarily the space-time construct and to counter the effects of gravitation.

When we look out upon the universe through our telescopic instruments, we in a sense only see the tip of an ice-berg. We see the half of the universe that is floating on the surface of gravitational space-time. We do not see beneath the surface, because it remains invisible to our light-based instruments of observation. As we walk upon the earth, we are in a sense walking upon an island, upon which we are stranded, in this invisible sea. If we fly in space-craft beyond the earth's gravitational fields, we are in a kind of craft bobbing on the gravitational surface of the invisible sea. It is there, filling the void between the celestial spheres, whether we can see it or not, and it determines that we cannot easily travel from the moon to the earth or anywhere else in the solar system without a vast expenditure of energy.

We attribute gravitational fields to large bodies of mass. We do not attribute gravitational fields normally as intrinsic to the construct of space-time itself, which the bodies of mass then perturb and distort by their great mass. If we look at space-time has harboring, like an invisible sea, a mysterious kind of energy, then we can understand that space-time is not really empty. We can understand why acceleration and deceleration of our craft requires energy to overcome the inertia.

Then we can understand that the earth and the moon and our space craft and our own bodies are enmeshed in this invisible sea of space-time, and are subject to its fundamental constraints at all times that limit motion and change of direction. We can then look to see how the earth and the moon and our craft that contains ourselves may interact and react to this space-time sea, that affect motion and direction, and by this means we come to understand the fundamental properties of the space-time construct.

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Space-time is composed hypothetically of what I refer to as spime. Spime is the fundamental constituent state-entity of the space-time construct, and the construct is composed of this in an isotrope manner. We may say that the total space-time construct is completely isomorphic with the total universe, or all of physical reality. Which means that by definition no "empty" or gaps occur in the universe that is not made up of space-time. Therefore, we may conclude that the total physical universe is only as large and complex as the space-time construct upon which it is based. The universe cannot extend beyond any boundaries of this space-time construct, unless we hypothesize for this construct alternative or variable states or dimensions.

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Space, or space-time, is a non-empty physical presence characterized by gravitational field relations and gravitational dynamics. There is an equivalence of gravitational energy, upon a basic level, in energy transactions, such that it can be exchanged for matter and for thermodynamic or electromagnetic energy in perfectly balanced ways. Energy exchange transactions occur continuously and ubiquitously throughout the universe, and are common observations in solar systems and in the behavior of astronomical bodies. Though unobserved, this fundamental structure of the fabric of space-time that carries its own gravitational properties, influences the fundamental laws of mechanics and thermodynamics for all physical systems contained within it. One of the key defining features of gravitational dynamics is that it appears not to obey the fundamental laws of thermodynamics, but rather to violate these basic rules. We thus have the appearance at least of perpetual motion in the motion of astronomical bodies through space, and in the apparent production of work without the input of energy. The energy output by the Sun, for instance, on an annual basis, far exceeds the total amount of energy contained materially within its own matter. To explain the burning of the sun continuously for billions of years, we must resort to other explanations than the energy derived from its own intrinsic mass. In order to account for the extra energy, we must resort to the role that gravitational energy transactions may play in these various processes. When we see the great spheroid mass of the sun acting as a huge gravitational lens, focusing gravitational energy into its core, and with such great pressure creating a tremendous amount of heat energy that achieves thermonuclear dynamics, then generating this energy on a continuous basis while tending to conserve the net amount of mass contained within itself without significant loss, we gain a glimpse of the gravitational dynamics being played out in front of us in a significant manner. These are, as I have said, common, everyday, universal processes, and are such a fundamental part of physical systems that they have largely escaped our notice or attention and seem to lie just beyond the edge of our own limited reasoning ability.

Large bodies of matter in the universe do not form cylinders or pyramids or boxes or rectangular prisms. They invariably form spheroid shapes that are surprisingly symmetrical about their centers, and this center is invariably the center of gravity that influences the world surrounding in profound ways. They are self-organizing constituencies, and form their own systems of gravitation in which all the matter contained within them become subordinated to a common center. This gravitational orientation of such systems is a curious phenomenon and expresses a kind of gravitational relation that the nucleonic mass must share upon unification. The closest analogy I can think of to this kind of model is the alignment of magnetic moments of molecules in a magnetic. In the case of gravitational alignment, the moments are the center and the outside margins of the sphere, which effectively becomes all the rest of space-time in the universe. 

We may say that multiple points in three space may only be united about a single central center of gravity if they are to be a single, integrated system. It appears, from what we can see, that single centers of gravity occur only in mass-based systems, and when of sufficient volume of matter, these systems always assume a spheroid shape, more or less. 

We must ask, to what degree are the motions of these bodies, their spin, their trajectories through space-time, and their developmental trajectories as self-contained entities, influenced by their gravitational dynamics. 

It appears that gravitation exists as a fundamental cohesive fabric of space-time, which constrains for instance the motion of all objects, but unlike objects of matter, the gravitation of space-time appears to lack a center or a common point of focus about which it becomes unified. This is not to say that gravitation in space-time may not be turbulent but this turbulence is essentially random and chaotic and is lacking in any basic level of unification. There is enough mutual gravitational attraction of even tiny nucleons, that they eventually aggregate and coalesce in otherwise empty space-time into large and increasingly unified conglomerations that result in consistent cloud and then spheroid formations.

Gravitation is continuously interacting with all nucleons. The consequence of this interaction is the production of all known forms of energy, including gravitational radiation. It is my opinion that nucleons are continuously being produced through gravitational transactions both in a pristine form in empty space-time, and in large gravitational solar mass bodies. The rate and relative density of production varies tremendously between these two extremes.

Gravitation also appears to interact upon multiple levels simultaneously, and there may be multiple centers of gravity nested within a stratified system of complex gravitation. It appears therefore that a unit of mass may become oriented and unified about multiple centers of gravity, at different levels of organization. The only way to explain this is to suggest that gravitation itself is not a discrete phenomena, but a continuous or quantum entity that may exist within a continuum of different frequencies not unlike electromagnetic radiation. The relative frequency of a gravitational system would be the basis for its nesting within a larger gravitational framework.

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In our conception of the space-time construct, we can only account for all the kinds of gravitational phenomena we are capable of observing if we understand that these are different effects due to different phases of gravitational interaction, and that gravitation itself may be a continuum, or rather what I call a well system of composite energies that are density and possibly frequency dependent as part of a continuum. I refer to this as the gravitational continuum and I suspect that, like light in the electromagnetic continum, there are a vast range of frequencies and wave-lengths that characterize gravitational radiation as a freely expressed field of energy. I suspect that the kind of gravitational radiation that is associated with the release of heat and electromagnetic radiation under conditions of high pressure and explosive events, is of an intensive and rather "dense" form, which may be composed of more rarefied and weaker gravitational energies.

The gravity effects of attraction of an object, for instance a falling body on earth, is not a direct consequence of gravitational radiation so much as it is the consequence of the flow of the space-time construct within an intense and unevenly distributed gravitational field. I suspect that gravitational waves may cause the space-time continuum to flow in the direction contrary to the main axis of propagation of the wave front, but I also expect that this complex phenomenon is a part of a larger system in which space-time is flowing toward a mass-center of gravity as the result of complex process of spime induction and spime replacement that is occurring within gravitationally unified systems. The flow of space-time is a gravitational phenomena, and this flow is structured in non-isotrope and often stable ways. The motion of an object through space-time can be said to be an object that is bound within a space-time manifold, a kind of gravitational jacket surrounding and embedding the object in space-time, that is in motion and that is carrying the object along with it as in an envelope or pocket. The interesting thing about this is that this motion, if uninterrupted, is permanent and can be said to represent a form of perpetual motion. The thesis of spime induction as the basis and source of gravitational radiation is derived from the observation that gravitational radiation appears to be continuous for the life of the body, potentially another form of perpetual motion machine. The sudden acceleration of the body in motion, or its change in direction, would hypothetical induce inertial effects and would release a burst of gravitational radiation as well as possibly heat energy.

I suspect that what we observe as gravitational effects from a variety of situations are not all attributable to either the exact same thing or the exact same kind of gravitational energy. The gravitational energy expressed in the fall of an object to earth or in the motion of a planet around the sun is a different form of energy than is expressed for instance by a black-holes extreme gravitational fields or by the moons gravitational effect upon the tides of the earth. If we understand gravitational phenomena to be part of a complex system entailing interaction, conversion and equilibrium of basic forces and of space-time itself, then we can understand these important discrepancies in our model. I refer to this gravitational framework as a well system that is part of the gravitational continuum, and we may distinguish between positive gravitational effects that are the direct consequences of the flow of space-time itself, from negative gravitational effects which are the results of the release of gravitational energy from the space-time continuum and the formation of spime-gravitational density-fluctuation fields that are most comparable to electromagnetic fields.

We have not developed an adequate inferential or theoretical model or description of this well-system. It may be possible for instance that there are regions in very deep and very empty space where the effect of gravitational flow is the reverse of what we would expect, that instead of attracting things together it may result literally in pulling things apart. We do not understand the nature of interference patterns created by gravitational radiation from converging sources, and what effects these have in dampening or possibly amplifying the currents of space-time. It is evident for instance, that gravitational effects that are the consequence of negative gravitational radiation may be felt at extremely long distances, and that for instance it is these effects which result in the formation of galaxies and super-galaxies. It is evident as well that strong gravitational fields are evident at much closer ranges, for instance the moon's pull upon the earth or the earth's pull upon the moon, but that the strength of these fields fall off quickly as a second-order function of distance. These fields determine the direction in which space-time will flow, and it is clear that space-time can flow in only a single direction at any single point of space-time.

We also understand in a vague manner that the flow of space-time is not the same as the flow of water in a channel of instance. Space-time flow appears to have its own characteristic properties that are a function of its own intrinsic dynamics, or patterns of fluctuation, and it appears to be more the flow of a snake over the surface of sand. Gravitational currents and tides are the streams of flow in space-time, such that if an object were left miraculously suspended in outer space, such an object would eventually become caught in such a flow and would steadily increase in its acceleration in a certain direction, depending upon which direction the current was carrying it.

It may be that the kind and frequency of gravitational radiation typically emitted by the earth is different from that emitted by Jupiter or by our Sun, and that this gravitational energy may be different than that of the moon and that found in a black hole in the center of our universe. These forms would possibly be of different frequencies and different amplitude fluctuations.

The gravitational well system that the space-time construct represents is part of a hidden invisible hierarchy of physical relations, and may add an extra dimensionality to the structure of the universe that we do not otherwise see or normally take notice of. It suggests that space-time may be much more complex in its fundamental structure and variable composition than we would think of it in terms of a "light vacuum." There may occur different kinds and qualities of space-time, which would be a function of the gravitational fields that would be affecting its structure on a local or regional basis. We assume that this structure on a cosmological scale is isotrope. We may be surprised by unexpected gravitational shifts and effects as we travel through the vast corridors of empty space. It is expected for instance that the "thick" space-time that occurs within a black hole manifold would be substantially different than the kind of space-time we would encounter in the depths of inter-gallactic space.

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The theory of the dynamic state universe rests upon the hypothesis of the universal relativity of all event structures in reality. The hypothesis of universal relativity states that the universe is complexly infinite and infinitely complex. There are no fixed geometric coordinate reference points. Not only are all things in the universe changing, but all things are in a state of continuous motion. Absolute Zero and the constant of the speed of light appear to define the only universal, cosmologically relevant constants, though the meaning of these in a larger framework has yet to be fully explicated and demonstrated in an unequivocal manner. Furthermore, reality appears to be infinitely stratified upon a number of levels of a continuum that is based upon relative size-density scale, such that properties that apply on one level do not necessarily apply upon another level of organization, even though the levels are nested within a well system within one another.

Conventional mechanical principles of motion:

Something cannot be in two places at the same time.

An object may move in only one direction at one time. An object may not exist in two sets of coordinate references points at the same time.

Time only travels or turns in one direction. Time moves only forward, and cannot be reversed.

Anything that travels in time, can travel in only one direction at a time. All things real exist in time and space.

There are quantum mechanical transformations of these principles that suggest upon a subatomic level at least a loosening of this conventional paradigm of classical mechanical motion. This has less to do with motion per se than it has to do with what an "object" or "thing" becomes and what the value of a time interval or "now" is at this infinitesimal scale of observation and measurement.

A direction is defined as the line drawn between two points that are separated by some measurable distance. In a Euclidean or classical model of the universe, this line would be considered a straight one--in an Einsteinian model of the universe, we may well consider this line to be a curved one, though we cannot guess the exact nature of its curvature. It is assumed to curve in at least a geodesic line.

Extension of the cosmological principle suggests that the universe occurs everywhere simultaneously, or contemporaneously. In other words, there is a sense that "now" happens throughout the total universe, at all levels of its stratification, at the same instantaneous event-structure. This is the principle of universal simultaneity, and the hypothesis of universal relativity and of the perfect cosmological principle rests upon this principle. There is thus a cosmological relativity of light that we are restricted to an observational sphere of physical reality that is not isomorphic with the inferential sphere of physical reality that is based upon the cosmological principle and that we are capable of understanding through an extension of our logic and our theories. The cosmos as we can see this through our instruments is not the same cosmos as it exists in the universal present.

Application of the principle of universal simultaneity suggests the possibility that the structure of space-time may defy upon fundamental levels even our knowledge of quantum effects. If the observational sphere of the universe that is defined by the structure and instrumentalities of light is incongruous with the inferential sphere of the universe that is defined by our logical understanding of physical principles, then it is possible that the principles and properties that we have been attributing to the universe based primarily upon an observational framework are insufficient to a realistic understanding upon an inferential framework.

The first anomalous possibility is, it seems to me, the possibility that space-time may exist in an instantaneous sense throughout the entire universe, and hangs together in such a way that suggests its fundamental forces, related to forces of gravitation, may travel at an infinite speed, or a speed much greater than light. If something is capable of instantaneous communication, then it is everywhere and nowhere at the same time, and that therefore time would have no relevance or relative value.

The second anomalous possibility which is related to the first, is the suggestion that space-time as we observationally construe this as an empty vacuum with relativistic properties and structure, may in fact be a non-empty kind of "thing" or "energy-substance" that I have called "spime." Spime again exists beyond our ability to observationally see it, except by inference through indirect effects upon aspects of our systems. Exactly what this "thing" is seems to be fundamentally indeterminant. I have hypothesized its structure as being composed of a "blinking" system of interacting "nth-particulates" that arise as alternative state-combinations of what I refer to as the "zeroth entity." I attribute to the zeroth entity the property of travel at an infinite speed, hence being capable of appearing anywhere.

