Chapter IV

A Primer in Natural Systems

Theory & Method

Natural systems theory deals with the sciences of naturally occurring phenomena that are complexly interconnected. It broaches several levels of the natural stratification of physical phenomena in different sets and subsets. The differentiation of these sets and their subsets is largely based upon the application of different generalizable rules of relation and operation that determine the state-path trajectories and functioning of these systems at their respective levels. Underlying these tacit rule systems are even more intricate mechanical interconnections or devices that also stratify upon different levels of natural integration.

Rules that occur in natural systems are implicit to the a priori patterning and expectability or predictability of the patterning of natural systems in terms of their behavior and design. Such tacit rules of function and operation can be said to be equivalent to the informational value of these systems as they occur and change naturally. We observe such systems, either in natural or experimental conditions, and from our observations we determine the rules that apply to the observed system. This constitutes the basis for all science, as well as for our realistic understanding of the world, both in an everyday sense and in a more general or collective way. The rules we state explicitly govern the statics, mechanics and dynamics of all naturally occurring systems that we have studied. We test the rules in our trials and applications, and we redefine our rules to fit the new information we have learned about such systems.

The systemic relations occurring between parts of systems are often similar regardless of the level or kind of system we are referring to. Natural systems of all kinds and at all levels share certain affinities of relation and interaction with one another. Of course, it is difficult to compare human systems with the behavior of subatomic systems in any but the most superficial manner. We find the relationship between such systems in understanding that there is a natural order in the stratification of nature. We can say that all human systems, by definition, are composed of atomic systems, but not all atomic systems are necessarily composed into human systems. Human systems therefore represent a very small sub-class of a much larger field of atomic systems, albeit a very special set of subsystems with very special derivative properties. It is easier to find behavioral relationships between baboon troops and wolf-packs, for instance, than it is to find similar kinds of analogies between ant colonies and birch forests. We can say that in a vast matrix of naturally occurring systems, systems that are more closely related to another in both history and in shared afinities, will have more in common than those systems that are more distantly or indirectly related. While this may be too obvious to warrant further consideration, it is important not to overlook the implications for understanding the structure of this kind of matrix of relationships that affects the life-cycles and outcomes and indeed the matrix itself.

First, it appears that natural systems, even at very fundamental levels, are emergent systems and possess an inherent characteristic of self-integration, regeneration and synthetic manifestation. If we seek fundamental answers about the origins of the universe for instance, we must conclude that either the universe originally derived from something out of nothing, a process which, given our conventional understanding, would appear to defy basic principles of thermodynamics, or else, it came out of something else. And if we conclude that the second alternative is more acceptable to science, then we still need to explain the origin of that something else from which our universe sprang.

All systems are therefore stratified within a larger metasystemic matrix. It is true that in nature, more composite and complex systems are composed of more basic but often no less complex sub-systems. The entire universe can be said to constitute a vast super system possibly characterized by infinite complexity. It comprises all components and subsystems of all levels, and encompasses the totality of nature.

A theory of the systemic universe is in essence a theory of metasystems, or, in other words, of the scientific metasystem that orders all naturally occurring relationships.

Another characteristic, or set of characteristics shared by all naturally occurring systems, is that they all involve some form of energy exchange process, almost always including some measure of heat exchange. Thus all systems are both dynamic and mechanical in the classic sense of these terms. There is no system that is of interest to scientific inquiry that does not involve in some form or other the exchange or transfer of energy.

While most naturally occurring systems are thermodynamic in their energy processes, it is also true that there are classes of natural systems that appear to follow as well relatively non-thermodynamic pathways of energy exchange.

This leads to an understanding of a second important characteristic of all systems. It can be put this way--to the extent that the energy exchange processes of a system serve to delimit and describe a system in terms of its statics and dynamics, the system can be said to contain information that is intrinsic to its patterning of behavior and organization of its relations. All naturally occurring systems can be said to be both energetic and informational in terms of their organization and behavior.

It is the relationship between information and energy transfer in naturally occurring systems that is of greatest interest. A non-systems can be said to be totally chaotic and disorganized--it contains no meaningful order or pattern, hence no information, and its energy relations can be characterized as completely entropic. When a system decays or breaksdown at the end of its life cycle, it can be said to enter into such a relative state at which point it is no longer recognizable as an organized system.

The relationship between energy exchange and information is so close that terms used to describe one kind of process are often used to describe the other process as well.

