Chapter IX

Physical Systems

I have come to elaborate a basic theory of cosmology and of physical reality that is based upon the conception of the total universe as a system of energy exchange and conversion from one level of integration to another. All forms of energy, including gravitational energy and possibly other unknown kinds of energy, are equivalent to one another and hence become interchangeable forces that occupy different states with associated properties. In a sense, matter that takes the form of particulate entities or stable mass-bearing structures, are a form of energy system as well that exhibits both interaction and equivalence with all other kinds of energy. Different properties that may be associated with one or another kind of elementary particle are the consequences, or the result, of the distinct set of attributes associated with a particular state configuration that energy may take. Our accounting systems have not completely defined the role and place of gravitation in the dynamic structure of physical reality, probably because gravitation is associated with a form of physical reality with which we are theoretically unfamiliar. We are unfamiliar with this general state not because we do not have direct experience of it, so much as because our way of thinking about it tends to make its possibility seem oblivious and invisible to us.

This view of cosmology is congruent with a theoretical paradigm of natural systems that views all real metasystems as working systems involving some form of exchange of energy. These processes all occur within a framework of universal relativity that stipulates that, though the rate of periodic processes associated with these exchange events is tied to the absolute size and density of a system, all processes in the universe are coordinate and occur simultaneously, or instantaneously, in a universal sense. On the grandest scale, the total universe is like a wonderful time-keeping piece of machinery. All stable states of this system are based upon the existence of natural thresholds and minimal energy states, or relative rest states that can be thought of as the locally or immediately preferred state. The energy exchange processes occurring within the universe therefore achieve complex forms of dynamic equilibrium between relatively stable and transitional intermediate states, and these complex equilibria determine the structural patterning that the physical shape of the universe takes. Energy exchange processes, at whatever level of integration they occur or are analyzed upon, are essentially entropic, and this constitutes the fundamental principles of universal dynamics. Universal dynamics demonstrates that for whatever finite mechanical system we may stipulate upon whatever level of scale, or for whatever form of energy we may specify, this system will always be embedded within a larger space-time manifold that will serve as the background energy sink for the escape of energy from the system. The structure of physical reality is therefore, based upon the logical inference of observable evidence, said to be infinitesimally constituent or composite. For any discrete microscopic state we may identify or isolate, any such state is the product of processes occurring on a more elementary scale of measurement. Physical reality can be said to be therefore infinitesimally unlimited, and hence there are no absolute "atomic" or fundamental constituents that we may specify that are not the product of some finer set of processes. And if the universe can be said to be infinitesimally unlimited, we can also logically conclude that the universe is therefore also probably extensively infinite and unbounded, and if it is unbounded in space, it is also probably unlimited in time since space and time are intrinsically connected in the structure of the universe. Thus the universe in its most basic sense and broadest outline is infinite and eternal. It had no original beginning and will have no ultimate conclusion. It also therefore probably has had no definable "center" from which all other states or processes derived, and if it had no central point of origin, therefore we cannot specify a single cosmic big-bang event, and we must also modify a general relativistic conception of the universe as uniformly isotropic in the curvature of space-time.

The theory of the dynamic state universe is based upon a number of significant propositions and parameters about the physical structure of reality and the cosmological principle. Processes we observe for the solar production of elements and for the life-cycles of solar systems must be taken into greater account when we consider greater cosmogeny and cosmology. Chains of causation that we can observe or infer empirically in the observation of our own solar system, are extendable to the description of all solar systems, and is somehow related to the chains of origination that formed the universe in the first place and its physical components. Theories of the origins of elements and nuclides have not been previously tied to theories of the origins of the universe in general. The reason for doing so in the case of this theory of the dynamic state universe is to extend the cosmological principle not only cosmographically across the space of the observable universe, but through time to the remote origins of the universe as well. The same physical processes of formation of matter that occur today inside the stellar furnaces must be the same basic processes, or at least related somehow to the basic processes, that lead to the formation of the first matter in the universe. The central dogma of the physical sciences is that complex and composite physical formations are always constituted by more basic physical processes and structures. This central dogma is exemplified in the tendency in galaxies for heavier nuclei to be created and to accumulate, up until the range of the atomic number of iron, at the expense of lighter nuclei. We must seek the origin of the first matter in terms of the origin of hydrogen nuclei, the most basic kind of matter known to exist. We therefore cannot presuppose a chain of origination or causation in which basic physical entities or processes arise out of preexisting complex and composite physical structures or states.