The zeroth entity allows the universe to "hang together" as a unitary system that is open and infinite both intensively and extensively. It permits us to consider as realistic the notion of universal simultaneity--that one end of the universe does not lag a second or more behind the other end of the universe. We may infer therefore contemporaneous, instantaneous states here and on the moon, as well as on Alpha Centuari or anywhere within the Crab Nebula. The physical universe is a "dead system" in the sense that there are no sentient states connecting these contemporaneously coexisting realities. This hypothesis makes possible a universe that was stochastically organized from the ground up so to speak, by processes that were fundamentally random and non-arbitrary in their determination. We can say therefore that God did play dice with the universe.

There may be more to this "hanging together" of the instantaneous-state universe than meets the eye through a telescope, in the sense that the maintenance of the basic structural integrity of space-time in a universal framework may require a very fundamental form of communication, or rather transmission of information, that is ultimately infinite in its rate or velocity of travel.

The structure of space-time can be said to be defined by the independence of multiple points in a universe that is defined by universal simultaneity. All points that occur simultaneously within the same universe cannot at that instant be interacting, therefore each separate point must be considered independent of the others and to occur upon a separate state-path trajectory than the others. This notion makes possible a four-dimensional construct of space-time to begin with. The distance or separation that defines two points is the interval of time that it would take to travel between those two points. In an Einsteinian model this interval is ultimately defined by the speed of light. The least distance between two instantaneous, discrete points, would be defined by a discrete single direction connecting one point with the other. As we travel between these two points time would lapse, such that when we arrive at the second point, it is a later time than that point existed at contemporaneously when we left the original point. We cannot be in two places at the same time. From a universally relative model of the universe, the second point would be fundamentally different from the momentary state that it existed at the time of our departure, not only in terms of its relative position in space-time, but in terms of its own intrinsic composition and state of motion. It can be argued technically that it is not the same point in an exact sense, though this is a moot argument.

The contemporaneous co-existence of two or more independent points at the same time implies the notion of universal simultaneity and also the cosmological principle. The space-time construct as we understand this in at least a conventional sense depends upon this sense of simultaneity, as well as upon the fundamental principle of the irreversibility of time. The coordinate reference system of the universe that locates all event structures and separate points in space-time can be said to be space-time dynamic in the sense that given the duration of time all these points are changing relative to one another. If we hypothesize an exactly instantaneous system, we end up with a frozen-state universe, a snap-shot or slide-still frame of an on-going series of snapshots, in which everything in the universe is at a fixed and measurable distance from everything else. The trouble is that this would seem to be a kind of "vanishing system" because it would be infinitely reducible in space and time to nothingness.

Instantaneous time is a pointless system, or what I would call a zeroth system. It is the paradox of Xeno's arrow. We may only measure time not as an instantaneous point, a now, but as a duration that is part of a larger continuum of fluctuation. Our measures of time intervals are measures of discrete durations of time. Neither can we mark an exact point in space, that does not diminish by definition to an infinitely small, or zeroth size.

If I have hypothesized a zeroth entity that can be said to be a non-described elementary entertie of the structure of universal physical reality, I do so as a consequence of an impecable logic that can find no final limit to how small we may make a single point.

What I bring into question in this regard is not the basic construct, but the possibility that two or more points may be wholly independent of one another within the same time-frame. If event structures are to share the same time frame, then they must share some common ground structurally speaking. In other words, time in an instantaneous sense appears to unite or unify the universe within a common field of relations in ways that may not be otherwise well understood, even if objects in the same time frame are said to be independent of one another by conventional physical properties. Time as duration, rather than in an instantaneous sense, unifies the universe of multiple points by making these points interactive and in a sense gravitationally interdependent.

Direction I take to be a vector of motion that is a function of space-time. It is related to speed or velocity of motion, or what I would call the lapse rate of space over time. Direction and speed are the two critical values that determine all motion, and hence all coordinate reference systems, in the space-time construct.

Conjecturally, there are some event properties that appear to be at least near-instantaneous in their realization. I take the effect of the inertia of acceleration to be instantaneous in its expression, even if the acceleration itself is a gradual or rate-determined process. The inertia of acceleration is as exact in its measure as it is in its instantaneous expression and determination. I take the effect of the forward or motional momentum of an moving mass also to be instantaneous as well, even if the resulting explosion of impact is not strictly speaking instantaneous. In my model of the dynamic state universe, I would also take the expression of conversion of spime into light or gravitational energy to be an instantaneous event structure, and in that set of events that I refer to as explosive events I take the rupture of space-time that such an event is hypothesized to "cause" or be a part of, also to occur in an instantaneous sense. In other words, these are not "rate determined" processes that occur as the duration of time. They occur immediately, instantaneously.

I conjecture that there are also forms of spime-gravitational energy, and the field lines that constitute these forms of fundamental energy, that propagate in an instantaneous sense throughout the space-time construct. I take the possibility as well that there are transverse field-lines connected to electromagnetic-radiation that are instantaneous in their occurrence as they travel as waves across the space-time manifold at the speed of light. There may occur as well "strings" within the space-time construct itself, upon a fundamental level, or rather in the nth dimensional frame, that serve to integrate this construct and to maintain its structural of field integrity in spite of its blinking and hole-ridden structure. Finally, I would hypothesize at least the possibility and plausibility if not total probability of a zeroth enterty, and its variable nth-particulate composites, that is essentially instantaneous in its event structure. If such an entertie existed, it may be designated by a quality of singularity. One point that could travel at infinite speeds, or instantaneously coexist at multiple points, would essentially be the equivalent of an infinite number of points.

In a sense, thermodynamics and entropy can be said to depend upon the possibility of such instantaneity of independent event structure.

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The logical conclusion that the universe is infinite in extent and infinitesimal in its fundamental structure is derived from the following relationships:

1. The fundamental event structure of space-time is open because it is universally constrained by principles of unidirectionality and irreversibility of change. This basic openness entails that the universe cannot be closed. If it were not open, then we would expect that event structures would repeat themselves on a basic level.

2. The laws of thermodynamics according to the cosmological principle are universally applicable, therefore we cannot define a system that is thermodynamically self-contained without a larger energy sink that contains it. Cosmological extension of the laws of thermodynamics therefore demands an infinite system.

3. A relativistically closed structure that is the received cosmography is based upon a cosmological isotropism of basic structure that is in violation of a perfect cosmological principle. The curvature of space-time may be non-uniform and non-constant. I believe it is logically possible to demonstrate a relativistically dynamic, rather than static, cosmography by the inference of universal simultaneity which is derivable from the cosmological principle.

4. Derived from 3 above, we may state that the observational universe is non-isomorphic with the inferable universe, and that a conventional relativistic cosmography is based upon an observational and not an inferential model of the universe. An inferential universe contains all possible observable universes as only partially overlapping subsets. In order for this to occur, the inferential universe must be extensively open.

5. Light that travels omnidirectionally from any relative point source in the universe can be said to have no preferred direction of curvature, and the instantaneous sphere of light created by any single source must grow in all directions at the same rate and instantaneous size. Even if the curvature of light were uniform and were such that it eventually described a large circuit, it could not be said to return to the same source from which it originated. We must see space-time in this sense "spiraling" in an open-ended manner rather than merely closed upon itself.

6. If the universe is expanding, then this expansion is either only apparent, cosmologically non-isotropic and hence omnidirectionally random, or in a open spiral consistent with 5 above (or any permutation of these possibilities). If expansion of the universe is occurring, a not unreasonable assumption to make, then we can claim that it had no single original source, and this process of expansion is being effectively countered by as yet unknown complementary processes. These processes may not be so much a "reverse expansion" as they are a continuous "filling" in of the interstitial seams of the universe.

7. The fundamental structure of space-time upon which an inferential cosmology is based contains a relativistic structure that is defined primarily by the constant speed of light and that therefore describes a restrictive observational cosmology. The basic gravitational structure of space-time can be said to be dynamic and instantaneous in its constraints, and contains the thermodynamic or electromagnetic structure of all possible observational universes. We would expect therefore at the cosmological extremes of size and event scale that the basic laws of relativity are violated and that the general or specific theories of relativity will not be directly applicable on these levels.

8. Intensificational infinitesimilitude, or rather the infinite reducibility of the elementary structure of reality into smaller and smaller enterties, reqiures extensive infinity within which to contain the structure of reality. In other words, and put another way, if the stratified structure of reality is infinitely reducible, then it is also infinitely large, such that intensificational infinity implies and necessitates extensive infinity as well.

The relativistic model that Einstein gave to cosmology was one that was based upon a static or fixed structure of space-time. A dynamic model of universal relativity suggests that space-time is fluid and has its own dynamic properties that are independent of and underlie the properties and forms of energy that it contains or that become expressed within it. In this regard, we must not confuse the cause with the effect in our explanation of the basic structure or universal cosmography of physical reality.

Extensive infinity is based upon and derived from intensive infinitudes. If this is to be considered at least hypothetically correct, then we might assert the following:

1. There cannot be nothing in physical reality--what is apparently nothing is upon another level something. There is therefore no point of finite divisibility at which we may separate something from nothing, and there is no boundary of extensive integrity beyond which we can say nothing exists.

2. Fundamental something in the universe cannot be made or destroyed, but only transformed from one state to some alternate state. The universe as a fundamental something always existed, and exists in infinite amounts and to infinitesimal degrees.

3. Observable energy states that are instantaneous in the universe is a basic physical event-pattern that controls change and alteration in the universe. Energy is not made or destroyed because it is neither something nor nothing. Rather it is a process of change that is continuous and non-discrete in its structure.

4. The real structure of the universe describes a continuum of instantaneous event structure that is stratified by size-scale. It may be said that the universe exists along infinite parallel dimensions based upon the size-scale of its event structures and relativistic integration. Another way of stating this is that the rules of order (properties of space-time and gravitation) governing event structure and relations at one level are different in quality and quantity than those at another level, and that therefore the universe as it exists on a subatomic level is structured differently than a universe as it may be inferred or observed on a super-galactic scale. These two different scales may be said to be directly independent of one another, and only indirectly related to one another through intermediate size-event scales. This constitutes the basis for the theory of universal relativity.

5. Space-time varies extensively in terms of its relative density, which is cosmologically equal and non-isotropic but which varies locally in an isotropic and deterministically asymmetrical manner. This fluctuation of space-time density is experienced in terms of gravitational effects and in the inertial effects of motion. It may be said that space-time density in matter or the super-matter of a black hole is far greater than the space-time density that may be found in the middle of intergalactic space.

Differential density of space-time governs the fluid dynamics and direction of flow of space-time. Space-time always flows from regions of less to greater density, which is the opposite of what one would expect of a thermodynamic system--gravitational and electromagnetic radiation is the effect of this flow pattern and provides the central cosmological mechanism by which space-time becomes redistributed. The central hypothetical mechanism is what is defined as gravitational displacement and replacement upon a fundamental level. Because space-time is everywhere in constant flux and transition, it continuously replaces itself. Rates of replacement are far greater in denser regions than in less dense regions, and when densities obtain a certain level of concentration, matter is formed which interacts with space-time to produce radiant energy in several forms. Radiant energy released from the system is only slightly affected by the dynamic flow of space-time, except in extreme cases, and represents a redistribution of space-time in the universe. Radiant energy therefore represents a basic fluctuation of space-time density that propagates from a more dense source to a less dense sink. The overall pattern of space-time dynamics, gravitational displacement replacement, and radiant thermodynamic redistribution describes what can be called the gravitational cycle and the relative state of gravitational equilibrium within which any system exists.

The effect of gravity systems in determining the trajectory of falling objects and of orbiting objects is a consequence of the locally isotropic flow of space-time toward regions of greater density. Objects without counter-resistance fall to earth because they have no choice in the matter. They are carried there by the natural flow of the space-time manifold in which they are contained. This space-time manifold connects the internal matrix of the object, composed fundamentally of spime, with the external universe.

There is a fundamental identity of all state-patterns in the universe. Everything is composed of spime. The derivative patterning of spime is variable, and even in apparently empty space-time it is possible that spime may take a variety of basic forms. At a fundamental level though, there exists only a basic unity that I have dubbed the zeroth entity. This may be related to what is called "quintessence" and it may exhibit properties of supersymmetry. We must ask whether the law of symmetry would necessarily apply at such a basic level--it may or may not. If it did, we might speculate that there existed such a set of states that we could call anti-spime. We would actually refer to an anti-particulate event-entity.

For every fundamental event-entity of which spime is composed, there is at least one anti-event entity. Supersymmetry might imply multiple contraposed or alternative event entities and possibly multiple dimensionalities within which these event-entities could coexist.

Space-time is a fundamental substance (dubbed "spime") of which all energy and matter are composed and derived. Spime is in continuous fluctuation and displacement.

The big bang model presupposes a cosmological egg in which energy was in a concentrated form and space-time itself was enclosed completely within itself in a kind of universal singularity. This egg was in a sense self-creating and came into existence in what could have been a millisecond. No further explanation exists for this alleged phenomenon, or for what might be dubbed as "original creation." In this primordial state, it is presupposed that all matter that exists in basic form somehow came into being, though the exact reasons or explanation for this ready-made universe is obviously not available.

Scientific cosmology cannot ultimately define original states. Whatever original state we may hypothesize, like a cosmic egg, will lead logically to the question of what created the cosmic egg, and what created the thing that created the cosmic egg, and so forth ad infinitum. This can be said to be a intrinsic symbolic limit of our knowledge, beyond which we can only resort to religious and ideological forms of explanation. We cannot explain what or why reality was created. We can only explain change processes that happen to reality, and attempt to construct theories of consequential creation rather than original creation. It is therefore sufficient to science to say that reality on a fundamental level always existed. It was not therefore created. A way to get around this is to state that at a certain level, time has no relevance, or at least not the relevance we understand now.

While a cosmic egg hypothesis does fit a model of a generally thermodynamic universe, the same thermodynamic principles cannot be used to explain the original creation of the egg in a super-concentrated state of energy in the first place, especially if energy is as thermodynamics demands, always escaping whatever system it is contained within.

Extension of the cosmological principle would entail that we attempt to find available evidence for the explanation of matter in the universe. All known matter higher in atomic number than hydrogen comes from only one known source, and that is from solar furnaces. All matter that exists in the universe, whether this is in the form of iron in the earth's core, the basic minerals of the moon or of meteorites and comets, all must have had an origin at some point in some solar furnace, which would probably make, among other things, the true age of the atoms within most composite, heavy matter, far older than we might attribute to it otherwise.