All systems therefore exist in a background context that is definable by means of a relatively random and disorganized pattern, which can be referred to as chaos. This sense of background chaos can be said to comprise a universal energy sink or informational reservoir by contrast and relation to which we come to understand systems. We cannot fully think about systems in natural contexts, in terms of their life-cycles and their operational environment, without reference to this notion of background entropy. Background entropy at least indirectly relates all systems to one another, by means of providing a common ground or reference.

Universal entropy or chaos is defined itself by one characteristic, and that is its state of non-isotropic zero-equilibrium. This equilibrium balances and defines the limits of all naturally occurring systems, and determines that all such systems must return eventually to a state of total chaos.

Total chaos is related to a condition of a complete lack of information, or rather of absolute or essential meaninglessness. Another way of saying this is that stable and self-maintaining energy systems are informational because they are anti-entropic systems. They resist in some way the natural tendency towards dissolution to complete chaos of relation and entropic transfer of energy. To the extent that such systems are informational, they are meaningful and amenable to scientific inquiry.

This universal chaos determines another important property of all naturally occurring systems that is related to the fact of their life-cycles. All natural systems are bound by parametric constraints ultimately determined by this background relationship--these constraints ultimately determine the state-path trajectory taken by any and every system.

1. There can be no non-natural systems that are not constrained in some basic manner by the fundamental rules of universal entropy.

2. Artificial systems are a derivative sub-class of natural systems, hence remain subject to the same basic rules of universal entropy.

At the same time, all systems exist in some form of metarelation with other systems at multiple levels. These metarelations may be more or less organized into metasystemic patterns themselves, or they may resemble relatively chaotic or nonisotropic patterns of occurrence.

In a sense, it follows that if we are to understand the origin of the universe, then we must seek to explain the systemic universe, and we must seek to understand the nature and origin of universal entropy itself. If all systems tend toward such a universal and undifferentiated state in the long run, we can speculate as well the possibility that all systems also originated from such a state in the first place. The total universe may consist of nothing more than the continuous differentiation of natural systems from the entropic background, and the subsequent return of such systems to the background.

What appears to us to be entropic, especially in the classical thermodynamic sense, may be on another level anything but chaotic. If we see entropy as being as a form of negative counterbalance upon a scale or balance beam, then we can see that the net sum of all systemic-entropic interactions is always zero or equilibrium. In other words, entropy always complements and makes up the difference between a system and its ideal state, and it always connects that system with the larger metasystem and other systems within the universal matrix. The observation of entropy therefore entails that there is a sense of possible structure, or rather potential information, in the universal background that is not clearly understood. It is in the instances where basic thermodynamic principles appear to be violated, as for instance in super conducting states when there is zero resistance, that we might be able to see more clearly the boundaries of boundaries and the structure of the constraints themselves.

Understanding this sense of order in disorder constitutes, I believe, the basis for understanding the universal field. In this universal field, there may lie hidden before our eyes, in the voids of nothingness, an amazing sense of order and relation as yet undiscovered and even unimagined. In this field, time may flow not only forward, but backward, or not flow at all. In this field, multiple dimensions of multiple physical realities may collide comfortably with one another, and even inter-digitate within one another such that we may hypothesize the instantaneous coexistence of an infinite number of universes within the same metaspace. Into this field, mass may eventually escape and disintegrate and energy may eventually disappear and become altered into some other form.

In fact, what we understand to be weight, or the equilibrium of inertia, as the basis of gravity systems, may be nothing more than the dynamic effects of this background entropy system upon the structure of space-time itself, and upon the objects of the field contained within it.

Thus the uniform acceleration of objects in free fall may be a function of the relative disruption of the space-time continuum by the fact of the greater mass of the gravitating body. This disruption may in fact be little more than a sense of disequilibrium of space-time structure on opposite sides of the falling body in relation to the gravitational center. The gradual increasing acceleration of such bodies, and their winding, spiraling trajectories, may in fact be little more than the result of such a differential relative to the distance to the center of gravity.

At the other end of the gravitational continuum, if the evidence of the doppler shift does indicate an accelerating universe, then could it be that the expanding universe is accelerating because it is falling into the voids of space-time, where space-time becomes eventually disrupted or stretched in its fieldlines. In other words, the entire universe may be "free falling" into the voids of empty space at the perimeters of the system, albeit falling away everywhere at the same time. Rather than a primal big bang, is it possible that the original universe started off with just a small lurch.