The theory of the dynamic state universe hinges upon an inferrable and testable relationship of basic physical systems. First, it hinges upon a hypothesis that hydrogen nuclei are "spontaneously" created at regular rates in the universe. We must be able to explain the origin of hydrogen as the most elementary form of stable matter, as a natural function of the interaction of basic forces and event structures in the universe, without invoking models that imply the preexistence of hydrogen in the first place. The mechanism of this production hinges first upon the understanding of the elementary structure of the atom and its formation, and secondly upon an understanding of a unified field of dynamic energy that embraces gravitational phenomena:

1. Elementary subatomic structure and the characteristic properties associated with discrete particles are in fact composite and mostly transitory states that are made up of a few basic constituent entities. The process of radioactive decay, Cerenkov radiation and magic numbers suggest strongly that the basic subatomic particles, namely protons and neutrons that compose the nucleus, are in fact stable formations consisting of positrons, electrons and neutrinos that are bound in very tight orbital trajectories with the consequence that the concentration of mass, or the gravitational effect, occurs upon these entities. Other hadrons are impermanent composites based upon the combination of more basic structures. If all subatomic particles can be reduced to being variable intances of electrons, positrons and neutrinos, then we can identify the production of hydrogen as a natural consequence of the charge-dissociation of space-time and the spontaneous generation of electro-magnetic radiation, or of photons from gravitons, the collision of which results in the formation of stable electron-positron pairs. This theory therefore hinges upon the demonstration of the spontaneous production of electro-magnetic radiation as the result of gravitational distortions or differentials of the gravitational field.

2. Understanding the dynamics of gravitation in relation to the atomic nucleus and in relation to space-time and electromagnetic radiation therefore comprises an important achievement in physical systems theory. We may demonstrate in logical principle the continuous production of electromagnetic radiation from charge dissociated states of the atomic nuclei and its electron complement, as the result of the induction of gravitational energy from the surrounding space-time manifold. This occurs for instance in the core of the earth and in the core of most large planetary and solar bodies as a matter of fact. I believe we may logically demonstrate as well in solar cores the production of hydrogen nuclei, which are then mostly thrown off or else used in the replacement of solar matter that is lost through intensive radiation, as a direct result of the gravitational forces that impinge upon these cores due to the collection of massive formations of hydrogen and other atomic nuclei about the center of gravity.

It is much more difficult to demonstrate the similar processes of the production of light energy and new mass-bearing matter in the form of hydrogen nuclei in the absence of the strong gravitational fields produced by prexisting matter, but the hypothesis is that gravitational energy is intrinsic to the structure of space-time, and represents a form of "dark" energy that is embedded in otherwise empty space-time. Space-time flows much like the wind or a fluid, through the universe, and the isotropic patterns of this flow in local contexts, its turbulence and flow dynamics, determines the structure of gravitational patterning. Flow of space-time into large gravitational masses is the consequence of the continuous replacement of the mass-energy of these structures by gravitational energy. Electro-magnetic radiation is a consequence of this gravitational induction.

It becomes possible to imagine scenarios in empty space-time in which the flow dynamics of local fields become distorted, convoluted or else form cyclonic structures due to the intertidal nature of these flows through empty space. The consequence of this would be the production of light energy in increasing amounts of intensity. It is possible furthermore that light energy, once spontaneously generated from such tidal gravitational fields, would result in increasing residual disturbance or disequilibrium of the otherwise stable and uniform gravitational field of empty space time. Because it is the nature of light to be evanescent and to always escape, light thus produced would forever be lost into an infinite background sink. But of this light produced, a certain small percentage of this light energy, in the form of photons, must collide with itself resulting in the production of electrons and positrons. As more and more light energy is produced, increasing frequencies of collision is expected to occur. Unlike current theory, it is doubtful that positrons simply become annihilated after being produced. These fundamental complementary pairs must accumulate and arrange themselves in a manner that results in the formation of a fundamental atomic nucleus. Vast ionized seas would be found to exist in space, and there may even be a form of space-lightening that is the result of the differentials of accumulated charges between areas. Once formed, these entities are relatively permanent and stable, and thus would gradually accumulate in space-time until a point is reached that these accumulations would achieve, through isotropic stochastic distribution, densities sufficient to result in the formation of a gravitationally unified body. Once gravitationally unified bodies have formed, the stage is set for the further production of heavier and heavier elements and matter, and thus the increasing disturbance and differentiation of gravitational structure.

The long term trends of this process would be the gradual accumulation and stockpiling of light, hydrogen, and heavier elements through increasing numbers of stars, and the formation of larger gravitationally unified structures in terms of galaxies and supergalaxies, and the eventual formation and accumulation of stable black hole systems. At this stage, matter that has been produced in the universe may in essence be returned back to the fold of space-time as simple gravitational energy.

That the universe is infinite in extent is suggested by the fact that light is always lost to a background sink. If the universe were somehow closed and finite in space-time, light would have to gradually increase in intensity as a result. If this theory is correct, then we can suggest that the total volume of matter in the universe, while astronomical, is not infinite, but finite. It was produced as a function of a finite process occurring in normal space-time, and its production has continued, although it has grown exponentially as the dynamic forces the lead to its production mount as the result of feedback from the accumulation of mass-bearing matter.