If a mechanism like the solar furnace for the creation of the elements is at hand, it is unreasonable and contra the cosmological principle not to extent this same explanation to a cosmological scale of importance and instead to invoke hypothetical and exotic mechanisms, especially what can be considered "one shot" event structures.

This leaves the only unexplained form of matter needing explanation to be that of hydrogen, the accumulation of which results in the formation of increasingly dense hydrogen clouds that cannot be said to be in themselves gravitationally unified, but which will result somehow in the formation of solar systems that are gravitationally unified.

The theory I have adopted pushes the explanation back one step, by asserting that the collision of light-photons will produce electron-positron pairs, and all atomic nuclei are reducible to and composed of different combinations of these pairs. In other words, a proton can be said to be a "captured" positron that has a gravitational effect resulting in mass. Evidence I put for this explanation stems from the analysis of radioactive decay and the patterns and structures of subatomic particles.

It is necessary then to explain not the origin of matter in terms of hydrogen, which is produced through the collision of positron-electron particles that are in turn produced through the collision of light photons, but to explain what can be considered to be the spontaneous emission of light photons in otherwise empty space-time, and the accumulation and possible concentration of these light photons in sufficient densities to produce prodigious quantities of hydrogen.

I have speculated that white sources have occurred, perhaps infrequently, and perhaps more commonly during one phase of cosmological development than another, in which large emissions of intense light was produced spontaneously from a gravitational vortex effect that occurs in empty space-time as the result of opposite tidal flows of space-time coming into collision with one another, with the result of producing spiral formations and von Karmen trails in space-time. I will speculate that very distantly observed quasars may in fact be examples of these ancient "light sources" that produced not only light energy but also hydrogen gas collections as a result of the same gravitational forces and the collision of thick fields of light. There may be more white sources than we realize, but a white source may not be the only origin of hydrogen and spontaneous light in the universe.

If we view light as a perturbation of the normal field of space-time, with a resonance effect that propagates from the source of the perturbation with characteristic properties of frequency, wave-length and at a constant rate, then we might understand the source of this perturbation to represent a basic imbalance of energy or force at a point resulting in the transmission of this imbalance through space-time.

If we view space-time as non-empty, but composed of a mysterious "spime" that harbors large amounts of dark energy and dark mass, then we can understand that under certain anomalous conditions there may be self-induced effects of spontaneous emissions of light energy. This kind of emission may occur at a certain average rate and density across space-time merely as a function of the fluctuation of space-time. It is possible, for instance, to view the universal microwave background, which appears relatively flat-field, to actually represent the "black-body" radiation of light by otherwise "empty" space-time.

The opposite effect that must be commented upon is not the spontaneous emission of light in empty space-time, but the possible capture of light by space-time under certain conditions. We do know of the capture of light in the case of black-holes, and we are discovering black holes to be an increasingly common part of the normal architecture of the cosmos. The source of capture of light by space-time may occur ubiquitously as a result of the red-shifting of light over the long run and the loss of energy this may reflect as a process of shifting toward lower frequencies/longer wave lengths of light. It is presumed that this effect occurs as a normal part of the transmission of light through space-time, with a slight inertial loss of energy of light at a certain normal rate. We may say that space-time has its own mass and its own intrinsic gravitational potential. At the same time, we can expect that normal turbulence of space-time and the isotropic flow of space-time within gravitational systems, further affects the rate of inertial decomposition of light in space-time. The micro-wave background itself may reflect red-shifted infrared light that is the by-product of this low incidence capture of light by space-time.

If light itself is a temporary phase-shift phenomenon representing a basic perturbation of the normal manifold of space-time, then we can understand that this phenomenon may decrease at a very small rate over the long run. I suspect that the rates calculated with the Hubble constant reflect the rates of inertial degradation of light in empty space-time. Variance of this rate would be a function of the interceding turbulence and gravitational lense effect, or the Einstein effect, as such light passes through various gravitational fields along its trajectory until it arrives at the point of its reception and detection.

Light, in other words, represents an entropic release of energy from the fold of space-time. We understand secondary sources of light since atoms function as small light-emitting generators. Once released, such light follows purely thermodynamic principles of escaping forever into the eternal night-time of empty space-time. It continues to do so until, over very long stretches, it is basically reabsorbed into the space-time manifold. This release occurs at a discrete point source for a certain specific duration. We do not understand well primary forms of light that are spontaneously produced by other pathways and mechanisms than by means of matter. Original white sources appear to be a powerful source of radiant light energy.

Primary light may occur as a normal background radiation of the turbulence inherent to the dynamic flow of space-time. This would represent a ubiquitous background source of light the detection of which, if at all possible, would probably require a sensitivity that is beyond any measuring or observational instruments that we have at this time. If the structure of space-time normally vibrates or exhibits differential turbulence, then it can be expected that light would be radiated at differential frequencies as a result. Unlike secondary sources of light that emanates from a concentrated point-source, the normal source of this light would not be detectable in the same way. Spontaneous emission of light would appear to violate thermodynamics if we assumed that space-time were indeed empty and without dark energy or dark matter, but this would make sense if we assume space-time to be non-empty and consisting of something like the hypothetical spime. Unlike concentrated forms of light, it is expected that this background light would never increase in density or concentration, and hence if it produces any form of hydrogen mass as a result, it does so incidentally and at extremely low densities of occurrence. In other words, such primary light would be expected to function like a blackbody radiator, ever diffusing and evanescent in the background.

The only effective explanation for the buildup of large clouds of hydrogen would be the occurrence of either light sources, or alternatively, the occurrence in space of certain bands or corridors of space-time that represent unusual currents or tidal flow patterns within which increasing concentrations of light and hydrogen may be formed. We may attribute to this the interstitial stretching of certain bands or regions of space-time and the hyper-compartmentalization of large pockets or cellular regions of empty-space-time. If space-time stretched out in certain regions, and possibly contracted in other regions, then this effect may produce isotropic distributions of primary light and primary matter on a regular basis. All three pathways in the production of matter and energy may occur commonly in the universe.

It is clear, if we are to explain all processes and patterns that we can observe or indirectly infer about the universe, then we must be willing to stretch our constraints of thermodynamic to embrace a wider conception of spime-gravitational dynamics and a sense of gravitational equilibrium that is omnipresent and ubiquitous in the universe. The energy and matter produced and thrown off by the sun, on a daily basis, is not mere energy that is stored in its own intrinsic matter, just as the emissions of an atom are not the energy inherent to its electron, but this energy is drawn off the space-time manifold on a regular and continuous basis, transformed from the potential "dark energy" of space time, into the states of active radiation that we are familiar with. The sun, like the atom, functions thus as a kind of light generator that is drawing its energy from the surrounding space-time manifold and releasing this as free-energy back into space. This follows what is called the gravitational cycle and each system maintains its own equilibrium. The heat energy contained within the molten core of the earth represents the same source of energy produced by the gravitational pressures of its composite matter concentrated at its source.

Dark energy and dark matter in space-time is really the invisible energy-matter, or "mattergy" of spime. It is a form of potential energy that represents and infinite source of energy that can be drawn upon under the right set of circumstances. In spime we cannot clearly distinguish the energy-like properties from its mass-like properties, so we can think of it being both a form of energy and a form of matter. It is energy that has mass, and a form of massive substance that cannot be contained but always flows like energy. We may say that the basic energy that makes up matter flows from this matter back into the manifold at a continuous rate, or else becomes transformed and escapes as radiant energy into the universe.

If we instantly disintegrate a piece of matter, a tremendous amount of free energy would be realized. This free energy would represent the differential density of spime contained within the matter and the normal density of spime in empty space-time.

In the universe, we may distinguish three basic states of any form of energy, latent or potential energy, trapped or condensed or concentrative energy, and free or radiant energy. We may also distinguish between motional or mechanical energy, inertial energy, and vibrational-rotational energy. We may call these forms of energy kinetic energy. This type of energy may be referred to as derivative energy, as it is to be seen as the mechanical effect of other forms of energy acting upon the system. In contrast, I will call the former basic or non-kinetic energy. We may also distinguish between fluid or dynamic energy and static or stationary energy.

Gravitational effects are the indirect consequences of the interaction of spime with matter in various forms. The effects of gravity are kinetic forms of energy that are caused by the interaction upon space-time and matter by non-kinetic forms of energy.

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Spime may have a composite, complex structure that may admit, upon fundamental but universal levels, nth dimensionalities of structure which would open into new "parallel universes." The basis for a theory of the unified field of the space-time construct I put forward as being what I call the complementary structure of space-time. This complementary structure is best understood as a composite whole that is formed by at least two halves. If space-time were of a complementary structure, it may in fact be composed of more than two parts. At least one part of this whole appears to admit of electromagnetic energy and charged dipole forces. At least another, as yet little understood part, appears to admit not of charge based forces, but of mass-based forces relating to gravitational energy and effects. The problem of explaining the hypothetical complementary structure of the space-time field is to explain who the parts interconnect and interrelate to compose the whole, and how the complementary forces contained within this complex field form a kind of dynamic equilibrium with one another.

First, it must be understood that this complementary structure exists upon what can be called a fundamental or elementary level, and that the separable parts of this complex structure interpenetrate one another throughout the universe to form the whole. There may occur relative point or continuum density differentials in which more of one kind or part occurs compared to the other, but these local non-isotrope phenomena are variations of a larger isotrope pattern that can be said to be part of the cosmological principle relating to the balanced distribution of parts over the whole.

The difference in charge between an electron and its symmetrical complement is the difference in the direction of isotopic spin of the entity. Arbitrarily speaking, if the electron is of a right handed spin, its symmetrical complement is of a left-handed spin. It is my contention that the non-charged mass-based entities of space-time have a natural left-handed spin, and that we exist within a universe that is basically one-handed just as it can be said to be unidirectional in time and space. Therefore, left-handed spin ties into the mass-system, whereas right-handed spin occurs independently of the mass system, but is influenced in charged fields that result from the polarization of spin, and also may interact with the mass-field in ways that are as yet unexplored.

That light is a fundamental fixture of the universe is obvious from what we know of it. The constant of the speed of light in space-time is used as a primary reference point in our most basic formulations of the structure of space-time. We understand that electromagnetic waves, that include light, are generated by the sudden acceleration of a charged particle, just as gravitational waves can be expected to be generated from the acceleration of a mass-particle, whether charged or not. The inertial effects encountered upon the acceleration of a mass particle represent the effect of the propagation of gravitational waves from the source and direction of the acceleration. Similarly, the effects of charge acceleration typically results in the emission of heat energy as a consequence of this acceleration.

According to this line of thinking, then, it is to be expected that gravitational energy, in its radiant or free form, is expected to behave in a manner very similar to electromagnetic radiation in that it occurs in field waves, and that its effect is upon mass distortions that may be measurable in terms of minor flucturations of mass measurements that reflect the frequencies of the gravitational waves. Construction of a gravitational telescope therefore would depend upon developing scales sensitive enough to detect these fluctuations in a directional manner, and the ability to translate these fluctuations into visual images, possibly by means of piezo-electric amplifiers, etc.

The complementary structure of space-time permits the interpenetration and mutual coexistence of both gravitational and electromagnetic fields at the same time. According to this accounting, the quantum structure of both photonic and gravitonic enerties is a function of the "blinking" structure of the space-time manifold. I hypothesize the existence of fieldlines, or "spime strings" that interconnect these otherwise disparate structures in an instantaneous manner to constitute instantaneous wave-fronts. Gravitational and electromagnetic energies are thus "alternating" blinking fields that cooccur within the same space-time manifold. Both gravitational and electromagnetic fields may be said to exist latently and in an unexpressed and potential manner in the composite spime structure.

The possibility remains that there may be some measure of interaction between gravitational and electromagnetic fields. If this is the case, then it is possible, for instance, to use electromagnetic fields and energies to reverse or counter the effects of gravitation, at least in terms of the relative densities of instantaneous points that occur within a given space-time framework. We can entertain the possibility therefore of a kind of "anti-gravity" device that depends upon the influuence of strong electro-magnetic fields to minimize inertial effects. I believe this may be what happens essentially in the atom, resulting in a "tearing" of the spime-manifold and hence in the induction of both gravitational and electromagnetic energy from this manifold upon a continuous basis.

The interaction between these complementary fields becomes an important problem in the model of the dynamic state universe, for it may explain how light energy, upon which hypothesized hydrogen is produced, may be spontaneously emitted or produced in otherwise "empty space-time" manifolds as a consequence of this kind of interaction without the presence of elementary matter in the first place. In other words, how can space-time itself be configured in a manner that it behaves similar to an atom, tearing a small whole in the fabric of space-time, and resulting in the emision of prodigious quantities of electromagnetic and gravitational radiation.

The holes that may be produced in empty space-time may be a relative matter. They may range between subatomic sized, momentary events, to fairly large and long-lasting structures. I suspect that such 'holes' may occur on a fundamental scale of time and space, far far smaller than even that of an atom, upon a regular basis, and that this would produce a common background field of both "static" electro-magnetic energy and gravitational noise of a certain specific wave-length. This background field would be pervasive and would be so weak as to be virtually invisible from great distances except perhaps in the form of a cosmic background "black body" or field of low density noise. I suspect that this energy would be released basically as heat energy in the infrared range, which may then become red-shifted into the microwave ranges.

I have previously hypothesized as well that large holes may occur far less frequently, as the result of random tidal flows of empty-space time, and may have been a kind of long-lasting event that occurred more frequently during earlier phases of the universes's evolution than at the current period, space-time being less distorted then by the widespread presence of matter in the universe.

If positive graviational radiation occurs in a manner very similar to electromagetic radiation, in the form of waves of gravitons, then we can expect that there may occur what I would call spime-gravitational fieldlines that may connect these fields in an instantaneous manner to create fluctuating waves of gravitational radiation.

It has been my hypothesis that these strings or fieldlines that interprenetrate and tie together the composite fabric of space-time occur in an instantaneous sense at a virtually infinite or near infinite speed. Gravitational radiation is very similar in many respects therefore to electromagnetic radiation, except that it acts upon a body's mass rather than charge. Change in mass rather than change in heat would be the outcome of being subjected to such radiation, and this change in mass would have the effect of altering the gravitational field structure of the object. Heating an object up would be similar to increasing the mass-density of the object, in the direction of the source of the radiation.