If such a model were correct, it would suggest that the normal structure of space-time is like a huge hill on a plane, or a mound, over which light and all objects must travel. One one side of this hill may be all the large gravitating bodies that drag everything small and local down. On the other side may be the empty cavern of the voids of space-time itself, dragging the hill itself down further and further into its vast emptiness.

This brings a relative issue about motion. Though an object can travel in only a single direction in a given instant, the entire system within which that object may be traveling can simultaneously be traveling in any direction other than the one in which the object were traveling. If the entire system were traveling in the same direction as the object and at the same speed, then the object would appear motionless and we could not notice motion of anykind. One way of understanding the nature of acceleration and inertia is to conceive of the energy required to change directions of an object from its normal "metasystemic" trajectory to any other pathway, especially one that leads in an opposite direction from its metasystem.

Of course, we can throw a ball almost anywhere upon the earth to the same general effect, and the distance and direction we can throw it is almost completely independent of the motion of the earth (and the ball and ourselves) upon its axis or about the sun or through the Milky Way.

All objects are in some kind of relative motion. All objects therefore have some relative mass.

Nature is the primary object of concern for science, and scientific activity has its starting point and final objective in the excoriation of the natural laws underlying all naturally occurring phenomena at any level that may be discernable or at least inferrable. Thus the close and careful observation of physical phenomena at one level of integration of nature may lead to an intimate and profound understanding of similar or related kinds of phenomena at other levels.

1. All natural systems have an inherent life-cycle and state-path trajectory-- particular systems rise and fall with the changing tides of time, and no system remains permenant for all time.

2. All natural systems maintain a boundary relation between internalized states and the external environment.

3. All natural systems are composed of subsystems, and are part of larger supersystems.

4. Most natural systems exist in a paradigm of possible alternative systems or of alternative possible states.

a. Usually, there is more than one set of cooccurring systems of the same kind or population. Systems are usually not unique except in their discrete and composite physical characteristics.

1. Introduction

2. Metasystems

advanced set theory

number theory

3. Physical Systems

gravitational systems

cosmological relativity

light systems

unified field theory

4. Biological Systems

"Cosmic seeding theory"

Equilibrium of coevolutionary ecosystems

5. Human Systems

human nature and the environment

cultural selection and the social competition hypothesis

symbolic transactionalism and symbolic materialism

social development and the anthropological construction of reality

6. Alternative Systems

7. Applied Systems

integrated metasystems

8. Conclusions

The aspects of the universe requiring sufficient explanation:

1. If the only known mechanisms of the production of elements are fusion reactions occurring in older and hot stars, then how do we explain the presence and production of heavy elements in planets like the earth? It is difficult to explain the origination of these elements in any other fashion than in the known manner of their fusion production in the core of stellar systems. Thus, the presence of heavy elements, in the earth for instance, can only be explained by the previous production of these elements in stars.

2. The speed of light is a peculiar property of electromagnetic radiation. This property is unique to this form of energy. It is possible that other forms of energy, for instance gravitational energy, do not have this property, and in fact may have another speed or set of speeds specifically associated with it. Several possibilities are suggested by this deduction.

3. Gravitational radiation does not appear to follow common thermodynamic principles attributed to electromagnetic radiation. In other words, it appears that this form of energy defies the important conventions of the laws of thermodynamics in basic ways. Evidence for this can be found in the continuous production of gravitational energy from all gravitating bodies, particularly very large or very heavy ones, especially black holes that are stable.

a. The great stability of star systems can be accounted for by these gravitational processes in which thermodynamic energy and, in very large systems, new mass, is continuously created from gravitational energy. Most of this new energy is thrown off by the stars in the form of solar winds and electromagnetic and cosmic radiation. Some percentage of this new mass is captured in the mass of the system itself.

Stars appear to achieve a relatively stable mass-size configuration, such that the do not significantly grow or shrink over the course of their life. It is interesting that heavier stars have a shorter life cycle than smaller stars. This suggests the possibility that gravitational forces of larger star bodies act more rapidly upon such entities. Changes to stars that follow the typical state-path trajectory appear to be those kinds of alterations of internal structure and composition during its various phases. In particular, it appears that stars increase in the relative percentages of heavier and heavier elements, and in the corresponding loss of hydrogen nuclei or core nucleonic substance. This process of nucleonic fusion is accompanied by increasing temperatures of the star that are associated with the energy of fusion. The pathways followed by the production of elements in stars are probably extremely complex and to some extent quite variable.