The observable expansion of the universe would be I believe an index of the rate of growth of the finite universe, or rather the self-organizing distribution of new matter as it forms in space as a result of increasing perturbation of the background gravitational field. The self-organization of the universe would fit the cosmological principle and would be the consequence of a process that is complementary to and serves to offset processes of gravitational induction of space-time by mass-bearing systems. We can understand this if we consider that mass-bearing systems that attain gravitational unification achieve a steady-state equilibrium of structure that does not change dramatically except over the very long term. Thus, for instance, the gravitational forces of the sun that hold its hot sea of gases and plasma to a core, exist in a kind of steady-state equilibrium that maintains the size of the sun. Any excess energy or mass that is produced by the sun's gravitational furnace will be blown off, often explosively, into the surrounding space. The gravitational equilibrium that systems exhibit in this manner is complex and not easy to explain.

Little new mass, beyond replacement matter, will be added to the star, but in the course of its lifetime, far more mass will be lost to the spime background than is contained within or replaced by the star itself. I believe this intrinsic mass equilibrium of a system, or its gravitational equilibrium, can be understood in a manner similar to how we understand the inertia of acceleration of moving objects that are in a continuous motional trajectory, and perhaps for the same sets of reasons. It would require the input of a large amount of new energy, as a perturbing force, to alter the gravitational equilibrium that is achieved by a system, whether this is in terms of the growth of the intrinsic system as a gravitating body or whether this is a matter of the motional-trajectory of such a system through the spime background. This fits a law of gravitational dynamics that relates these processes to known principles of thermodynamics. We cannot get out of a system more than the sum of what we put into the system and that contained intrinsically by the system itself. The ratio and rate of replacement by the system is equivalent to the inertia or relational entropy of the system. It is in other words, a measure of its less than perfect transformation of energy and its inefficiency as a working system. We may understand this phenomenon if we see that from the standpoint of a limited model of thermodynamics, gravitational induction systems that are long-lived appear to defy the basic principles governing thermodynamics. From another standpoint, if energy is not created from nothing, but merely converted from one form into another, then we can understand that this conversion process may not be perfect, but result in the significant loss of energy of an alternate form.

We may demonstrate I believe the principle of extensively infinite of the universe, and the probable extensive infinity of the original empty-state universe, by demonstrating the universal laws of thermodynamics. We can in other words imagine no real system that is not surrounded by a sink in time and place--the presence of a surrounding energy sink suggests that this background spime context is in fact infinite in extent.

The original universe then can be defined as most likely an "empty-state" universe in which there existed virtually no matter and hence a minimal degree of gravitational disequilibrium. We may invoke principles of universal relativity to understand that this empty-state universe, if it were truly empty state, would exist essentially in a singularity or alternatively in a state of completely undifferentiated space-time. If space-time were undifferentiated, a second could be equivalent to an eternity, and the size of the Planck constant could be the size of the total universe.

It is evident that even space-time itself, or the substance of the background structure of the universe, is not completely undifferentiated. It appears to exist as something, as a form of energy that has the characteristics of existing in real space and time. It is the origin of the empty state universe, as an inferrable original state, that begs to be explained by our theory. It is evident that spime, as a substance of space-time, is constituted gravitationally, and exists in a sense as an "already unified field" in the background of the universe. This spime background may be minimally differentiated, but it appears that gravitation as a phenomenon is not completely undifferentiated. In other words, the flow of gravitational fields isotropically may relate to different properties or characteristics that obain to those fields as a result. I have explained this by the example of spime being constituted by energy-event structures called nth-particulates and these nth-particulates may be systematically differentiated into several classes or kinds based possibly on differential characteristics of spin and direction that they may obtain.

I have attempted to explain these differentiated energy event structures as but variations of a single basic 'zeroth entity' which is itself of a composite nature. Variations of the structure of something as basic as the zeroth entity would suggest that our universe is in fact a part of a larger multi-parallel universe structure that interpenetrate one another everywhere at the same time. Thus we can logically infer a fundamental variability of the structural patterning of the universe, because, if the most basic elementary structure of the universe were totally invariable or undifferentiated, then we could not explain the subsequent rise of variable structures. If this is the case, then we can also surmise that the universe must be part of a more comprehensive metastate or alternate state system, of which our own physical state universe is but one alternative state among many. We can thus hypothesize not only extensive and intensive stratification of physical reality, but also another form of stratification that occurs upon the most fundamental levels of all.

The universe of which we are a part might be but one facet of a multifaceted system, one that interpenetrates itself at every point and place of space time simultaneously.