The basis for the hypothesis of the fundamental interaction of electromagnetic and gravitational fields under certain conditions is derivable from the observation that where there is strong gravitational radiation, there are strong sources of heat and electromagnetic radiation that is usually associated with this, and from the common source of the space-time manifold. Both forms of energy are drawn from the same source, which is the composite, complementary field of undifferentiated space-time.

If we were to model the blinking, hypothetical structure of undifferented space-time, we might picture a chain-linked framwork in which a certain entity-here called a composite spime-gravitoid, may exist in one of two common states:

The model presented above suggests a quadropole model for the basic spime-gravitoid unit, and this kind of composite structure may be at this state of our knowledge be pictured in a number of possible ways. We might imagine a multi-pole model of any number of polarities. It is possible that the basic alternation of such a structure is from more than two "on and off" or digital states, but may involve several alternate states. We may expect that the polarity of the system collapses and then expands from a dipole or even a monopole system into a temporary multi-pole system, and then back again. Whatever the exact model of the fundamental structure of space-time may yield for our understanding, we can conjecture that it represents overall a kind of pendulum process and possibly an "inter-harmonic" resonance oscillating mechanism such that changes in the spin resonance of such a system at one level will result in a ripple effect that propagates to other areas of the system. Magnetic resonance is observed in nuclear and electron structures, and a similar form of spime-gravitational harmonic resonance pattern can be conjectured for the dynamic flow of space-time and the propagation of energies across its alternating field structures. Achieving resonance induces equilibrium, and altering resonance pattern induces chaotic changes that reverberate throughout the system and that produce and consume energy.

We do not know exactly what this structure would look like with accurate representational models, and we may apply many alternatives, like ring structures, strings, spring structures, or what I would call sthling structures. A systematic accounting of spime-structure would therefore rest upon our ability at some point to make more careful and accurate measurements of the predictable effects of space-time modulation.

It may well prove to be the case that fundamental space-time structure is more complex and variable than we realize, and that there may prove to be different qualities and kinds of space-time occurring. The model presented above should be cast into a three dimensional plane and understood as a lattice model that may extend in four dimensions.

The same spime gravitational entity may actually "flip" from one axis to another, longitudinally to laterally, and then back again. I have hypothesized the existence of nth-particulates in four alternative phases, based upon their spin orientation and sidedness, or directionality, that might account for such formation upon a more fundamental level. A "hole" would be the rending of this chain link, and possibly the separation of the composite structure into its alternate gravitational and electromagnetic forms, which would then be released from this structure to propagate. It is expected that there is one base state, that being the mass-bound state, that can be called the "ground state" or default state of undifferentiated space-time, with the alternate state existing as a "negative" or derivative state. I hypothesize furthermore the possibility that gravitational attraction, as a form of positive energy that is embedded in the spime-gravitational field, may in essence be a form of micro-electrostatic charge on a very fundamental scale. This kind of "micro-charge" state would be based upon the notion that opposite poles attract and like poles repel. The closest equivalent to understanding this by analogy or an indirect form of homology would be in the form of magnetic attraction. In a sense the spime-gravitational field may be similar to a pervasive magnetic field, the disruption of which results not in electromagnetic radiation, but in gravitational radiation with mass effects.

We may speculate that in the the composite structure of the spime-gravitational field, the alternation of these fundamental spime-gravitoidal units may occur as the result of even more elementary density interactions between a class of "nth particulates" that may exist in any one of a number of alternate states. These nth-particulates themselves may be composite structures that are in turn composed of funamental enterties that I have designated an open class of zeroth-entities, which may in fact be marked by only a single basic state-property, and possibly its symmetrical or opposite.

Motions that occur in the undifferentiated spime field are the consequence of the point differentiation of this field, or its tearing, which releases both gravitational and electromagnetic radiation, in equal measure. The spime field itself exists in a state of continuous fluctuation and motion, and it is apparent that in the blinking or 'flip-flop' reiterative structure of the spime field, there is continuous movement and replacement in all directions.

One possibility of a basic kind of hole that may occur with a random isotropic frequency would be when and if this reiterative structure blinks on in one preferred direction in adjacent places. Such discordant blinking would result in the release of energy.

The blinking structure of undifferentiated space-time would then account for all change events and therefore the unidirectional cycle of time. Events can only occur in a serially successive order, chronologically measured. The spatial projection of this constraint is the unidirectionality of motion and also, I believe, the unidrectionality of gravitational attraction from a preferred or dominant souce. In a sense, time is "going nowhere" only that it just happens on a continuous and steady basis. We may speculate that the blinking pattern, as an instantaneous field pattern at any particular moment, is never the same as any previous pattern that has occurred. The actual structure of this blinking pattern can be said to be continuously emergent in a fundamentally reiterative manner--it is a point-reiterative continuum that is continuously unique in its total simultaneous pattening, and it is that is that is the basis of continuous change in the universe. The occurrence of time would be the result of the blinking of this structure, united as it is by cross-cutting fieldlines, or transverse "sthlings" that lapse at an infinite rate of speed and that would be represented by the interlocking structures in the diagram above.

The relative strengths of different energy fields, with the strong force being the greatest, and the gravitational force being extremely weak, with the electromagnetic and weak forces ranging between these respectively, should be seen as the relative measure of how basic the force is to the default form, gravitational energy being the most basic and strong energy fields the least basic. Weak fields associated with leptons in interaction with other subatomic entities suggests that such a field is an anonmalous but not uncommon state, that may represent an uncharged, massless lepton that is released from the spime gravitational field. The relative strength of the electromagnetic field over that of the gravitational field must be seen as the consequence of the concentration of the energy used to express this field, relative to the range of its force-field.

In a sense, we may say that the charge field exists latently in the normal, undifferentiated spime field, as a form of potential energy that remains unexpressed until activated through charge dissociation. What we witness in terms of charge effects are the exaggerated examples of intensively concentrated forms of electromagnetic energy that is released as a product of atomic dynamics. The atom, as a basic configration of elementary physical structure, acts as a miniature dynamo in the production of light energy. It also becomes a source of intensive gravitational energy.

The spime field itself exists in a normally "undifferentiated form" suggesting that the tendency is for the complementary parts of this field to be distributed, upon a fundamental level, in a more or less even manner. The explanation of how this distribution occurs and how it may result in uneven fluctuation densities, constitutes an important part of the theory of the origins of cosmology. According to a "cold fusion" hypothesis, the original structure of the universe was largely a vast undifferentiated field of space-time that existed in this state for what can be said almost forever. The period of time represented by the current topography of the universe that is filled with matter and light, which may extend back trillions or even hundreds of trillions of years, would represent on the larger cosmological scale only a very small fraction of the total history of the universe.

Cosmological explanation must range from this argument both backward in the explanation of how the original undifferentiated space-time field came about in the first place, and then how this undifferentiated field eventually became increasingly differentiated as the result of purely stochastic and chaotic processes, resulting in the formation and massive stockpiling of matter.

If we push our argument backward in time, we must account for the gradual rise of an isotrope space-time structure that is relative undifferentiated and infinite in extent. We must account for this as the result of the self-organization of the nth-particulates into an interlocking structure that is more or less continuous throughout. I suspect that regions of space-time became constructed in larger and larger "patches" and that before this kind of spime crystalization took place there existed a kind of cauldron in which space-time had no unidirectional sense of order, and instantaneity of on-going event structures would be fundamentally discoordinate in the universe. At this and earlier phases, the universe was more or less a huge emptiness in which time had no value as we understand it today. The patches that formed with the crystallization of the uniform structure of space-time may have occurred in a kind of chain-reaction manner once conditions regionally were ripe for this to occur. As these regions developed and grew and became interconnected, density fluctuation patterns developed within them, similar to large tidal vibrations, that would resemble a form of free-space gravitation. As regions grew, so to did the internal density dynamics of such regions also increase, such that once they reached a certain size scale, the patchworks would be expected to become internally comparmentalized and to achieve a degree of non-isotropic unification that might result in the formation of white sources and then in the formation of pristine hydrogen gas.

It is possible to build gravitational detection systems that are directionally specific. Essentially, the ocean tides represent the most pronounced and basic form of gravitational detection. It is possible to use, for instance, a confined body of water in which wind and other interference forces are blocked and controlled, and in which slight perturbations in the shape and level of the water can be measured on a discrete level depending upon the influence of a gravitational body that over-reaches this body of water. An alternative I believe, would be if we could build balance measuring instruments fine enough, would be the measure of the relative weight of objects as a consequence of the influence of gravitational bodies and their relative position. I suspect that gravitational waves, especially if measured from space, would be detectable in this manner in terms of frequency fluctuations of mass-measurements taken continuously over a long period of time. The problem with this might be that the counterbalance would be equally effected by the same gravitational forces.

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The two known constants that are associated with the space-time construct are the speed of light and absolute zero. Both represent limits of the electro-magnetic field, the former being the maximum rate of propagation of this field through undifferentiated space-time, and the second being the total absence of electromagnetic or kinetic energy from a vacuum of space-time. It is possible to achieve near absolute zero temperatures in space if solar radiation is blocked or shadowed. Both sets of absolutes are universally applicable, and I believe they point up the intrinsic nature with with the electro-magnetic field is bound up with the space-time continuum, such that we ultimately cannot have a total light vacuum or a volume of space-time that is totally absence of any electromagnetic effects or field properties. If the theory of the complementary structure of space-time is even partly correct, if suggests that the electromagnetic field is indeed intrinsic to the structure of space-time and therefore inseparable from it.

The question to be asked in this regard is how much of the background radiation we are capable of detecting in deep space is a function of incidental starlight transmitted over vast distances from an infinite number of diminishing point sources, and what fraction of this incidental background radiation may in fact be a function of intrinsic electromagnetic radiation that is associated with the motion and dynamic fluctuation of space-time itself. We may never be able to completely separate these two sets of souces of background noise.

It is possible that the only context in which we can imagine the possible vacuum of electro-magnetic radiation is in the mass of super-matter or the matter of a black hole, that is so dense that all light energy may be excluded from it, or absorbed into it without being retransmitted from it as a form of light energy. We could not say that such a body is a blackbody, as heat would not emanate from it. If my theory is correct, this energy would most likely be converted to pure gravitational energy which would then be released from the system.

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Space-time flows in structured ways. Space-time flows intrinsically and is inherently dynamic. This flow tends to follow gravitationally structured pathways. The alteration of the conformational shape of this dynamic structure results in inertial resistance to the change requiring increased output of work or directive force to overcome. Such an alteration, and the effect of inertial resistance, is the result of the transference of space-time into gravitational energy, which appears to occur instantaneously and in mathematically exact amounts, and the subsequent transmission of this gravitational energy as gravitational waves that perturb and ripple throughout the space-time manifold. Generation of heat energy may also be a side-effect of such transformations of space-time flow structure under certain conditions.

This process we association with acceleration, explosive events, alteration of course of motion or deceleration, describes an important and fundamental part of a basic cycle of energy exchange involving the space-time construct. Motional energy that is embedded in the flow dynamics of space-time structure becomes transformed into gravitational and also thermodynamic energy which then escapes the system in precisely measurable amounts. The inertial resistence of any system to change is a measure of the equilibrium of the system, the giving off of altered forms of energy as a consequence of these changes represent a return to equilibrium of the system upon another level of flow rate and volume. I refer to this as gravitational equilibrium, and in the framework of gravitational dynamics all systems seek to achieve automatically a state of optimum equilibrium within their space-time manifold. All systems seek a state that I refer to as absolute rest, which can be seen as a gravitational "zero" state or a state of perfect space-time motionlessness. A large part of the theory of universal relativity rests upon the principle that such absolute rest cannot be achieved, but only relative states are attainable.

The energy that is yield from such alterations in dynamic flow structure yield precise information that in a sense is communicated or transmitted to a larger field structure in an exact sense, containing information about the values and magnitude and direction of the changes that have occurred. This is just like the information that is contained in light energy that relates to the chemical and elementary composition of the structures emanating the light energy. The entire physical system uses this gravitational information in an automatic sense to adjust itself to an new level of dynamic equilibrium. Force that is energy transmitted contains inherent information that results in reaction.

At this stage, we can speak of rewriting Newton's fundamental laws of motion in a manner coordinate to our understanding of the dynamic flow structures and systematics of space-time.

1. Newton's First Law of inertia that a body of mass maintains its state of rest or uniform motion unless acted upon by an outside force. Inertia defines the space-time manifold that contains an object, and it defines more precisely the amount of energy required for a specified change in the state of motion of the object in either its speed or direction of velocity. The inertial equivalence of a body in motion to a body falling in a gravitational field has to do with the similar effects of the space-time manifold that are observable in both instances. Inertia defines what can be called a space-time steady-state, or what alternatively may be referred to as "relative" rest.

2. Newton's Second Law of constant acceleration (A = F/M) states that energy is required to affect any change in the state of motion of an object. In terms of space-time, we may say that any such change results from the alteration of the space-time manifold containing the body, and leads to the release of gravitational radiation in proportion to the inertial resistance, or momentum, encountered in the change. The force that is applied to the change becomes transferred into the inertial system to effect its transformation, with the balance in the energy transfer being yielded as gravitational energy.

3. Newton's Third Law of the Conservation of Momentum represents a validation and extrapolation of the Second Law. The net effect of any energy transaction in space-time is always zero, and in the case of a moving body, the energy of momentum of the body in motion, which is derivable from the space-time manifold of the body, becomes transferred to the object it strikes or interacts with, or, alternatively, becomes radiated as gravitational energy to the larger space-time sink. If an object strikes another object, in a sense the space-time manifold of the striking object becomes transferred to the striken object, resulting in the "opposite" but equal reaction of the object to the collision. We may understand the thrust of a rocket ship in the same way, in which the force applied out the back or base of the ship leads to a radical alteration of the space-time manifold at this point in reference to the rest of the ship, and hence to the ships constant acceleration in the opposite direction.

These are really just alternative ways of saying the same things about the fundamental laws of motion, taking into account the possible role of the space-time manifold in understanding the processes that do occur, and thereby possibly extending our understanding and application of these basic laws to take into account a broader range of possible phenomena in reality. In this sense, the space-time manifold must be seen as a permanent if extrinsic part of a mass body. Its size and shape is dependent upon the size, mass and density of the object itself. It is this manifold which embeds the object in the larger space-time construct, at all times, and which interacts with the larger construct to produce the constraints of inertia and momentum upon the object. We may say for instance that the larger the manifold, the larger the amount of inertia of energy required to significantly alter that object's motion, which is equivalent to saying that the larger the mass of the object, the larger is its space-time manifold. Inertia and momentum of properties associated with the mass and motion of the object, and these properties are extrinsic to the actual energy of mass of the object itself. It stands to reason therefore that it is the interaction of space-time, as the space-time manifold that connects the object to the larger framework of space-time, that accounts for these properties and that are acted upon and altered in revised terms of Newton's laws.

