by Hugh M. Lewis

This alternative cosmological model of the dynamic state universe is in direct contradistinction to the received relativistic model of the big bang universe. I have done so primarily because the presupposition of a zero-state model, derived from the singularity principle, imposes a blind determinism upon the universe that I hold to be scientifically untenable and nonscientific. This determinism arises from the presupposition of a bounded original state of the universe in which high energies were preexistent, or a priori, to their own possibility of formation, and in which gravitational pressure, as an initial presupposition, remains unexplained. It is scientifically contradictory to the known principles of entropy and stratification of ordered complexity, to posit the preexistence of a higher energy state without explaining the previous origin of such a state except from the concept of the perfectly smooth and uniform "singularity."

Furthermore, it can be correctly demonstrated that light probably does not propagate in perfect circles, hence we can never observe the original big bang of which our own system was a product. Such a paradox would lead to a conclusion that with increasing depth of field of view, the actual compass of our observational sphere would shrink to a single point, rather than expand indefinitely in all directions, which is the more logical and obvious conclusion to draw.

In addition, if space-time expansion is the explanation of the apparent Doppler effect of the observed red shift, then it must be concluded that this cannot directly be the result of galactic recession. Expansion of the manifold would be uniform omni-directionally around any galaxy and any recession event must be by definition a unidirectional occurrence. The direct explanation of the expansion of the space-time manifold is an acceptable explanation for the observable red-shift, and this is consistent with the spime-mechanical explanation that posits that light interacts with its field during its long-term state-path trajectory, and this field is dynamic. Hence, the long-term state path trajectory of light, as a naturally occurring energy system, is non-linear. The observable non-linearity of light would be expressed in terms of frequency shifts, and this would reinforce the notion that the long-distance propagation of light cannot be perfectly curvilinear.

The observational sphere of the universe is fundamentally bounded by relativistic considerations of the speed of light in space-time, but it is also fundamentally open in its larger compass or field of view. In other words, increasing depth of focus entails greater magnitudes of absolute distance as well as greater intervals of transmission time. As a conclusion, the very deep universe could not have been a single concentrated sphere, but appears to have been almost infinitely expansive.

I therefore have sought to outline an alternative cosmology of the universe based upon principles of universal relativity. These principles were derived from the presupposition of universal congruence of structure, and of universal simultaneity. It was also developed from a model of gravitation that is based upon the principle of the unity of space-time with the energies and matter it contains. All properties are but different state patterns arising from complex interactions arising within the space-time matrix. A picture of the total universe has emerged from this in which time can be judged as being relative in several senses. There is a sense of fundamental unity of space-time and the things that it contains-- namely matter and energy as we know these things to be. It entails the possibility of other more exotic states we do not normally encounter in our own world but which are important to our accounting of that world.

This accounting has implied a coherent unified field theory. It seems necessary to conclude that there is a unified field that underlies the structural ordering of the contemporaneous state universe. General relativity as a model can be demonstrated to be inadequate to this purpose, though as a covering law model for describing general congruencies of reality it is sufficient and necessary.

A field theory requires a mathematical model that would give it sufficiency, and this includes an accounting derived for both the very large and the very small. We have arrived at a rough descriptive accounting, but we have fallen short of an elegant mathematical model. Evidence suggests that all energies are composite energies of a more basic force that takes expression in different relations of the same unified spime-gravitational field to different particle entities.

Time is relative to the scale of event patterning at which we experience reality. Time may not be intrinsically the same thing on a very large scale as it is on a very small scale, though there is an interesting convergence of process and structure on the scale of the very large and the very small.

In the largest and smallest of terms possible, time may appear relatively dimensionless, or rather, "out of time" or timeless. Such a concept entails an implicit sense of eternity and non-change, since change is inherently a time-ordered or temporally regulated process. This seems at odds with the notion that in a dynamic state universe, the entire universe may be growing in both its intrinsic order and chaos of patterning.

If we hypothesize that the ratio of order-to-chaos continuum of the first and last and the smallest and largest universal structure was and remains a constant 0/0, we can speculate that it has increased in its dynamic fluctuations by many orders of magnitude, such that we can suggest an (ax/by) kind of ratio, where 1 - a = b and 1 - x = y.

However locally or regionally or sub-universally imbalanced the universe may appear to become, we can always speculate that in the largest structure, a permanent and unchanging sense of balance will be maintained. The principle of universal entropy runs up against the principle of universal conservation, or equilibrium, such that the observation of entropy occurring upon several levels implies strongly the existence of a larger meta-state universe system in alternative dimensions. The entire system is hypothesized to exist in balanced state-equilibrium.

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In order to explain the process of the stochastic creation of the universe, it appears that we must explain what is fundamentally an anti-entropic beginning to an entropic system. We live in a universe that on a fundamental level cannot permit the occurrence of a perpetual motion machine. This means that all state-trajectories of naturally occurring phenomena in the long run decay into increasing disorder. We can only therefore see the possibility of the total universe as a perpetual motion system if:

1. It is infinite (i.e., it is non-zero state) hence it had not ultimate beginning nor any final end, and:

2 It is self-creating, such that local structures of order are created from larger disorder in some systematic manner.

3. It is a meta-state hence multi-state system that co-occurs in a state of net balance.

If it exhibits a sense of perpetual motion, it is a sense that an infinitely large balloon has a small leak. Its entropy is perpetual, hence its order is also perpetual as a result.

We cannot create something from nothing without some kind of work being done that existed in some potential form in the original system in the first place. Otherwise, basic laws of conservation of energy are violated. I cannot fully reconcile this conundrum even by revising the laws of thermodynamics to take into account larger and more basic kinds of change events. I can say that increasing disorder is always the complement of order and both arose out of the same possibilistic structure. In the total scheme of things there must be a net balance, a presupposed universal equilibrium. But, in an infinite and hence infinitely dynamical system, this balance will never come due.

The only other way to get out of this conundrum is to posit a larger "meta-universe" of which the total universe is a part, and this is perhaps as far as we would want to risk going in our accounting of physical reality. Thus, a meta-state universe would be one that would always encompass the total universe and define that universe as a system within some larger relativistic framework, which we do not, and probably cannot, fully understand or describe. We can say that the stochastic differentiation and growth of the inferable universe was a self-organizational phenomenon that led to its own self-replication. It had to draw upon some larger system for its basic elements of self-construction. Such a system in the primordial state existed before time and space, even before mass and energy as we know it. It arose by spontaneous self-creation, and yet it derived itself from something else.

At this point, we must bring our conjecture to an end. Science must conclude that there is some range of phenomena that occurred or may still be occurring about which we know almost nothing and yet which might be of central importance in our understanding of physical reality. I will not claim what that is, but it leaves the door open for new discoveries and new theories in science. If we do not go this way, then we need only to fall back into religious ideology. It appears, by my best estimate, that God probably did play dice with the universe, and this is the most I can say. God not only hid some of the dice in other dimensions, but the dice itself might be of uncertain and relativistic properties we do not yet understand. But even this does not completely abnegate the problem of God in understanding the original creation of the universe--a question that ultimately may be beyond the purview of science to deal with in any objective manner.