If this model of cosmology and cosmography is correct, then, it is evident that the universe would be without center, but that the amount of matter contained within the universe would have a central distribution about it, because it would be by definition created and it would be in total amount finite. The universe consists therefore of a finite, but very large, sum of energy and matter in an infinite background, which itself is composed of an infinite amount of "negative" energy that expresses itself gravitationally. Factors affecting gravitational equilibrium of finite systems determines that there should be a random and fairly even spacing of matter across its distribution. Collision and gravitational attraction of large mass-bearing systems would have explosive consequences that would lead to the far-flung redistribution of the matter contained in the system. If the universe is expanding, it is expanding in a Machian sense that as matter and energy accumulate on an exponential or logarithmic scale, then the extent of its natural and self-organized distribution should be growing as well. This growth will be most evident the further away one observes the phenomenon.

The universe is also likely to have started at more than one place during the same period of time, or alternative, to have started at multiple periods of time over many different places. In mapping the larger cosmography of a nonisotropic distribution of matter and energy in the universe, it is not impossible that there may occur relatively large empty regions in which no matter as we know this may be found at all. Thus larger "universal" physical systems may be more or less evenly distributed over much larger spaces than we can now observe or imagine.

If we hypothesize an original big bang event, or a single cosmic egg, it is possible that the original cosmic egg may have been little larger than the size of our sun, and may have represented the first star system, the Adam system, to have formed in the universe. It is highly unlikely that a single such system would have arisen in total isolation, but more likely that several or even numerous similar kinds of systems arose initially at more or less the same time. Some of these primordial systems may have exploded, casting their matter and energy out in ever widening distributions in empty spacetime like so many seeds sown to the wind.

Matter and energy cannot be created or destroyed, but only converted into an alternate form. The basic law of universal dynamics determine that this process of conversion is never perfect or ideal. The conversion of energy from one form into another always entails therefore the fundamental loss of a certain percentage of the total energy, or an inefficiency of conversion. I propose that the alternate form of energy of which both matter and thermodynamic radiation are variations, is what we experience usually as gravitational energy, and it is the latent energy of the background space-time context, or what I refer to as spime. Gravitational energy as this is normally experienced on earth is in essence the flow of the spime-manifold within and around the body of the earth itself. The gravitational energy experienced as tidal fluctuations of the oceans is in essence the result of gravitational radiation that is emitted from a distant source such as the moon or the sun, and represents a different expression of the phenomenon of gravitation than does the effect of a falling body in the earth's gravitational field.

We may see the nucleus of an atom therefore as a kind of miniature gravitational machine that is continuously inducting the energy from its surrounding space-time manifold, converting this energy into various forms of atomic motion and radiation, and then giving this energy back out as entropic heat or other kinds of lost energy. This energy becomes in time expressed as standard radiation or radioactivity, as well as spotaneous generation of heat through kinetic motion. What characterizes the minimal atomic nucleus, which would be the proton, is as a mass-bearing entity that exhibits spatio-temporal continuity over the long run. It is a stable system that is gravitationally unified. What is evident is that nuclear mass-bearing systems may accumulate together, but intranuclearly, and internuclearly, in order to share their mass-effects and to achieve a common gravitational center or focus. The individual nucleon gives up something of its own mass, known as mass defect, in order to participate in a much larger multi-nuclear system. The intra-nuclear and inter-molecular forces that hold such a system together are in essence concentrated derivatives of gravitational forces and fields from which they are locally derived. That nucleons will tend to clump and accumulate in gravitationally unified systems makes sense from a universal dynamic standpoint, as participating in a larger system, the nucleon would exist itself at a lower net energy level and hence would be more stable.

We may state stochastically the following derivative dogmas of the central dogma of physical reality:

A. Spime tends toward accumulative concentration as gravitational energy.

Gravitational energy tends in the long run toward accumulative concentration as thermodynamic energy.

Thermodynamic energy tends in the long run toward accumulative concentration as normal nucleonic matter.

Normal nucleonic matter tends in the long run toward accumulative concentration as supermatter that is contained in blackhole.

B. All lost energy as the result of the inefficiencies and equilibrium of these conversion processes tends to be returned to more basic levels of energy dynamics. It is believed that energy lost from conversion of matter to supermatter within a blackhole system is lost as either pure spime or gravitational energy of one form or another. What is clear is that conversion of basic energy from one form into another upon whatever level of stratification that this takes place is always instantaneously achieved under the right circumstances and this conversion is always never 100 percent perfect. The lost energy defines a secondary pathway of any system that serves to equilibriate and to complement the dynamics of a system. It serves to connect the system to a larger framework of all other systems.