The space-time manifold that envelopes a mass-object and embeds that object in the constraints of space-time is defineable therefore as that region of space-time immediately surrounding and proximate to an object. All objects have a manifold that contains them in space-time because all objects of mass have gravitational effects upon space-time. Even a grain of sand has gravitational effects that are similar in some ways at least to that of the earth or the moon. That the gravitational field of a grain of sand is so much weaker than that of the earth or moon entails that its own gravitational spime manifold will become unified with the field of the earth's or alternatively the moons field. The manifold is constituted by gravitational fieldlines that emanate naturally from the object as a consequence of the objects mass, density and shape. On a spherical object of sufficient mass, these field lines are always oriented toward the center of gravity of the object, or what I would call the object's metacenter. We may say that the object is gravitationally unified with its itself with respect to its own space-time or spime manifold. Space time that occurs instantaneously within this manifold is at all times oriented towards the object's gravitational metacenter, and this means that this manifold structure may be said to be locally nonisotropic with respect to its metacenter and with respect to the rest of the universe.

It must be emphasized that the exact size and conformation of the spime manifold about an object is relative to the position and motion of the object in relation to other objects that are proximate to it. For instance, if an object like the earth came to close to a dominant gravitational object like the sun, it is expected, besides being incinerated, that the sun's extreme gravitational forces would overcome and alter the shape of the earth's own manifold, probably with catastrophic consequences for the earth.

It is the property of the fundamental motions and instantaneous structure of space-time that this manifold retains its shape and disposition relative to the object it embeds regardless of the motion of the object itself through space-time. This motion will affect the conformation of the manifold, which becomes like a bump or ripple of space-time that flows with the object, but the motion leaves no "wake" or noticeable turbulence of space-time flow in the afterpath of the objects trajectory, at least no wake that we know of.

Non-isotropism of the manifold toward the object's gravitational metacenter can be explained only by the local dominance of the object's own gravitational field in relation to all other gravitational fields that may possible occur within that area at that same time.

We refer, as mentioned previously, to the system as being gravitationally unified with respect to itself. Gravitational unification therefore requires the formation of a stable manifold structure in the space-time envelope that is oriented non-isotropically by a single gravitational metacenter or alternatively by a relative gravitational metacenter in the case of complex, multi-object trajectories. In other words, it requires the dominance of a single gravitational field within the proximity of the object itself.

When we exhibit the laws of motion in our own perambulations on the surface of the earth, for instance when we are traveling in a car along the freeway, it is the space-time manifold in which we exist and that carries us along, that causes the tremendous energy of collision or the requirement that to speed up we must step on the accelerator to produce more force. These are energies that are fundamentally gravitational in nature, and that connect our vehicles and ourselves as passengers to the same space-time framework as that observed in distant galaxies. The momentum of our vehicle that hurls us forward at 85 miles per hour down the fast lane is the same exact kidn of momentum of the space-time manifold that hurls the earth upon its orbit around the sun. Our sudden crashing into a wall at this speed and its destructive results are the consequence of the sudden dramatic alteration of the state-path trajectory of the space-time manifold that envelops and embeds our vehicle within the universe.

The interesting aspect of this from the standpoint of the complex well system of gravitation and the nth dimensionally of the space-time construct is that the same object may be involved independently in more than one set of motional trajectories occurring upon different levels of gravitational unification, without the motions of one level in the least bit affecting the trajectories at the other levels. The physics of the motions upon one level of space-time unification are completely independent of the physics of the motions at the other levels. In other words, an object may have multiple momentums attached to its trajectory at the same time, and in the largest framework, we may say that an object may be traveling in an infinite number of directions at an infinite number of speeds at the same instantaneous moment without these different directs and speeds affecting the relative physics of any one level. I refer to this as the mechanical basis for the hypothesis of universal relativity. The case of the moon's trajectory through space-time is taken as an example. The moon rotates about its own axis. At the same time, the moon orbits the earth. At the same time, the moon also orbits with the earth as a unified system around the sun. We conjecture as well that the earth and the moon orbit with one another in a unified system with the sun in its orbital trajectory around the central regions of the Milky Way Galaxy, a trajectory that may seem less certain. The moon may be in fact involved in even more complex motions that we do not yet know of today--the orbit of our galaxy in some supercluster system, or, if the cosmological expansionists are correct, the trajectory of expansion of our system, and so for and so on. Thus we may implicate the motion of the moon and its composite state-path trajectory in at least four sets of independent motions the relative speeds, velocities, momentum of which can be calculated independently of the other motions. It is clear that if we stood upon the moon's surface, that we would experience none of these motions except to see the earth, moon and stars move about in the night-time sky. What is clear is that the gravitational equilibrium of the moon's motions all occur independently of one another, even though they are each nested within the larger framework of the greater gravitational fields.

Within this framework, we must at least conjecture on whether with a hypothetical continuum of gravitation, that multiple gravitational energies of different strengths and values cooccur simultaneously in the same areas but at different levels of organization, the most powerful field or level being the one that dominates in a local or regional sense.

This suggests that the other possibility, that the flow of space-time may be in a sense dimensionally deep--space-time may flow upon a number of levels simultaneously, which flow is determined by size-density scale, and the flow of one level occurs relatively independently of the flow pattern of another level. In other words, if we could see into the pool of space-time, we would see a tremendous depth to its structure that is much greater than what is found upon its surface. We might notice that the motion of things upon its surface is different than the motion of things at different levels of depth within it. Of course, this depth can be said to be nth-dimensional depth, and from our standpoint all we can see of space-time is the motion and gravitational effects of objects that occur in a common four dimensional continuum--in other words we cannot see into the depths of space-time, but only glimpse its surface patterning.

We do not really know the size of the universe, nor is it a straight-forward matter to hypothesize an estimate of its size. We observe galaxies and super-clusters being relatively uniformly and randomly distributed throughout the univese and we therefore assume a cosmological principle in which there are no large scale non-isotropic structures of space-time above a certain scale of size. This appears to put some kind of observable limit to the extent of organization, through gravitational unification, of systems in the universe.

There is no reason not to assume that the universe may be self-organizing and that in time it will lead to an orderly non-isotrope arrangement of structures on a super-gallactic or super super-cluster level, an arrangement of gravitational unification that may incorporate in time larger and larger regions of the observable universe until all that we can see may become orchestrated in a grand cosmic ballet. It is possible that the universe may be evolving in this direction toward greater stochastic self-organization. I suspect though that there are limitations of scale, size and distance that are basically too great even for the strongest of gravitational systems, and beyond this range we will see a breakdown in these self-organizational processes and the natural entropy that we find in the larger framework of cosmology.

This suggests that the flow of space-time may only be so deep, at least so deep that we can understand it, until perhaps this flow connects our universe into some other larger metastate system that may contain other alternative universes than the one we can infer directly from our own observations.

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The complex stratification of space-time admits of a relativity of structure upon a basic level. An object may have different momentums and inertias, depending upon the level of space-time integration and gravitational unification that we refer to. The inertia of a car in motion on a freeway headed southbound does not affect the inertia of the same car that is in motion as part of the earth's rotation or its orbit around the sun. The basic laws that govern motion and mechanics can be seen therefore as being relative to the level of gravitational unification at which motions are occurring. This again constitutes the basis for universal relativity of physical systems. We must comprehend the levels and stratification of the space-time construct, and the complexity of its interactions, if we are to understand the complex basis of motion and event structures that occur within it. Size-scale appears to be the critical variable underlying this universal relativity. Event structures happen at different rates depending upon the relative size of the system, which size puts it upon one or another level of the space-time continuum. Another way of saying this is to put forward the claim that space-time, as the fundamental substratum of physical reality and hence the unified background field of the total universe, is stratified along the dimension of size-scale, and this stratification affects variables of motion, time and the occurrence of event-structure.

The constraint of such a relativistic system is that an object may move in only one direction at one time, instantaneously speaking, relative a given level of space-time stratification. Thus, with the relationship of the unidirectionality of time and the undirectionality of motion in space, we can stipulate that an object may move in one temporal direction, relative to a given level of space-time stratification. We may rewrite these principles by stating that within any gravitationally unified frame of reference (i.e. space-time manifold) only one set of governing directions and motions is possible.

The same object may be involved in multiple levels of space-time stratification, and hence may actually be traveling in more than one direction, or in a complex vectorially determined pattern, in an instantaneous sense, and may exist within a larger temporal continuum of changing event structures, than is obvious from its relative motional frames. The clock governing the solar system can be said to be of a different relativistic scale than the clock controlling motions on the surface of the earth, or of the clock controlling the waltz of the galaxies, or the motions of electrons in atoms. We may say that the universe is instantaneously unified at any given level of space-time stratification, but remains unified between levels within the space-time continuum. And yet we understand that the event processes that occur are coordinate upon levels, suggesting that the integration between levels is almost always instantaneous and automatic.

Integration of the space-time manifold therefore must occur between levels of the hierarchy of size-stratification. We do not understand exactly how natural clocks, for instance, can be coordinated precisely and instantaneously upon different levels. The fact that all systems depend upon gravitational unification at different levels, and that gravitation is a nested well-system, suggests that gravitational stratification is the key underlying the unification and integration of physical reality upon a fundamental level. If gravitation achieves transmission and in a sense communication of physical information through space and time, we suspect that this communication is also instantaneously achieved through multiple levels of the continuum. Seeing gravitation as a well system is a way of understanding this phenomenon, and may explain how the structure of space time may be complex but chaotically self-organized in a manner that is derivative of rather elegant and simple fundamental processes. If we throw a rock, so to speak, into the well system of gravitation, we do not know how deep it is, but as it strikes the surface of the gravitationally unified space-time manifold, it will emit signals, gravitational waves, that reverberate at all depths and throughout the entire well-system. The fieldlines or "string" like structures that unify space-time in an instantaneous manner may do so intensively from the small to the large as well as extensively from near to far.

There is a sense of order to the stratification of space-time. In general, we may say that larger frames of reference contain smaller frames of reference, but that the smaller frames of reference are locally dominant and behave independently of the larger frames of reference. If two galaxies collide in space-time, the collision event is complex and we can see that they are colliding at the level of atomic structures as much as they may be colliding in terms of solar systems and large gravitational field structures.

One property that we may assign to space-time as a whole, in terms of its relative volume, is the property of what can be called negative mass and negative energy. I take the measure of this negative mass (or what might be called negative matter) and negative energy, to be the amount of self-displacement of a given volume of space-time if such self-displacement were possible. An indication and indirect measuure of this negative mass and energy of space-time would be the amount of energy input needed to displace an object of a certain mass and density a certain velocity, or what can be called inertia and the conservation of momentum. The energy realized from a collision is energy that is drawn directly off from the space-time manifold due to its sudden conformational changes within a relativistic framework. It is equivalent to the amount of space-time displacement caused by a moving object within a given gravitational frame of reference. A dense and solid object of positive matter, and a form of positive energy such as electromagnetic energy, represents a concentrated form of space-time that displaces a total volume of space-time far larger in area and greater in energy than the actual volume of physical space-time that the object or energy occupies in an instantaneous sense, and I believe this amount of displacement, or what I refer to as gravitational displacement, will be equivalent to the size and extent of the gravitational manifold that the object contains.

We may suspect that negative mass and negative energy occur in some kind of reciprocal relationship with one another.

Thus the measure of negative mass and energy contained in space-time, that serves as a universal reserve of potential energy, as well as a universal sink for exhausted energy, can be seen as being relative to the gravitational field in which it occurs, and its total measure is probably again "infinitely uncertain" because we cannot take the full or net pattern of its gravitational trajectories into full account. Space-time may occur at different densities at different levels. High density space-time, as seen in matter in concentrated forms, must occur in a spatially constricted region. If it is spread-out in the form of radiation, it must occur in a quantized field relationship. In general, the larger the region of space-time in consideration, the less dense the overall field relationships and hence the lower the ration of negative mass to negative energy. The energy found in a given volume of space-time may not be equivalent on a one to one basis, but may vary depending upon the size and density of the scale involved. In other words, the total negative mass or negative energy per unit volume of a large scale structure of space-time may not be the same proportion as the negative energy and mass of a very small scale structure of space-time.

We may refer to a kind of space-time defect that occurs in the integration of the physical structure of reality in terms of the relative proportion of displacement of negative mass and energy per unit measure. The way to understand this space-time defect, I believe, is to compare and contrast it homologically to the mass defect of the integration of nucleons within a nucleus of an atom. I will define space-time defect as the amount of negative mass/enegy in a space-time manifold that is yielded in terms of gravitational displacement of the system as a result of the system's gravitational unification. Therefore, the larger and stronger the system, the greater the space-time defect of the system. In other words, more energy will be drawn off the space-time continuum, at greater rates, than is proportionate to the size of the system, everything else being equal.

The greater the region of space-time that is unified gravitationally within a common frame of reference, the greater the space-time defect that may be exhibited by that system as a whole, and by the components of the system. The degree of gravitational unification of a region of space-time as a whole in an instantaneous sense through directional non-isotrope orientation of that region, the more negative-mass and negative energy is expressed in terms of the kinetic flow patterns and gravitational waves given off by that system. We may say the space-time defect of a small and weak gravitational field is different than that of a large and strong gravitational manifold. The universe as a whole could not be gravitationally unified, as the degree of space-time defect would be so great as to result in total gravitational displacement of negative mass and negative matter.

At the level of an electron or a photon, we may suggest that almost no inertial effects are felt, and the gravitational effects are minimized, due to the density-scale of the unit of matter and energy that is expressed in space-time. The amount of space-time defect is minimized in such a case, and space-time would exhibit minimal obligatory constraints upon the system, or what I would call a quantization of the system.

Relative gravitational displacement is related to space-time defect. An object in a strong gravitational field will yield different measures of motion and lapse rate than an object in a weak gravitational field, and thus will respond with different state-path trajectories within different frameworks. In this case the relative mass or size of the object does not seem to matter.

This is a statement of the universal equivalence of space-time to the things it contains, which represent concentrations of space-time.