It is possible that even older stars are continuously producing new nucleonic "feeder" material that is subsequently either absorbed by the star or else blown off into inter-stellar space where it accretes to form large hydrogen clouds and new stellar masses.

This theory suggests that new nucleonic material that constitutes the basis for all known forms of mass is regularly and continuously created in the observable universe. Most forms of elements as these have been found to occur on earth in their relative abundances, were probably formed in the last stages of the death of a stellar system, and represent the multiple pathways of nuclear fusion that proceeded when the basic hydrogen of the system was spent or finally lost. It also suggests that there must exist an alternative pathway by which means such material is destroyed. It appears to me that the best candidate for the destruction of such material are black-holes that, due to their tremendous gravitational force, is capable of breaking all mass and nucleonic material into constituent entities, and possibly even into gravitational energy itself, which is then released back into the universe.

For this theory to be successful, several things must be explained. Perhaps the most important is to explain the observed Doppler Shift of all electromagnetic radiation received upon earth from distant stars. The explanation I offer for this phenomenon is to suggest that in the long run, with increasing distance, light cannot change its speed, which is an intrinsic property of light. It can only lose its relative momentum, which would be the equivalent of its red-shifting towards lower frequencies. Light will systematically lose its momentum to its surrounding background over the long-run, and it does this at relatively steady rates. Mechanisms implied in this are the "bending" of light by intervening and differential gravitational fields.

Random and non-uniform curvature of space-time. Genuine non-isotropism suggests that we cannot define an overall structure to the universe, especially if we hypothesize an infinite or non-zero state universe without extensive or intensive limit. The essential structure of the universe probably in effect changes over the larger context.

The observational sphere of the universe, which is the universe of special and general relativity, may in fact also lack any larger sense of uniformity of structure or curvature to the purported fabric of space-time.

We might state the following kind of hypothesis. The observable universe exists in space-time, and conforms to the structure of space-time, but space-time is not bound by the observational sphere of the universe, or by the structure of light, which is in effect the constant of the speed of light. Space-time may exist within the gravitational sphere of the inferable universe, but gravitation, like light, may in fact be a part of the structure of space-time or vice-versa.

Universal relativity may be stated or summarized by the following example. For each object that is embedded in a discrete space-time matrix, there is a single instantaneous set of values that can be associated with that object in relation to its direct frame of reference. At this level, the rules of mechanics governing the behavior of the object would be the same for any other object that occupied the same frame. The trouble is that the frame itself that defines the mechanical behavior of the objects it contains, can be part of a yet larger frame or space-time matrix, and this subframe, including the objects it contains, may be obeying a different set of rules of behavior than those that determine the behavior of the objects in reference to itself. The rules of behavior that determine the outcomes for the larger framework are completely independent of the mechanistic rules that determine the behavior of the objects it contains. In other words, depending on the scale we specify, any frame or object it contains may be a part of any number of larger frames, each of which obeys its own state-path trajectory that is independent of the frameworks and trajectories contained within it. In fact, there may be an infinite number of such frameworks simultaneously cooccurring in the universe, even within one area of the universe.

I will call the framework within which set rules of mechanics conform all objects the gravitational frame of reference, because in all such systems gravitational force appears to be the common denominator and the main thing in common between all frames of reference, of whatever observable scale. We notice most our motion on the earth's surface in terms of gravity that pulls everything earthward, sometimes destructively so, and in terms of the earth's rotation, which we see as the rising and setting of the sun. We notice less the passage of the earth about its orbit of the sun, as the passage of days of the year and the seasons that recycle. These motions occur independently of our own actions or movements upon the earth's surface. We notice even less our passage about the Milky Way, or the possible travels of the Milky Way galaxy through space in relation to other galaxies.

The possibility of relative gravitational frames of reference occurs as the result of the gravitational unification of a system in a state of relative equilibrium that defines a long-lasting state-path trajectory. There are few abrupt shifts expected in the rotation of the earth or in its orbit around the sun. There may be slight long term perturbations or periodic fluctuations. We cannot guess really the long-term behavior of any system. Once a system becomes gravitationally unified, it achieves an equilibrium of gravitational force within the framework that it is defined within, such that it remains relatively stable and quite predictable in its pathway over the long term.