It is likely that the ratio of hydrogen to iron in early phases of the universe were much higher than in later phases. I do not believe it is reasonable to assume that all the hydrogen that exists in the universe was essentially produced during a single, relatively brief phase of the early development of the universe. Hydrogen appears to be cosmologically distributed throughout space, and it is reasonable to assume that there has always existed mechanisms for the continuous production of new hydrogen in the universe. The only reasonable mechanism would be the production of electron-positron pairs through the collision of photons, especially in energy intensive contexts. Evidence from stellar systems suggests strongly that new hydrogen material is continuous manufactured in stellar furnaces, only to be either reconsumed in further fusion processes, or else blown into outer space to become the accumulating debris that floats through space. It is not this mechanism that concerns me, as I believe it occurs and has long occurred as a normal avenue, but it is the alternative and original mechanism for the production of hydrogen nuclei that is of greater interest to me.

At each level of stratification of energy exchange dynamics, we may specify an overriding paradigm of dynamic principles that govern these exchange processes. These may be ranked on the following hierarchy:

This paradigm is as yet unproven, but it extends considerably basic laws of thermodynamics as these have been developed over the years in relation to the physical sciences especially. It allows for a broader definition of basic energy dynamics that would include phenomena that cannot otherwise be accounted for in the standard paradigm of thermodynamic systems that deals exclusively with the heat transfer of systems.

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The key characteristic of the zeroth entity, I would claim, is that of universal singularity, or what I might call universal simultaneity. The zeroth entity would have an infinite speed, and an infinite likelihood of occurring anywhere in the universe at any one time. We might best summarize this as an infinite number of points, each of which as an equal likelihood of occurring at any point in space at the same time, with the stipulation that no two points may occur at the same place at the same time, unless some consequence or conversion event results.

Mass defect is the measure of the binding energy, or displaced mass, that is the result of the formation of large nuclei from smaller nuclear components.

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Space-time may well be machian in structure and conformity, such that its distribution and dynamics depend upon the relative distribution of mass-bearing matter and energy in the universe. At the same time, if we can hypothesize an empty-state universe, we must conclude that the empty-state universe was relatively non-Machian in structure.

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Acceleration of an object through space-time as the result of a force that perturbs the motional trajectory of an object, or the equivalent acceleration of an object within a gravitational field, is entirely a function, I believe, of the changing temporal frame of reference within which the object exists. The object accelerates because the clock governing the rate of change of the object becomes slower, however slightly, compared to the previous rate. These changes can only be understood by means of a complex form of calculus that compares instantaneous rates of change within a dynamic continuum. These rates are determined by the gravitational field that conforms and situates the object within its space-time manifold, a field governing uniformly all periodic process within this conformational structure. Two different objects, upon two different trajectories within two different manifolds, can be said to exist at different temporal settings. The observation of one setting from the vantage point of the other would reveal no difference in temporal rates.

This natural clock can be considered to be the pattern of integration achieved by an object in its state-path trajectory, in relational context to the shape and configuration of the space-time manifold that it inhabits. We can imagine all entities and systems that are gravitationally unified to be bound within a space-time envelope that takes on certain characteristics of shape, motion, direction and acceleration, depending upon the factors occurring in relationship to that envelope. It is the motional characteristics of the space-time envelope that make objects move. Objects themselves remain frozen or fixed, but the space that they occupy is in constant dynamic motion. The energy associated with the motional trajectory and speed of an object is not energy that is intrinsic to the object, rather it is the energy that is latent and expressed within the fold of space-time itself. It is as a large wave that carries a surfboard or boat upon its crest. It is more like an envelope that takes certain shapes depending upon the size, shape and directional orientation of an object.

Time can be said to be nothing more than the measure of the relative energy and size that a system inhabits in space-time. It is the measure of the relative level at which an object exists. Time can be thought of as a multidimensional variable that is relative to the mechanics of the system being measured. Time may occur multidimensionally within the same system at multiple levels of analysis. In fact, all dimensions of time must interpenetrate the same system at the same time, as every system is part of the larger continuum of physical reality.

Motion and acceleration can be said to be the product of gravitational disequilibrium that distorts the space-time manifold containing an object. In the universe we can recognize no permanently or absolutely stationary objects, there is no absolute rest, so all things exist in some kind of motional disequilibrium whether this is apparent or not. An argument can be made for the notion that all objects are probably in an infinite number of different motional trajectories simultaneously within different levels of the temporal continuum containing the object. The apparent motion of an object is always that direct motion that is observable in reference to a background coordinate reference system. Indirect motion is that which occurs inferrentially but which is not normally directly observable.