Thus we may see that if the gravitational manifold of an object is conformable to the larger framework of space-time in relation to other objects and other gravitational systems, then it is possible that the degree of gravitational displacement of negative masss and energy by an object is relative to that object's position and motion within larger gravitational frames of reference. The relative pattern of unification of an object at one level of space-time stratification affects the relative pattern of unification of the subsystems of the objects at other levels of space-time stratification.

Integration of these levels within a common frame of reference hence becomes a complex product. The net state-path trajectory of the earth through the universe is probably so complex that we cannot easily model or predict this pathway with the most sophisticated of hybrid supercomputers. Because it is universally relative, and the largest universal structures are thought to be isotrope, the net state-path trajectory of motion and event-structure of any object can be said to be unpredictable and undeterminable in any absolute or non-relativistic sense.

We may say that the universe as a universal continuum of the space-time construct is gravitationally unified in an isotrope manner in that there is no area of space-time that exists outside of a gravitatioanl field, just as we may say that the universe is thermodynamically unified such that there is no amount of space-time that is a total light vacuum or completely absent of electromagentic energy. This is a part of the fundamental complementarity of the universal structure of space-time.

It is clear that gravitational unification is not synonymous with space-time integration, and these refer to two fundamentally different albeit related processes. The former principle of unification refers to the structural non-isotrope organization of space-time into a finite manifold upon a certain level of space-time stratification. The latter refers to the coordination of instantaneous event structures across different levels of stratification even in contexts in which event structures at these levels are independently relativistic with respect to their systems of gravitational unification. The relativistic variability of systems in terms of their physical structures depending upon the level of stratificaiton of space-time can be said to be nth-dimensional. How this occurs remains a mystery to be explained, but we can see that unification and integration of physical reality refers us directly to the pattern of the woven warp and weft of its fundamental structure.

It is clear that unification is constrained by the vectors of space-time far more than is integration, which appears to be universally instantaneous or simultaneous in its effect.

If we look at the universe observationally and only in terms of the electromagnetic effects of its field structures, we see then a generally relativistic universe in four dimensions only. We are in a sense only looking across the surface of the universe. If we look at the universe inferentially in terms of its complementary gravitational field structures, then we begin peering into the depths of space-time as an nth-dimensional construct. Universal relativity of our frames of reference must then be taken into account, and it appears that we can hypothesize for the total structure of the universe no comprehensive, unified structures though we can deduce universally integrated structures as a function of size-density.

There appears to be a hidden built-in cost to the process of the unification of physical systems. This cost is measureable in terms of the net amount of space-time defect that such unification results in within the larger framework of space-time. The greater the gravitational unification involved in the organization of a system, which is in essence a perfect working system, or a real perpetual motion machine, the greater the amount of instantaneous displacement of negative-mass and energy from the space-time manifold involved in such a system. Though the total amount of negative-energy and negative mass that may be available to be expressed by any such finite system may be said to be infinite, the rate at which this negative energy/mass may be expressed, and its volume per period, may be limited by certain constraints of space-time structure. This rate of displacement may be governed by the integral properties of space-time that coordinate event-structures at different levels. In other words, at any given level of space-time stratification, only so much displacement can occurr at a given rate before the structural organization of space-time itself will become distorted and perhaps disrupted. This in effect may limit the size that such systems can reach within a larger context.

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I propose nth-order spin synchronization and the string connections that occur upon a fundamental level as the basis for the achievement of gravitatioinal unification and or relativistic integration of physical reality. The theory in essence is quite simple. Spin is a basic kind of force and moment in the universe. Any change in the rate or direction of spin results in the release of a surcharge of energy, a kind of reverberation, that ripples outwardly and propagates through the universe. There is a tendency for systems at one level to achieve a spin harmonization. Spime or space-time defect is, I believe, based upon this harmonization. I suspect that mass defect is a consequence of spin synchronizaiton of nucleonic components within a nuclear or strongly unified system. Spin synchronization is essentially the harmonic spin oscillation of the components of the system such that they spin along the same axis, in the same direction, and at the same lapse rate. I suspect that radiation is emitted at right angles, or along the perpendicular axis along the plane of the spin. Because the orientation of this plane of spin is unique and exactly, the direction of propagation also gains a finite exactitude. When similar structures become spin-synchronized, there grows between them a web-like structure of strings which are tendrils of the ojbects themselves connecting between the structures, and along which network there is communication between the different structures. The structures thus function as a whole system. When systems are spin-synchronized at the level of the space-time manifold, this manifold is said to be gravitationally unified. I suspect that communication within a spin-synchronized system is nearly instantaneous or else perfectly instantaneous, and we can see such system as being "already" unified in a locally non-isotrope way.

Spin synchronized systems demonstrate a basic equilibrium of existing patern that resists further perturbation to such pattern and can be said to be self-maintaining and self-perpetuating indefinitely unless acted upon by some outside governing force. The inertial characteristics of this process of synchronization are therefore very similar to the effects of a spinning top or a gyroscope, or alternatively a spinning fly well that sets as its activation energy to any basic change of state the momentum of its angular spin.

The sthrings that connect such spin synchronized entities into a unified framework can be thought of as small tendrils that are created within a harmonic field that reach from one entity to the other and form the basis for the fundamental exchange or interchange of negative mass and negative energy between these entities. It may be said that the denser the space-time construct, the greater the number of sthrings that interconnect its composite structures per unit measure. It is this density which accounts for the relativstic effects of event structures upon the space-time continuum. Unified structures act and behave in an instantaneous sense as single event structures, albeit on a scale much larger than the individual event structures that compose that unified structure.

Perturbing an objects spime manifold is tantamount therefore to disrupting its pattern of field lines, resulting in the release of energy that is contained within this field structure latently, and resulting in a reconfiguration of this field structure upon a new level of equilibrium.

This field structure always entails a direction of orientation and motion, and a basic level of mass/energy that is associated with its structural organization. In other words, such field structures may be said to be always non-isotrop in some finite and specific direction and orientation, and to contain some finite amont of potential energy-mass within its structure. Such a field structure will always also have a certain specific lapse-rate that is associated with its event structures.

The dilemma of discontinuity refers us to Zeno's arrow. If we hypothesize a fundamental discontinuity in structure of elementary particles, and we also hypothesize that there cannot be nothing, but the void between the particles must consist of something that we call in general space-time, then we must see that a level is to be reached at which we cannot hypothesize fully discontinuous structures any longer, but only a continuous and possibly "self consistent" construct. We cannot keep hypothesizing smaller and smaller discontinuous structures that make up larger and larger structures, as we are always leftover with the empty space between these structures that cannot be fully acconted for by our system.This kind of dilemma is somewhat ameliorated if we presuppose that upon a fundamental level, the boundary between discontinuous structures becomes somewhat blurry and quantized in possibilistic space-time. At this level, we can speak of a kind of continuous discontinuity or discontinuous continuity in which the boundaries separating "things" becomes fundamentally uncertain and vague.

In the quantum structure of the fundamental field, we may hypothesize that the universe exists in a complementary manner of exhibiting both a self-consistent field structure on one hand, a field structure hypothetically composed of interconnecting fieldlines or sthrings that govern the equilibrium processes of unification and spin synchronization, and at the same time the same structure exists in an alternating form as a series of discrete and relatively discontinous points or divisible units. It is not so difficult to wrap our imaginations around this coomplex kind of model if we realize that both complementary structures are in essence two sides of the same coin, depending upon the frame of reference and point of view that we chose to adopt of such structures.

At the most basic level, we may hypothesize that the zeroth entity is not really particulate at all, but may be better referred to as the zeroth field. Its particulate structure would be impossible to isolate in any discrete, discontinuous sense, but it must be hypothesized as a fundamental constiuent building block of physical reality. The sthring fieldlines would represent the stochastic pathways along which the zeroth field is most likely to occur in a relatively continuous/discontinuous sense.

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We may say that the observational universe is four dimensional upon a given plane of observation, but that there may occur simultaneously multiple planes of possible observation within which the four dimensional variables of space-time are relative and vary depending upon the level at which we are conducting our observations. The observational universe therefore appears relatively unified as a single space-time construct in four dimensions as we look out through our telescopes to the far-reaches of our observational fields, but we do not see the complexity of this construct or the variability of its four dimensions, as we shift from one scale of observation to another.

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We must have a new way of seeing and construing the mechanics of motion not as the classical movement of bodies through a space-time vacuum, but of the motion of space-time itself that carries the bodies upon a trajectory and that interacts with the bodies in a gravitational manner. At this point, space-time becomes more than just an empty and static construct, but a dynamic variable in our equations that have to be accounted for if we are to understand the larger picture of physical systems. From here it is a short step to seeing that objects of matter and light are but variant forms of space-time itself, condensed and precipitated in solid and visible rather than in invisible and fluid form, and that these alternate states of physical reality interact and are embedded within a common field of relationships.

Gravitational radiation therefore is the complement of thermodynamic or electromagnetic radiation, and provides a principle equilibriating force to the universe. Gravitational radiation is produced as the result of any motion, or potential motion that results from the dynamics of the flow of space-time. It contains basic mechanical information about the source of the perturbation and this information permits the larger system in which the event is embedded to restore itself to a new level of equilibrium. The laws of entropy and efficiency which govern and constrain basic energy mechanics are therefore also part of this equilibriating system that assures that all changes must be bound within a space-time continuum and cannot be unlimited in extent.

Within a gravitationally dynamic system, we are permitted to have what can be called perpetual motion machines without any entropic loss. These are non-thermodynamic events and processes that govern the gravitational system. Perpetual motion surrounds us in the universe, and is an intrinsic part of space-time. If we then realize that gravitational energy is the equivalent or rather complement of thermodynamic energy upon a fundamental level, and these two forms of energy are interchangeable to some extent, then we understand that gravitating bodies do continuously produce prodigious quantities of energy above their own internal capacity for work, a capacity of potential energy locked in matter itself that would be used up in a fraction of the time that gravitational energy spends in being output from such a system.

Whatever the trade-offs of the complex energy exchanges and conversions, the following paradigm appears always to hold:

In any physical system….

1. there is always a zero net balance of energy in any overall exchange system.

2. from the total system, new energy is neither gained nor lost, only transferred to a different state or an alternate form.

3. energy is neither created or destroyed in the system, but only transformed from one state into another.

4. for every pathway of transformation of energy from one state into another, there is some alternate reverse pathway of transformation from a former state into a previous state. There appear also to be multiple alternative pathways leading to any one possible state within the system.

5. new states may be produced or self-organized from the chaotic and stochastic processes of the transformation and reorganization of prior states. Such new states should be fully predictable from the information contained within the system.

6. explanations of the origins of the rise of physical systems must eventually explain not ony the history and trajectory of the development of new states of the system as a whole or in part, but must also eventually explain the original creation of the energy in the first place that forms the substrate of space-time and the total universe as we know it. The paradox is that this problem appears to contradict the principle of number 3 that new energy cannot be created or destroyed but only transformed.

Space-time is flexible in its basic flow pattern, but this flow pattern itself, though bendable and alterable, appears to have its own structure. It is this structure which is the basis of inertial resistance and mass-gravitational effects. An object does not move through space-time, so much as space-time flows around the object, generating movement. If this is true, then in the dynamic state universe there are no fixed coordinate reference points, and the universe can be said to be in a continuous state of dynamic fluctuation. We cannot say that the entire universe is gravitationally unified, for only in gravitationally unified systems can we find stable state-path trajectories of multiple objects in a stable coordinate reference system.

Gravitational unification occurs around a fixed center of gravity, and occurs to the limit at which the gravitational force relative to that center is greater than any other source or alternate gravitational influence. Within gravity based systems, objects tend to become unified about the dominant gravitational body. More complex systems occur when there is no center of gravity, but two or more systems in reciprocal gravitational balance with one another.

Each object has a gravitational field that extends some distance in space-time around the object and within which that object is its own dominant center of gravity. Hence gravitationally unified systems may be found nested within larger gravitational systems. The larger the object in terms of mass, the greater the distance about the object that is unified. This statement is not absolutely true, as it depends upon the relative position of the object in relation to other objects. The gravitational space around an object is said to be its space-time or gravitational manifold, and anything within this manifold is unified gravitationally with that object, such that the system as a whole responds as a single entity with unified space-time coordinates in relation to any other larger system.

The structured flow of space-time can be described as the manifold structure of space-time that determines its direction of flow. In general, movement follows the direction of flow of space-time. If we explode a bullit from out the barrel of a gun, we can say that the rapidly expanding gases of the powder propel the bullet at a high rate of accelleration down the gun barrel. We might also say instead that the explosion may have caused a ripple effect in the manifold structure of space-time and a differential in space-time from one end of the bullet to the other, the consequence of which was the acceleration of the bullet down the gun barrel in the direction of least inertial resistance.

We can look at any physical explosive event, whatever the source or nature of the explosion, in a similar manner, as a near instantaneous or high rate disruption of the normal space-time manifold, creating a temporary and local rift in the manifold structure of space-time.

The energy required to hoist a rocket-ship from the earth's surface into outer-space beyond the reach of the earth's gravitational manifold is precisely the reverse of the gravitational energy brings the object down to the earth's surface. It achieves this by reversing in a local sense the gravitational differential that is exerted by the object in the earth's field, and creating an imbalance of the space-time manifold in favor of the opposite direction.

It appears that in the manifold structure and flow of space-time, direction is everything, and direction appears to be infinitely discrete. A single unified object may move in only one direction at one time, in an instantaneous sense. An object will move in the direction of least inertial resistance to movement, if inertia is defined as the manifold resistance of space-time around the object to any perturbation of the objects position or shape. In empty space-time (space-time that is relatively vacuous and empty of gasses or other particles of matter) then an object, once set in a specific direction of motion, will maintain that motion indefinitely unless acted upon by any further contravening force. Such an object, within a framework of gravitational dynamics, will be said to be a perpetual motion machine. Associated with that object is a space-time manifold, gravitationally defined, that can be said to be permanently distorted in favor of the direction and its rate of motion. The energy of motion, or momentum, is only experienced in the direction of motion of the object. An object in motion does not exhibit any other energy of motion in any other direction other than the single specific direction of its overall motion. An object does not collide with other objects that it is moving away from. Nor does it collide with objects it moves alongside of. A collision comes about as an explosive event, or an instantaneous local disruption of the space-time manifold, as the result of the two objects coming to occupy the same space-time manifold at the same time, traveling in different directions. The energy that is released from such an explosive event is realized from the sudden change or transformation of the space-time manifolds that surround both objects as individually unified systems.