Gravitational unification is related to the notion of the physical definition of a fixed dominant center of gravity within a bounded system, such that all objects belonging to such a system have adjusted their motions and behaviors in relation to a common center of gravitation. Any object, within any single frame of reference, must obey certain laws of motion: it can be in only one place at one time, and it can travel in only one direction at one time. Furthermore, in order to accelerate the object, it must require the input of additional energy. Usually, such centers of gravitation are defined by the largest material body locally present in a system, but such local systems are indeed part of larger systems that are defined by centers of gravitation. It is possible that centers of gravitation can be defined in relatively empty space, in juxtaposition between two or more bodies in relation to one another. This would be a form of complex equilibrium.

Free falling bodies of different masses within the same gravitational frame of reference will achieve equal speeds of accleration, all other things being equal. This points to the independence of the gravitational structure of space-time that surrounds and embeds the objects to the relative mass of the objects themselves. In such conditions of free-fall, it is the relative disequilibrium of the gravitational framework of these objects, and the corresponding disruption of their space-time matrix, that causes their uniform acceleration. What served as key evidence for general relativity remains primary observational evidence for universal relativity as well.

Universal relativity thus suggests that space-time may have different values depending upon the frame of reference within which it is measured, and that each frame of reference would represent a different relative dimensionally of the system. The naturally stratified universe would therefore exist in a multi-dimensional set of spatio-temporal frameworks.

One outcome of universal relativity is that acceleration of any object alters its relative gravitational frame of reference, and the energy required for aceleration, or the energy of inertia, is related to the negative threshold energies of the gravitational field that embed the object in the first place. A fast moving object will exist within a different space-time coordinate system than a slow moving object. Simultaneously, a very large and massive object may also exist within a different space-time structure than a very small one. The size of an object is indirectly equivalent to its speed of motion within a given frame of reference. In other words, they may have equivalent effects upon the structure of the space-time manifold that embeds such objects. It follows that if an object may become so massive and dense as to fundamentally disrupt the space-time manifold that embeds it, it is also possible that an object may be accelerated to a speed that it breaches the limits of the space-time manifold. The results might be similar in terms of the disappearance of the object from normal observability.

In the larger scale of the universe, it appears that there is no central or common equilibrium for the overall system. In other words, at some scale at which the cosmological principle becomes operative, gravitational unification cannot be presumed to occur on a wide scale, and patterns of behavior can be said to be overall non-isotropic, and in the largest sense, random. There may be a larger frame of reference for the observable or total universe that has not yet been observed. In fact, gravitational unification may occur for larger scales that are essentially beyond the observational sphere of the universe, and that may be misleading because the main structures they contain may exhibit little or no isotropic equilibrium in relation to one another. It is upon this scale that we must speculate upon a universe that is parallel or else topographically stratified in spatial-temporal dimensions, or in alternative dimensions otherwise unknown.

In this notion of multi-dimensionality, space-time, however convoluted or structured, may in fact not be a uniform or continuous entity, but may be heterogeneous in its constitution. The structure of space-time that would be encountered at any one point in the universe would be a function of the relative frame within which it, or rather our measuing instruments, were determined. Multiple structures of space-time may interpenetrate the same points at the same time without interference, albeit upon different dimensional trajectories. Space-time may be complexly structured in the same coincidental frame of reference without apparent interference or transference of energy from one frame to another. This complex stratification of space-time would be experienced as a continuous gradient or a continuum, much as uniform acceleration might be seen to occur in a continuous transition.

Space-time can be said to be relative to the gravitational frame of reference that determines its measurement and its mechanical principles. Gravitation may thus represent a kind of well system of field-energies that are continuous and instantaneous throughout the universe at any scale of measurement or determination. Space-time would be structured differently at different levels within this well-system.

One aspect of universal relativity thus defined is that all objects that have mass do so because they are essentially a part of some gravitational system, or in fact a complex set of such systems. Material objects with physical properties as we know them all share certain features of motion in common. Such objects have the inertia of energy or momentum in their motion when they are accelerated, and it is almost impossible to acclerate any such material entity at or beyond the speed of light. The resistance to acceleration is the entropic effect essentially of the gravitational field upon the object, or, looked at another way, is the consequence of the disruption of the gravitational field or its relative state of equilibrium in its acceleration.

In such a system, the speed of light may not be so much a universal constant, as it is universally constant as a unique property of electromagnetic radiation. In other words, the speed of light is a specific property of this form of energy. There is logical reason to believe that gravitational energy may actually propagate at much greater than the speed of light, albeit almost instantaneously throughout the universe.