In other words, we may say that the direct effect of gravitational influence upon an object is the adjustment of the "clock" governing the motional principles or relationships, the mechanics, of the object. Acceleration in the direction of greatest change is the direct result of these changes that occur. Another way of seeing this is to understand that the universe exists instantaneous upon an infinite number of parallel planes at the same time- in fact a temporally defined continuum-each plane represents a discrete rate of change that is possible upon that level. These levels are conflated within the same three-space and cooccur simultaneously in the same universe. As an object accelerates, it is shifting its position upon this continuum to another level, the consequence of which is the alteration of the rate of change that is expressed in the motional mechanics and dynamics of the system.

We may make some generalizations regarding therefore the temporal continuum of the instantaneous universe. First, this continuum is relative to the "size" of the system in question. Second, we may range this continuum between infinitely slow and infinitely fast change events. If this range is relative to the size of the system in question, we may say that an infinitely fast system is an infinitesimal system that occupies a zero point at the same time. An infinitely slow system is one that is therefore infinitely large, and can be said to occupy an infinitely vast system at the same time. If we want to understand the doppler shift of light over vast systems, we might understand such "slowing" effects to be the natural consequence of the vast trajectory and size of an integrated light field that this system represents, and therefore a correlated slowing down of all periodic processes associated with that field. We may extend this line of reasoning to account for physical indeterminancy of change events. The faster (or smaller) the rate of change that is relative to an event structure, the more precisely indeterminant that event structure can be said to be in space-time. An infinitely fast entity is not only an infinitesimally small entity but one that cannot be precisely fixed in a certain manner at any specific point of place and time.

It follows that the total universe is infinitely large and infinitely slow in its change processes, and its change processes are the most precisely determinable. This represents only one end of the continuum of change of physical structure. The paradox is that the infinitely large and the infinitely small appear to occupy the same space at the same time--it can only accomplish this by the relative differentiation of rates of change that govern their mechanical processes. The total universe in a sense becomes partitioned up dynamically into a patchwork mosaic of processes that cooccur at different rates. This patchwork mosaic occupies all of universal three-space and is in continuous fluctuation. The universe accomplishes, through space-time integration, the feat of coordinating all these processes such that no processes that occur are nonsynchronous or discontinuous with any other processes that happen simultaneously. The mechanics described in these processes are of course relativistic to a general frame that is not conventionally represented in Euclidean three-space.

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To explain a dynamic state universe, we need to develop a model of how light energy can be spontaneously created from apparent nothingness of empty space-time and how this light energy, which is forever radiant and entropic, can collect in concentrations enough to lead to the production of electron-positron pairs. I believe it is the concentration of light energy in stellar orbs that result in the production of new atomic nuclei and formations of electrons. The rate of production of these nuclei occurs at a much greater frequency within such dense systems than in regions of empty space, where the rate of occurrence of production would be extremely low.

It follows that if the original state universe were largely an "empty" and undifferentiated field of smooth space-time, then the accumulation of stable atomic nuclei due to the continuous production of background radiation was extremely slow. It would have required a tremendous amount of time for enogh nuclei to accumulate in such empty-space time to lead to the formation of dense, star-producing clouds of hydrogen gas.

It also follows that in time, denser and denser formations of atomic nuclei will develop with ever greater gravitational forces attributed to such nuclei. It follows that denser and denser formations of matter will accumulate, in the form of blackholes. The number of black holes will increase in time, and it should follow as well that the size of blackhole structures should also increase, if these structures do not obtain an original equilibrium.

Even if black holes increase in density and relative concentration in the universe, it can be expected as well that there will continue to be basic production of hydrogen nuclei and light that will fuel the formation of new stellar systems and galaxies.

I speculate furthermore, as I have previously, that there exist fundamental event structures, more elementary than the known classes of elementary particles that compose the differential structures and account for the varying properties of these particles. I will call these fundamental event structures nth-particulates.

Cerenkov radiation offers an effect of spontaneous light emission that may account for the generation of light from the structural fold of space-time itself.

If we create an electron, then we create a kind of "hole" in the structure of space-time that permits the occurrence of a proton-like structure to fill this hole. In essence, a proton-like structure is this "hole" in the structure of space-time. The donut then is the orbital of the electron that surrounds and creates this hole. Distinct physical properties can be attributed to this hole.