An object in its own space-time manifold may be moving indefinitely at a set speed in a certain direction. It would require energy to stop, slow or change the direction or rate of speed of the object. The momentum associated with the motion of the object can be said to be the potential energy of the objects imbalanced or differential space-time manifold, and the sudden explosive realization of this energy is energy that is drawn directly off of this manifold. Such an object as it crosses empty-space-time fields, would encounter differential tidal currents or flow structures of this space-time field, and hence its state-path trajectory would not be a geometrically straight line, but a variable geodesic trajectory that would depend upon the flow of the space-time field it is crossing. This is something like a sail boat that is crossing an open sea, that in a cross-cutting wind cannot approach its destination in a direct manner, but must tack out and back to get closer and closer to its objective. This is a similar phenomenon, I believe, if we were to truly travel across empty space for very great distances. I would call this phenomena space-time drift and it would result in having to make numerous course corrections and taking new headings to reach a received destination.

Depending on our cosmological models of the larger space-time structures of the universe, which in the grandest sense are said to be non-isotropic, we cannot say clearly how many differential flows we might cross in the course of a long-distance voyage through space-time, say in inter-galactic travel. We may find in the course of our voyage drifting in one direction, and then in another, over vast distances.

We would call these cross-cutting currents and tides of space-time flow "gravitational fields" though we may not be able to say exactly what the source of the gravitational flow is, or even if there is such a source. It is possible, indeed most likely, that in the vast expanses of intergalactic space-time, that gravitational fields exist as the consequence of the flow itself, as part of the intrinsic dynamics of space-time, without any dominant sources or centers of gravitational reference for unification. If light travel is similarly effected by such drift, then we can see in an absolute sense that over long distances the apparent red shifting of light from its stretching from shorter to longer wave-lengths with the implied downshifting from higher to lower frequencies, might come about as the result not of the expansion of the source of the the light, but as a result of the drift of the intermediate space-time manifold to which the light was subjected in its long trajectory. The longer the trajectory, the greater the degree of overall shifting or drifting of light, by roughly the Hubble constant. The resulting flow of photons we receive at the end of such a long trajectory is a temporally constrained phenomena and is instantaneous and on-going. We could not know if the trajectory were straight line or curved and possible twisted and bent in all kinds of ways.

If this is true, then it is ultimately the gravitational flow of space-time in its own intrinsic gravitational fields, that accounts for the return of light, or its gradual capture, back into the fold of space-time from which it originally sprang. It is this same flow which may in certain conditions result also in the spontaneous production of light from space-time, as this flow leads to differential disruption of the space-time manifold.

Gravitation is an intrinsic property of space-time, and is the product of both its basic structural integrity and its dynamic flow and instantaneous changeability. The realization of gravitational and inertial effects, explosive events, and gravitational radiation, are the consequences of these intrinsic properties of space-time acting within a gravitationally unified system in relation to some central body of mass.

Gravitational dynamics and the flow of space-time.

Space-time appears to always flow from regions of low to high space-time density. This is because the volume per unit area of replacement of the high density regions is greater than in the low density regions.

Space-time changes more rapidly in regions of low density, relatively speaking, than in regions of high density. Increasing volume of replacement result in higher rates of replacement. Space-time tends to move in directions favoring higher rates of replacement. Temporal event structure becomes modified with increasing rates of replacement--time slows down as the size of the event structure becomes longer.

A corollary of this is the Einstein time dilation principle--the faster the rate of travel of an object, the slower the rate of change, as the greater the relative density of the object relative to the space-time manifold it is contained within.

There occur large regions of the empty universe of relatively low density and other regions of relatively high density. It can be expected that currents across these zones or regions will be in the general direction from the low-pressure to high-pressure areas.

The flow of space-time is in a fundamental sense non-isotropic, but arises as the consequence of the intrinsic rates of change in the structure of space-time. The directionality and isotropism of this flow comes about as the consequence of the uneven distortion and structural deformity of the structure of the space-time manifold.

Again, on a fundamental level this sense of flow is non-directional and arises as the consequence of the intrinsic change dynamics of space-time itself. Space-time may be said to be fundamentally non-constant and fundamentally dynamic. If we ask what is the minimal amount of time for a single fundamental event structure, a question similar to asking what is the minimal unit of matter, then we must answer that in all likelihood there is no minimal length of event structure to time as we know it, but it is infinitesimally dividable into smaller and smaller units at finer and finer scales of analysis. The smaller the scale of analysis, the faster the relative rate of change can be said to be. Isotropism of structure arises as a statistical differential across a gradient that is determined by the structural manifold or continuum of space-time itself.

The differential of space-time in the manifold may be the basis for the rate of gravitational acceleration of any object within the manifold, in the direction from least to greatest concentration of space-time.

We can understand the flow of space-time into concentrative centers as the natural consequence of two things-the intrinsic structural integrity of the space-time manifold itself that is the result of the attractive nature of the gravitational field of space-time, and the "vacuum" effect that is produced by the conversion of new energy at the source of the gravitational center of gravity, and therefore the replacement of the lost radiation energy by the induction of new space-time.

The diagram below represents the net balance or equilibrium that is achieved in the grand energy cycle from the conversion of space-time from its constituent negative form of energy, into positive forms of energy at concentrative gravitational centers, and its redistribution to the larger space-time manifold, where as the product of drift-shift it is recaptured as a part of the fabric of space-time.

As this diagram indicates, there is a net balance of energy in the energy cycle, and this system can be considered in the total structure of the universe to be perfectly closed. No energy ultimately escapes from the system, even if the universe can be said to be extensively infinite in size and scale. All other cycles of conversion and change of energy and matter are located and found to exist within this Grand cycle. It is felt that in the beginning of the universe, or at least in its earliest, infinitely long stages, the concentrative conversion at the center took mostly the form of intense white sources (quasar like entities) that were the result of convergent deformations of the larger space-time manifold from differentials between high and low density regions of space. Eventually matter came to increasingly occupy these central concentrative regions, resulting in the compartmentalization of the structure of space-time into cell-like regions. If gravity were greater along one axial plane, as it is in our solar system, for instance, then it can be expected that such cellular compartments or cells of space would become lined up like chain-linked regions with large intermediate re-distributive zones.

Eventually, with the advancing age of the universe, the concentrative centers would become more dense and more crowded with black hole or super-mass, and the cells containing such units would grow proportionately larger. This would confer the illusion of an expanding universe, when in fact it is the cells and the re-distributive spaces between the concentrative regions that are increasing in expanse. It is expected therefore that as mass and super-mass stockpiled in the universe in ever greater quantities, the phase of the white-source production of light would tend to decrease or diminish, or perhaps cease, and the cellular compartments containing these concentrative centers would grow in proportion to the size and concentration of the central regions. Overall equilibrium between cells would be maintained, more or less, except for instances when gravitational differentials lead to unification of cells into larger clusters and superclusters, with the resulting gravitational dynamics. It can be expected that as such systems gradually grow, the universe will eventually become gravitationally organized and unified across broader and broader regions, incorporating larger and larger units of space-time area.

Eventually, in the final phases of the universe, it is expected that all matter that has stockpiled in the universe will eventually become concentrated into relatively extremely dense regions of super black holes that are maximally distributed from one another. All other star formation and change processes will be dominated by the gravitational influence of these few centers, and the relative amount of production of new matter from stars may decrease. The universe would enter into a long long trend in which most matter becomes reconverted back into pure gravitational energy of the space-time manifold. At this time, the universe would then eventually redevelop differential distributions and super-titanic flows of space-time resulting in a renewed phase of the production of white-sources.

The accordion like expansion and contraction of the universe may be more an apparent optical illusion of light in the background gravitational fields of space-time, than the actual sequence of events. What appears to happen is a gradual concentration and then redistribution in general phases that follow one another, possibly upon multiple levels and scale of space-time simultaneously. We can say that the universe ends in a black hole and begins again in a white source, and in between there are many solar systems like our own and a great deal of empty-space-time.

There is no reason not to assume that this process has probably gone on forever in general phases of concentration and redistribution. There is a sense that in the larger framework, the universe was relatively more stratified and in the original sense was an empty state universe of a homogenous space-time that obeyed more or less a perfect cosmological principle. In a relatively sense, this initial state of the universe may have effectively lasted forever, with the current intermediate stage representing only a brief fraction of the total age of the total universe. The stock piling of the universe has proceeded far longer than we wish to give it credit, perhaps for trillions or more years, and the basic matter of the earth itself may in fact be far older than we think, having once been formed in some star long before the birth of our own sun. We do not really want to face the mind-boggling implications of these possibilities, as they tend at least to stretch the imagination to the breaking point. Reality is indeed far wilder and more complex than the products of our own fantasy.

There is not reason not to think that the universe in a larger sense may be regionally stratified into super-compartments in which the processes of concentration and redistribution are proceeding at different stages. We may come to some frontier in our own observable universe, beyond which we encounter what we think to be an endless sea of near empty space-time and beyond which no visible light appears to penetrate.

It is possible in the structure of space-time to distinguish between mass-based structures, which are relatively dense and concentrated structures, and massless structures of empty space-time. The flow patterns relatively to these two different kinds of structural pattern may be fundamentally different. The presence of mass-based structures induces concentrative or gravitational flow of space-time into the object. The absence of mass-based structures, or rather the occurrence of massless structures, may induce a distributive or radiative flow of space-time away from itself. There may occur deformations of the manifold structure or continuum of space-time in which the flow patterns become relatively concentrative or mass-like in flow patterns. The result of this would be expected to be the white source production of spontaneous light and hydrogen about these regions.

It is reasonable to expect the broader stages of evolutionary development of the universe to have been in a "cold fusion" model rather than a hot-big-bang model. If the gradual accumulation and stockpiling of matter and super-matter is the result of natural process of conversion and the buildup of energy from more basic to derivative forms, then we should think that the original state was that the universe existed in a more or less homogeneous and "empty" state that consisted of energy in its most basic and rudimentary form, relatively undifferentiated. Dynamic processes in the space-time manifold constituted by this original cosmological field would have resulted eventually in the conversion of more and more energy from one form into some derivative state. If we hypothesize otherwise, we assume that derivative forms of concentrative energy existed or preexisted. This is an unreasonable and unnecessary assumption to make. The gradualist processes of the cold-fusion universe were so slow compared to what we know of time today that they essentially lasted forever compared to our own age. And in this framework time itself would have meant nothing--it would be but like a big long sleep, that seems to be over in a second though it lasted a life-time.

There is a sense then as processes and event structures speed up, time itself may in fact be winding down. In the original state universe time may have occurred at an infinitely fast rate, and hence an eternity would be equivalent to something less than a second in our own time. Universal relativity of the stratified structure of space-time permits this possibility, as well as the opposite possibility that events may occur at an increasing tempo, but relative to the Grand cycle, the clocks of these event structures may slow to a snails pace.

Then the total universe could be said to have been but one big temporary event, that begin outside of time, and ended again outside of time, and during which event time unfolded at an ever slower rate, while event structures increased in their relative tempo. When this grad event is finally over, time will be gone again, and there will be no more change in the universe. We could not say if the event will come again, or is ending even now, in some other place and time.

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The point of departure for understanding the dynamic structure of the physical universe is in seeing the essential isomorphism of physical reality between the thing (i.e., the mass-object of matter) and the space that contains the thing or is contained within the thing. If space-time is essentially non-empty and therefore something rather than nothing but a vacuum, then it has its own independent properties and characteristics, and it constitutes an essential structure of reality that can be said to contain energy in the most basic of forms. All energy transactions that take place in physical reality do so through the medium of space-time, and space-time therefore serves to mediate these transactions upon the most basic level. The derivation of expressed energy from the space-time manifold appears to occur instantaneously as a consequence of a sudden change of structure or motion. Often this change is realized in what is called an explosive event.

Space-time in its essential structure is therefore isomorphic with matter and thermodynamic energy. It constitutes the background gravitational field the dynamics of which underlie and determine all mechanical and motional change events of the universe. As a field it is both an infinite source and sink for derivative forms of energy, and its own constitutive energy consists of a form of negative or potential energy that usually remains unexpressed.

We can better understand the flow structure of space-time when we realize that it is a flow not just across space but also instantaneous through time. Any trajectory is therefore a continuum or series of instantaneous states without clear beginning or end. The acceleration that is associated with a falling object in the earth's gravitational field, for instance, is as much a function and demonstration of changing temporal as well as spatial coordinates. An object that maintains a steady and continuous state-path trajectory in space is flowing dynamically with the construct of space-time, or rather it is conforming to the composite manifold shape of the gravitational fields in which it is bound.

The universal relativity of the space-time construct comes from the hierarchical stratification of event structures and gravitational frameworks that serve to define and structure this construct. We can have multiple gravitational systems nested within one another, co-occurring within the same space-time manifold, upon multiple levels, and it appears that the number of distinct levels and regiona compass of these gravitational frameworks that define a larger gravitational continuum, may in fact be virtually endless. There are no non-relative coordinate reference points in this field upon which to anchor our measurements or our values. Another way of seeing this is to say that not only are all things in the universe in a constant and continuous state of motion, but all things appear to be in motion at multiple levels and in multiple directions and manners at the same time.

The space-time coordinate references applicable to one system at one level are not the same as those synchronous values that are applicable to another system upon another level. Nevertheless, all systems appear to be universally synchronized, or simultaneously coordinate in their unfolding event structures at the same time. This synchronization and simultaneity of event structures at all levels is said to be universal and constitutes the basis for the inference of the cosmological principle. We can be assured that there exists a universe that we cannot see, that remains beyond our basic observational sphere that is defined by the speed of light, and that this structure is both isomorphic (of the same kind) and non-isotropic (of a different or independent event structure) from our own.

One corrollary of the principle of motion that a thing can travel in only one direction at one time is that two or more things that occur at the same time cannot occur in the same place, and their occurrence must be fundamentally independent of one another, unless we hypothesize the existence of a principle of instantaneous relationship, which remains a possibility of gravitational structure upon a fundamental or zeroth level. The universe is held together and made coordinate in space and time because it follows everywhere the same basic principles of motion and space-time stratification. The universe does not just fall into disarray and collapse on itself because it is held together within the same space-time construct and follows the principles set by this construct. These principles can be said to be universal and are part of what I call the cosmological paradigm. The regularity of pattern and organization that is demonstrated in the universe is consonant and explainable fully in terms of this cosmological paradigm of the space-time construct.