Another feature of this conception of universal relativity is that there can be no object or energy that is at complete rest or at absolute zero. All objects are in some kind of motion, even if this motion cannot be observed due to our inability to escape the frame of reference that is a part of this motion. The motion of all objects in the Universe, however large or small, is inherent to the material definition of all physical phenomena as existing: 1. In relative space-time; and 2. Within at least one relative gravitational frame of reference. No material object can occur or happen outside of the gravitational frame of reference that defines that object in space-time.

Gravitation itself can be said to exist at relative zero, because its simultaneous propagation through the universe achieves a unification of space-time at which space-time becomes essentially static and valueless. In this sense, gravitation is a form of "negative"energy the effect of which is just the reverse of the positive physical energies that we observe in the universe. Its effect is entropic in the sense that all such motions exhibit some relative measure of inertia that is equivalent to its mass and its motion.

In understanding the production of elements in sun systems, we must understand the possible pathways that may occur in the fusion of hydrogen nuclei, or nucleons, into larger nucleic structures, and the possible fusion of these larger structures into even heavier nuclear structures. The key question to be asked in the universe is whether the distribution of basic elements in the universe is relatively uniform and the same throughout, or if not, then whether the relative presence and densities of different kinds of elements are different and essentially random in the universe.

These fusion process alledgedly take place within the core regions of stars on a regular basis, fueled perhaps in the outer regions by reverse fission processes which serve to reduce nuclei back into smaller nucleonic particles. In general, though stars typically through off a vast amount of mass each year, the mass of such systems appear to change little over its life-span. The nuclear composition of its core appears to alter, especially in its latest stages, with increasing temperatures and the possible build of more dense distributions of heavier nuclei. At some stage, the reverse fission processes that feed such systems slow down or eventually stop, and less nucleonic material is blown off in the normal radiation of such a star.

This process is the only known or observed means of manufacturing heavier nuclear materials from lighter material. In other words, we know of no other means of making any of the elements that occur on earth or in any of the other planets, or naturally any where else in the universe. The original production of nucleonic material remains unknown, though I speculate that it can be made in one of two or more different state-path trajectories, and gravitational energy may be the basis of its production and its ultimate destruction. If new nucleonic material is produced as a result of gravitational forces in sun-sized systems, then it is apparent that there is an equilibrium of total mass of such systems such that they remain fairly stable and the same in size throughout most of their life-span. Thus, if new nucleonic material is constantly manufactured in sun-sized stellar systems, then this new mass must be a part of the material that is continuously ejected and blown off into outer space. It may be blown off only as free neutrons and protons, too light to remain trapped within the core of such systems.

We do not know if the total universe exhibits a set amount of nuclear material, in some kind of grand equilibrium, or else if this total volume of its mass may fluctuate with time, decreasing or growing in time. We may perhaps never know.

*****

The consideration of gravitational energy suggests a form of negative force in the universe. It confers the inertia of acceleration to all objects of mass, and it also imposes the rules of entropy upon all energy transactions in the universe. It appears to maintain a state of steady equilibrium, such that objects embedded within it tend to maintain a very stable and ordered trajectory through it. Gravitational fieldlines may transect the axis, such that it is the transverse lines an object crosses in its motions that provides the basis for the inertia of the object to acceleration, or the change of velocity which must be interpreted in terms of time and space dilation. A free-falling body on earth will transect in its trajectory an increasing number of these transverse lines that would be concentrically arranged in relation to the earth's center of gravity, such that the closer such an object came to the earth, the greater its speed as a consequence of transecting an increasing number of such field lines. The constant of acceleration of any such object, or of two different objects, is the product of any such objects crossing the same, increasing number of fieldlines upon its trajectory to earth.

This brings up the question whether or not it is possible that distant fieldlines tend to become straightened out, or else stretched out, and that the fieldlines emanating from different distant gravitating bodies may interfere within one another upon their intersection, creating possible phase or periodic patterns in gravitation.

Fieldlines define directional and unified flow of space-time. Fieldlines appear to transect this flow, which is always in the direction of the relative center of gravitational attraction. It is possible that in deep, empty space, where gravitating bodies are distant, these fieldlines are either smoothed out or possibly straightened or stretched out to the maximum limits--this state would resemble the most desirable equilibrium.

It is clear that for any given object at any given speed maintains its own independent gravitational frame of reference. This frame of reference is determined by the gravitational field that surrounds and embeds the object in space-time.