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I have elaborated a general theory of the dynamic state universe that exists in a complex kind of stratified equilibrium and that is evolving slowly. This theory is conceptually coherent and empirically consistent, lacking either proofs or succinct mathematical models, but it has led to theoretical predictions that are experimentally testable. This model predicts that the universe is infinite and eternal, and that it arose through blind stochastic process from random event processes that lead to increasing frequencies of variable, higher order, and increasingly dynamic pattern structures. The original state universe was probably a relatively empty and smooth single manifold. Space-time was everywhere unperturbed, and in this state, the size of the universe could be either infinitely large or infinitely small. Size is a relative condition of space-time that arose with the gradual stratification and self-organizing differentiation of the universe as a system. Whatever processes have occurred or will occur, the basic structural order, the central physical dogma of the universe, remains unaltered and the same. Dynamic equilibrium at all levels is preserved, and a perfect sense of balance is always maintained between order and disorder, energy and entropy. We cannot guess the conformational structures or the dimensional manifolds of the total universe except through inference derived from certain speculations of its processes. The total universe is far older, far larger and far more dimensionally complex than anything we have yet imagined, and yet its larger sense of order is probably non-uniform and fundamentally chaotic. The concept of an expanding system can be accommodated within this model, but this expansion is seen as being relative to the scale at which such expansion is observed. Imputation of expansion of the total universe defies the cosmological principle by the imposition of a kind of uniform structure to space-time that it should hypothetically lack in a larger, superregional frame of reference. Superregional space-time manifolds are bridged and joined by multi-dimensional variables that exist at the heart of all physical processes occurring in the universe. Within such a reticulated and irregular framework, multiple interconnected space-time manifolds are hypothesized to occur, and expansion in one such manifold may or may not occur in any other related manifold.

The relativity of space-time scale and size that I propose is related directly to the special relativity and general relativity models proposed by Einstein. We may say, for instance, that the acceleration of a clock towards light speed is the equivalent of enlarging the scale at which the clock occurs to the physical limits that are determined by light. It is not strictly speaking a kind of extrinsic observational relativity that depends only upon the point of view of the observer. It is rather an a priori relativity that can be said to prestructure the point of view of the observer depending upon the frame of reference that the observer exists and conducts experiments upon. Thus it is a form of relativity that rests upon the intrinsic property of the structure of space-time itself at different scales of size and duration.

Processes of stellar creation have been continuous and derived from the accumulation of primarily hydrogen gases in space-time. These clouds tend toward increasing density in regions resulting in perturbations of the space-time manifold that they occupy. They tend to collect and possibly exert a weak attractive force to one another that must be gravitational. Formation of blackholes is the natural end-path of the gradual amalgamation of mass in the universe. It does not happen all at once.

Blackholes appear to be very long-lived entities because they are very stable. But it is apparent that they act like "garbage disposals" for the universe, essentially disintegrating old mass in the universe that is caught into its gravitational vortex. Returning this gravitational mass, as either pure gravitational energy, or alternatively, as some form of particulate energy that we do not yet understand. When matter enters into a blackhole, it becomes instantaneously destroyed, as matter, and its basic energy is released back to the surrounding space-time manifold as primarily gravitational energy. This new energy can be cast out into the larger context at very vast distances, and may form in part the basis for the hypothesis of an expanding space-time manifold. At this stage, the contructive processes that lead to the formation and stockpiling of matter in the universe has come full circle, and gets returned back to the ground state from which it originated. This describes a basic cycle of energy and matter in the universe that decribes the larger framework of the universe as superregional systems. The distribution of visible mass and therefore of the components of the stellar formation processes appear to be relatively ubiquitous and evenly spread throughout the universe in larger galactic cluster and supercluster formations. The cycle is one that, for any given hydrogen nucleii can take billions of solar years to complete. It is probable that light energy that is broadcast omnidirectionally from any particular star, will itself follow a very large, and ultimately a very long, cycle, before that light enters into some alternative phase. One must ask if not light energy can achieve concentrations, per unit area-time of its traverse from different directions that would lead to significant interactions at relatively high frequencies. Otherwise, light appears to simply diffuse out in great arcs from its point of origin, until it reaches a point of shifting to lower frequencies that it becomes possibly captured back into the space-time manifold from which it originally arose in the first place.

Yet other cycles in the universe may be discovered or surmised to exist. Gravitational energy, in its various flows and radiation, must somehow cycle and interact with itself such that it may yield a basic phase transition somewhere along its trajectory into something else. It is evident that this occurs in heavy mass-matter systems. I would speculate as well that in empty space there occur peculiar confluences and conformational four-dimensional structures of gravitation. We may even imagine a kind of twisting of the structure of space-time back upon itself such that one manifold may form several jointed structures. I will speculate that these are vortices that occur as the result of differential flow patterns of space-time, and that these vortices may assume a fairly stable and long-lived structure. In these vortices, gravitational flow could lead to a concentric or alternatively to a saddle-shaped structure that results in gravitational intra-action and possibly the spontaneous generation of heat energy, which, if red-shifted, would appear as a microwave background. I will speculate that this is a normal occurrence, especially in intergallactic regions of relatively empty space. A concentric flow pattern is not unlike the kind of flow pattern that results from the progressive concentration and gravitational unification of matter.

The picture that results from the consideration of such great and fundamental cycles of physical nature is the gradual emergence and accumulation of familiar forms of energy, matter and mass processes leading up to the current distribution and configuration. There would have been a gradual accumulation and stockpiling of energy and matter at several levels of its occurrence. These processes would be continuing today in much the same form as they occurred originally, only the ratios and variegation of the universe is much greater today than it was during an original time frame.