We may say as well that in consideration of the well system represented by the space-time construct, that it has an added set of dimensions that are greater than the four dimensions by which we usually measure and determine events in space and time. These dimensions give to the space-time construct the stratified structure of a continuum of scale of co-occurring event structures. I would call this the intensive dimension of physical reality, but it is directly tied as well to the extensive dimension. We cannot really say how many dimensions this may really compose, or if this somehow ties our universe to parallel or alternate structures in a larger meta-state system. I identify this added dimensionality of the space-time construct, or the cosmological paradigm, only in order to demonstrate that the variability that may occur within it at least upon an intensive level of scale creates a relativity of scale and size of event structure that makes possible as well the co-occurrence of alternative event structures.

We can thus, in our relativistic models of the universe, add to our equations an extra set of variables that describe the four dimensions within a larger encompassing fifth dimensional framework. The relativistic structure of the four dimensions of space-time are only made comprehensible when they are seen as being relative to this larger dimensional framework. It is within this structure that we can understand the dynamic characteristics of gravitational fields and their relationship to other forms of energy and matter. We can say as a result that the universe that unfolds on the scale of the atom is far different in time and space and in other ways than the universe that unfolds on a human or upon a galactic scale, and we should not suppose that there is either an upper or lower limit to this relativity of scale of unfolding event structures. When we deal with the essential structure of empty space-time itself, we are dealing with a very essential scale of the space-time construct that is far smaller than that of even the atom. It interpenetrates and infuses all things that we can see or touch, and everything else. At the same time, if we are talking a magnitude of size-scale that encompasses entire regions of galaxies and super-galaxies in the universe, we are speaking of a scale of structure in the universe far far different than what we are familiar with on earth or know to exist in atoms. The clocks and measures of spatial dimension or distance that unfold on all these scales are fundamentally different from one another, and yet all are made coordinate and synchronous to one another upon alternate levels of stratification within the same instantaneous event structures.

It can well be said that on the smallest scale imaginable, time unfolds so quickly as to be infinite fast and therefore it is the same as time unfolding on an infinitely large scale that is infinitely slow. At the limits of the very large and the very small, time loses the value we confer to it in the intermediate regions. Time either comes to a stop or lapses at an infinitely fast rate such that time no longer has any relative value.

We come to see the fifth dimensional construct of space-time as a single rubber sheet of four-dimensional reality that unfolds everywhere at the same time, and that is stratified upon a continuum between the largest and the smallest scales imaginable. All motions are definable as perturbations on this piece of rubber as it folds and bends and becomes twisted. As we are embedded within it, we do not see its larger conformational structure or is motions.

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Understanding how a unifield field theory may exist may be elucidated by understanding how space-time under exceptional circumstances may spontaneously emit electro-magnetic radiation even if the space-time manifold is not normally charged or charge polarized. We must also distinguish the complex nature of gravitational phenomena, distinguishing the secondary effects of gravitational radiation from the primary effects of gravitational flows and structures of the space-time manifold and the negative gravitational energy that is bound up in the integrity of the fabric of space-time. Gravitational radiation, like electromagnetic radiation, is a natural result of the conversion of the latent energy of space-time into an alternative form or phase pattern, the result of which is the spontaneous emission of gravitational radiation. This radiation, like that of electro-magnetic radiation with which it is closely associated, is the result of the release of a positive form of radiative energy. First, it is clear that electromagnetic radiation, once formed, is more than 99.999% transparent to the space-time field--it represents a form of energy that is highly independent in its trajectory from direct influence of the field, though it does exhibit influence from this field and in turn interacts with this field in a minimal manner.

If we look at the structure of an atom, and we see that an electron and its proton complement exist within a charged field, and the relationship between these two particle complements are charge dissociated and charge-complementary. It is only the proton that appears to exhibit any significant gravitational effects which are negligible upon the electron in the field. The shape of the electron's orbital trajectory and pattern of motion about the nucleus is thereby almost wholly determined by the electro-static field that is created in conjunction with the protons. At the same time, it is evident that the proton must produce a significant amount of gravitational radiation that must be a product of its periodic oscillation in its rotation patterns within the nucleus. The theory of spime induction suggests that the proton is essentially a mass-entrapped positron that spins upon itself at extremely high speeds, and the result of which is the induction of spime and the periodic emission of gravitational radiation. For a positively charged particle, such mass entrapment must be construed as a normal outcome of its interaction with the space-time manifold. Thus we may say that the positive charge (arbitrarily assigned states) is a base state of which the negative charge is the symmetrical state. The positive charge can carry mass and therefore interacts gravitationally within the space-time continuum. The negative charge occurs like a "hole" in the base field and therefore does not interact in a significant gravitational manner. The mass that is normally associated with a proton, which is intrinsically a positron and therefore equivalent in mass to an electron, is the mass that is the consequence of its interaction in the space-time manifold (i.e., the effect of its gravitational field).

If we are to extend this theory, then a unit of electromagnetic radiation is normally a negatively charged entity that exists in a relative "hole" in the structure of space-time, just as an electron in its orbital trajectory is also "tunneling" through space-time. It follows logically that any kind of perturbation to the space-time continuum that creates a local, momentary "hole" in its structure will induce spontaneous electromagnetic radiation as a consequence, or rather emission of a photon with a discrete profile of wave-length and frequency, which must be considered the reciprocal spring vibratory moment of the whole--a measure of its size and duration. We have suggested various possible mechanisms by which such "holes" may be formed in the normal manifold of space-time. The first is by a stretching of space-time gravitationally from opposite or multiple directions. The second may be by a vortex confluence of space-time flow from opposite and convergent directions. The "gaps" or "holes" normally created in the space-time construct must be considered for all intents and purposes quite miniscule and momentary affairs, and they must represent a tremendous amount of energy that occurs in an instantaneous manner at a single point of space-time.

If we look at this phenomena in another, inverted manner, then we see the electromagnetic or quantized field as that which occurs or bridges the momentary gaps that occur in a radically shifted or torn space-time manifold in which there occurs a temporary lapse of mass structure in the field. From the standpoint of electro-magnetic radiation, which forms of its own field pattern, the occurrence of the space-time construct is to be construed as spotted and inversely quantized. We can see that the two fields, the gravitational field of the space-time construct, and the quantized field of electro-magnetic phenomena, actually interpenetrate one another at every point on a very discrete level. Indeed, the quantized nature of the electromagnetic field is the direct consequence of its interaction with the space-time construct itself. Photons exhibit a recurring periodic structure because they are enmeshed in a space-time manifold. The fields may retain a continuous rather than a completely porous structure because they may be connected by field-lines, or what amount to being "string structures" that propagate through space-time in a directionally discrete and instantaneous manner. The holes may not completely close upon themselves at each reiteration of the cycle, but recur like beads that slide along a vibrating string.

I believe the possibility for the porous nature of the gravitational field of the space-time construct comes about as an intrinsic property of this construct that is a consequence of its instantaneous and universally simultaneous manner. This field normally blinks in an "on and off" or possibly in a more complex pattern, and thus it is continuously exchanging energy and information from one instantaneous point to the next. In such a dynamic fundamental structure, what we can call "counter quantized," we cannot predict in a precise way the occurrence of a particular point in space-time, but only estimate the likelihood of this occurrence in a general manner. It is in such a context that frequent gravitational replacement and displacement can occur, and that periodic gaps can occur in its structure from which charge dissociation will arise.

If charge is merely a matter of left-handed and right-handed spin, then in a right-handed universe only right-handed spin can be synchronized with the space-time substrate in which the spin occurs, whereas the left-handed spin (equivalent to a negative charge) must exhibit a tunneling effect in relation to space-time. Electromagnetic or electrostatic energy is not altogether different from gravitationally energy--indeed they are quite similar and closely related forms of energy.

It follows that an atom, as a fundamental unit of matter, is a curious consequence of the interaction of the space-time manifold with the consequences of light-energy. We have an instance of a small permanently charge-dissociated dynamo that continuously produces both gravitational and electromagnetic energy. Mass becomes relatively permanently concentrated in the nucleus of the atom, which nucleus is in a sense permanently isolated from the space-time manifold by the continuous tunneling effect of the electron that encircles it in orbital shells. As a consequence, the electromagnetic field is like a force field that surrounds the nucleus of the atom, creating a disparity in the mass-field relationship between the nucleon and its surrounding space-time manifold. In such a condition, the electron as a dynamo acts to continuously create a hole in the structure of space-time, resulting in spime-induction on a continuous basis and in gravitational/electromagnetic radiation as a consequence. A large collection of atoms amassed together creates a gravitationally unified body, resulting in major distortions of the space-time continuum in which this body occurs.

The speed of light might set the absolute rate of blinking of the spime substrate, and thus be the fundamental measure of the event-interval structure of the universe. Light might only propagate in a straight line at the rate of a continuous chain of blinking along this line. If the rate of blinking is fixed and constant throughout the universe, then this would set a constant maximum for the speed of light.

Consideration of the "blinking" background structure of the integrated field leads to speculation whether or not the field might not be normally charge dissociated on a minimal level at all times, and whether or not this charge dissociation may become concentrated against a statistical gradient as the result of a variety of contingent variables. The electromagnetic field would thus be intrinsic to the background gravitational field as a complementary, interpenetrating structure, or rather as an alternating field. It leads to a point-like quantum description of the fundamental structure of space-time, the intermediate regions of which may be constituted by negative-charge dissociation.

The electro-magnetic field is therefore a discontinuous and special negatively charged state of the normal substrate spime-gravitational field that occurs as a result of isotropic blinking of the entire structure simultaneously. It is the differential distribution of these instantaneous points of blink within the larger field that leads to the phenomena of energy and matter and interaction that we are familiar with in terms of our observations and experiments. The interval of this blinking is so short as to appear for all intents and purposes to be continuous unless we refer to a quantum order of size scale and structure. There is a level small enough in reality that even atoms and subatomic particles appear to dissolve and become like cloudy approximations. Time dilation that is a consequence of general relativity can be construed from this model as the relative result of the number of blinking points per unit of space-time being measured. The larger the unit size being measured, the longer the interval, the interval being defined as the time it takes a certain percentage of the total encompassed to blink.

Spime density therefore refers to the relative frequency and rate of blinking per unit of space and time. The greater the density, the slower the overall rate of blinking.

If speculation of nth-particulates and zeroth-enterties is an accurate description of the elementary structure of space-time, or spime, then the metaphor that we are made of the stuff of stars may be quite apt if taken literally. If the quantum properties of such fundamental entities guarantees equal likelihood that such an entity can occur in our own body or in a star system light-years away, then we must share with the universe the fundamental energy of which everything, including nothing, is composed.

It follows that spime is not like matter in that it lacks any solid form and is invisible and transparent. It is not wholly like energy as we understand this either as it has structural and integrative properties that suggest mass and structure. Spime is a third and different kind of "entergy" characterized by its own basic physical properties.

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Universal relativity stipulates that:

1. There are no non-relative coordinate reference points in the universe.

2. The universe is complexly infinite.

3. It is governed by a principle of universal simultaneity, though time exhibits quantum effects upon a fundamental level and also upon a cosmological scale.

4. All physical forms in the universe are in a state of constant motion relative to one another: therefore there are no non-relative reference points by which to measure motion.

5. The universe is stratified on a size-density scale with relativistic considerations affecting event-structures on different levels of the continuum.

6. Basic forms of energy are interchangeable and are regularly converted from one form into the others in an energy exchange processes that follow its own pathways of systemic equilibrium.

7. Space-time is composed of spime and spime is equivalent to energy and matter.

8. Gravitational effects are the consequence of spime dynamics, especially in relation to energy and matter.

9. The laws of thermodynamics are relative to a larger paradigm of spime-gravitational dynamics.

From the theory of universal relativity, we can derive the basic relationships of a unified field in the explanation of the space-time construct. It appears that light energy is a derivative form that tunnels through the space-time construct in the blinking structure of this construct. The rate of blinking sets the limit and constant rate of propagation of light energy through the universe.

We "see" only one-half or less of the total universe, as the other half is invisible and hidden beneath the surface. We can infer dynamic principles of motion and transference to this other-side of the universe, and we can upon a fundamental level attribute multiple, or nth-dimensionalities to this structure which suggests also, among other things, that the universe may be a multi-state structure existing in "parallel dimensions." This would depend upon the complexity of the composite structure of the space-time manifold.

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We cannot have a means of determining in a non-relativistic manner if an object is traveling at a certain intrinsic speed or not, nor in which direction, unless we compare it to a relative framework of other objects in relation to it. We cannot therefore invent an speedometer that would tell us in space how fast we are traveling.

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A level of fundamental structure is reached at which we cannot distinguish any further between composite or constituent structures and self-consistent or "already unified" field structures. It is a level at which there are no clear differences between empty space and matter that it "contains" except that these differences may be more a matter of probabilistic densities of possible occurrence than anything else in terms of apparently substantive properties. When we descend to the level of the hypothetical zeroth entity, the differences between thinks like atoms and the spime of space time are a matter of relative degree than of any sense of absolute kind. All other transcendent properties that we associate with the normal everyday structure of physical reality become stripped away completely, and the patterning that we would then be observing would be unlike anything else we could see or know in the universe. It is at this level, I believe, that scientific explanation comes to a stopping point, or at least a resting pause, on its long road to discovery of reality.

The systematics and exchange dynamics that would be occurring at this fundamental level would be able to mathematically account for all fundamental physical transformations that occur in reality. If we look at the elementary structure of possible spime, as this purportedly occurs in normal space-time, we may see that it has a direction of twist, and this twist is as much through time, or it is time, as much as it expresses itself in terms of three dimensional space. Twist or spin appears to be a fundamental property of its structure--it is an object in motion, but its sense of motion is as much a temporalized as it is a spatialized phenomenon. At this level, there is no clear distinction between time and space, and if the possibility of the instantaneity of the zeroth entity holds, as suggested by theory, then in a sense at this level there is no space and time, but the twisting of its structure is itself the foundation of space-time, or at least the spatio-temporal effects and constraints upon all composite phenomena that occur within its field. At this level, the change events that happen to objects or to energy, are themselves a part of the same field effects of the zeroth entity--thus they are fundamentally ordered and constrained by these field effects. We may restate this by saying that no density structure relative to "empty" space-time can occur in a manner that is not constrained by spatio-temporalizing effects. Change events can only come about, or be induced, by differential and unequal distributions of fundamental density structures. Otherwise, time is arrested or has no value at all, and neither would spatial dimensionalities. These distributions would be chaotically and complexly self-organizing, and would have lead down a long developmental pathway to the evolution of biologically based intelligence capable of understanding its own patterning.