The communication of gravitational attraction between objects suggests that the gravitational fieldlines exist de facto within an already unified field, and that there may be a form of reciprocal vibration or oscillation along such preexisting lines. This reciprocity appears to be instantaneous. The frame of gravitational reference is already unified unless disturbed by a change of direction/or acceleration of an object. Such frames exist independently, and are already unified. The paradox of universal instantaneity is that in such a universe there is no time, or no sense of time. Time at such a rate is inconsequential. Hence, space is the only relevant dimension, and space is bridged.

It is possible that neutrons are the basis for gravitational attraction, and gravitational fieldlines are a natural consequence of the neutron embedded within the nucleus. Evidence from hydrogen atoms that are not affected gravitationally suggest the possibility that the charge dichtomization of proton-electron pairs serves to neutralize the gravitational forces within these pairs. It is possible that protons bound in conjunction with neutrons derive their gravitational energies and characteristics from their bonds and proximity to their gravitational neighbors.

It is possible that the same fieldlines that serve to unify all gravitational frames of reference about a gravitational body, serve as well to unify the constituent entities within the body as well, being the basis for the gravitation in the first place, even going so far as to orient sch entities about a common center of gravity, and possible permitting the transference of energy from one entiy to another or from all entities to the entire gravitating body as a whole.

It is evident that fieldlines form a space-time unity of frame that is very ordered and predictable, and that relates objects to one another, to the background space-time context, and the constituents of the objects, to a common reference point. This act of unification occurs automatically and instantaneously, precisely and exactly, without further development or processing of information required. It is a form of natural physical intelligence that is the outcome of the rules of relation governing gravitation in the universe. Gravitational fieldlines have the further quality of uniting the frame of reference to the entire universe in such a way as to assure that there will be no fundamental disruption of the foundational mechanical laws of the physical information.

Rules of gravitational unification

There can be no non-relative discontinuity of space and time.

Within any given frame of reference, an object may travel in only one direction at the same time.

An object may not be in two different places at the same time,

Time only flows in one direction. It flows forward, not backward.

Space and time are relative properties of gravitational unification of physical reality. Space and time vary within the gravitational frame of reference in which they occur.

Rules of universal relativity

All things are in motion: there can be nothing that is not in motion.

a. in the universe, there are no fixed points of reference that are unchanging.

All motions are relative to the frames of gravitational reference in which they occur.

All frames of gravitational reference are relative to themselves and to the nested frames within which they are embedded.

There are no nonrelative gravitational frames of reference.

Any object may exist in any number of independent gravitational frames of reference simultaneously, as long as these frames of reference are ordered as a well system, relative to the object contained within such a systems.

Rules of gravitational mechanics.

The same rules of gravitational mechanics apply in the same way to all objects embedded within a common frame of gravitational reference. All measuring instruments would be equal within the same frame.

Rules of gravitational mechanics are relative to the framework that they occur within.

There is no object without gravitational properties as it occurs within at least one or more gravitational frames of reference. No object can escape the forces or effects of gravitation, or exist as an object beyond or outside of a gravitational frame of reference.

The gravitational field is a priori and independent of the object(s) it contains, though the objects do affect the local gravitational field in critical relativistic ways.

Rules of gravitational dynamics.

Gravitational energy is continuous and unending.

Gravitational energy cannot be made or destroyed, only altered in a relative sense.

Gravitational energy always seeks a state of relative equilibrium defined as a unified frame of reference.

The universal equivalence of mass to energy is an empirical measure of gravitational energy and its equivalence to other forms of positive energy.

Gravitational energy may, under the right conditions, become transformed into other kinds of energy, and vice versa.

Mass is the relative measure of the gravitational energy defined by a given object within an effective gravitational frame of reference.

Gravity is negative energy, measured as the mass of inertia, or the energy required to counter the effects of gravity. It is thus like a counterbalance used in the determination of the relative mass of an object. It is the measure of the potential positive energy required specifically to alter or overcome the preestablished equilibrium of the system.

A virtual center of gravity is a common point of reference for a unified gravitational frame. It is the spatial anchor point about which a gravitational system becomes defined.

Effective gravitation is that range about an object within which gravitational energies related to that object play a significant role in the behavior of that object.

Virtual gravitation is the total universal range of gravity, beyond the limits of effective gravitation, past which gravitation from alternative points of reference tend to cancel one another out, or average out, such that at great empty distances from any gravitating bodies, there is relative uniformity of the gravitational field. This would be experienced as a relative weightlessness, or a gravity-less environment. The only felt forces would be the inertia of acceleration that would accompany any change of speed or direction of a moving object.

In the large and in the long run, all gravitational fields in the universe will average out to zero, or relative absolute gravitational equilibrium. Any locally or regionally defined gravitational field is only isotrophic in a relative sense, and in the large is non-isotropic in relation to the gravitational field as a whole. Isotropic gravitational systems are neutralized in deep space where multiple gravitational fields interfere with one another and where there is no single dominant field to overshadow the others.

Space and time are physical properties of the gravitational field, and are a function of the relative gravitational frame of reference for any object within this field. It follows that physical reality as we know it, with the observable dimensions we can see in our reality, is defined and made possible by the unified gravitational field, and all occurring energies are but derivatives of this field, alternative forms of expression of the same basic energy. It is possible that disruptions of the gravitational field occur, and that this field or other fields may exist within other dimensional realities to which our physical universe is somehow connected, but these are at this time unknown, and unknowable, for us in any direct sense.

Spin synchronization/spin orientation--orientation & synchronization may fluctuate with shifting frames of reference. A neutron is like a small compass or gyrator always aligned. This sense of alignment is determined probably by the gravitational force that is dominant in the local sense.

The numbers involved in the calculus of gravitation forces are non-discrete ratio values, or else dimensionless numbers.

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I have sought to outline a central dogma of physical reality. I have defined this dogma around propositions relating to the concepts of universal entropy, universal relativity and universal simultaneity. This dogma is as follows:

1. All physical systems are stochastically self-organized within a larger metasystemic framework. For any finite physical system we may identify, it is contained within a larger relative frame of reference that governs the behavior of the system.

2. Elaborated, more differentiated systems are stochastically self-organized from less differentiated, more fundamental components. Complex structures are created out of more basic structures and so on and on.

3. Any physical system is always contained within a larger, less differentiated field by which that system is constrained in fundamental ways. All finite physical systems are interconnected in multiple ways within larger frameworks.

4. All systems are continuously and simultaneously changing upon multiple levels of physical integration. Change is intrinsic to all systems, and unless special conditions occur, all changes tend towards increasing entropy within a system.

5. Because any physical system we may specify at any scale of coordinate reference is contained and constrained by a larger field, we may say that the total universe is therefore infinitely extensive, chronologically eternal, and intensively infinitesimal. In short, the Universe is a non-zero state universe that has no beginning, no end and no fundamental, irreducible state or condition.

1. Exact knowledge associated with any particular physical event is always relative to the scale of observation and the coordinate reference system of the observer.

2. The greater the difference in scale and coordinate reference between observer and event observed, the more uncertain the determination of information associated with any particular event.

3. The smaller the scale of observability, the more universal its applicability. We can expect, for instance, hydrogen nuclei to be approximately equivalent on the other end of the universe as they are around our sun. The larger the scale of observability, the more non-isotropic is the event structure associated with the observation.

4. The smaller the scale of observability, faster the intrinsic rate of occurrence of any event structure occurring at that scale. The larger the scale of observability, the slower the instrinsic rate of occurrence of any event structure occurring at that scale.

5. Coordinate reference systems are relative to the extrinsic scale of event structure. Coordinate reference systems are made synchronous at different scales by the principle of universal simultaneity.

6. Universal cosmological principles of physical reality apply to all coordinate reference structures at all scales of determination, though they are relative to the scale of event structure that occurs.

1. All events in the universe occur everywhere at the same instant, but at different rates of occurrence depending upon their scale.

2. All events are composed of interchangeable energy-forces, their interactions and relations.

3. For every event, there is a corresponding anti-event that is the complement to the event structure and that contrain the event in its coordinate reference system.

4. All event structures are physically complex systems. A system is a set of event structures that have a certain probability of future occurrence within a given coordinate reference system.

5. All event structures at all scales occur synchronously within the same universal coordinate reference system, and this system is constrained by the unidirectionality of space and the forward directionality of time. In the total universe, a future event may not occur before a past event. The same object cannot travel in two different directions at the same time and remain the same object.

This dogma defines a universal paradigm by which we can frame our understanding of events in the physical universe. All events must occur within this paradigm, at least within the framework of the observable universe, the structure of which is tied to our capacity for at least indirect physical observation.

Define natural physical systems.

Distinguish these from biological systems and define these.