The great stability of blackholes as gravitational systems containing some form of nucleonic supermass must be taken into account. Once formed, such systems may eventually become relatively permanent structures unless some disturbing forces or events occur that alters its gravitational equilibrium. If the nucleii of superheavy transuranic elements occur in such supermatter, then it must occur as a kind of lattice or crystallytic structure, or, else, possibly as a kind of liquid. Whichever phase it normally occurs within, it can be thought to be largely dispossessed of its electron complement and hence emits little or no light of the common visible spectrum. Such structures would therefore have a tremendous positive charge that would be associated with its fields, a structure held together primarily by the infinite gravitational forces of space-time converging upon it from every angle and at every point imaginable.

I have undertaken to devise a new cosmological model of the universe based upon a theory of physical reality that reduces elementary particles to a single set of entities and that unifies the four energies as derivatives of a single gravitational field that defines a complex multidimensional space-time system. The cosmological principle states on one hand the nonisotropic structure of the larger physical framework of the universe. On the other hand, it states as well the general consistency of physical processes and order in the universe.

There has been only a single general pathway for the production of heavier atomic nuclei, or elements, and this has been through the gravitational pressures of stars and the fusion of hydrogen nuclei.

We must have an explanation for the formation of hydrogen nuclei that is independent of the fusion-fission processes that occur in star systems, and that account for the origination such stars in the first place.

A unified field theory should unite the gravitational and electromagnetic fields, as well as the weak and strong fields. Such a theory should also account for all observable elementary particles that may occur upon a fundamental, sub-atomic level.

A unified field theory should also provide an accounting of gravitationally dynamic phenomena that is a function of the interaction of matter in gravitational fields, and the formation of gravitational fieldlines and flows defining the structure and shape of space-time relationships.

Hydrogen nuclei, namely protons, are formed spontaneously from positronic capture and interaction of positrons, electrons and neutrinos. Positrons and electrons are created as symmetrical pairs from the collision of photons. All baryons are essentially the combination of lepton particles, and all lepton particles are the combination of classon entities. All classon entities are in turn the combination of nth-particulates. We can therefore build matter, and all composite structures of physical reality, from basic components that are minimally differentiated upon the basis of spin. Hydrogen nuclei are the most stable form of gravitationally attached baryon that occurs.

We can from this theory expect the continuous production of new hydrogen nuclei from positron capture and the production of positron-electron pairs from the constructive collision of photons. Collision takes place as a problem of frequency, and we can expect high frequencies in context of stellar interiors, or hydrogen furnaces, and relatively low frequencies in empty, intergallactic space. Much new mass produced within star systems is simply blown off into outerspace as stellar wind, as it is clear that such a system maintains internally a form of gravitational equilibrium that defines its solid mass structure. This equilibrium must be accounted for in terms of the unification of a system within a space-time manifold. We can expect as well the spontaneous production of photons from conditions of gravitational disturbances, or space-time turbulence that is the result of the differential flow patterns of space-time. We can see this gravitational disequilibrium being greatest in conditions where gravitational structures lead to concentration of mass.

This theory is derived from the observation that all radioactive decay emissions take the form of positron-electrons, photons or alpha particles, which are essentially helium nuclei. Helium nuclei are explanable as the most stable nucleonic formations possible. The decay of protons is always effected by the emission of positrons or the absorption of electrons, which are taken as equivalent processes in the alteration of the atomic number of a nucleus. We can understand a proton therefore as a captured positron, and we can understand that protons, that charge balance electrons, are stable positrons that may exist in stable form only by means of their mass connections within a system. Mass connections serve to localize a particulate entity, like a positron, in an approximately localized area. The amount of energy that is involved in this localization, in regard to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, is extremely high. It would be the equivalent to confining the orbital trajectory of an electron to a very small fraction of its normal orbit with a very high probability of its occurrence.

We find a curious relationship, along this line of thinking, between mass and a string theory of gravitational fieldlines interconnecting atomic nuclei and other particles, and the notion of uncertainty of finding the particle at any particular point in time and place simultaneously. The absolute mass of any system is directly correlated with the relative particularity of a point of a system. The greater the mass of a particulate entity, the more likely that entity will be found within a very localized frame of reference. This is why it requires a great deal of energy to move a very massive collection of dense matter. Light particulate entities, that are gravitationally unattached, move naturally, freely, as a consequence of having no "strings" attached.

All matter has mass as a function of the attachment of gravitational fieldlines, or gravitational strings. Electrons and photons are gravitationally detached. They have no mass because they have no "strings attached" between them and the rest of the universe. Strings define the probabilistic rate and direction of flow of energy between two entities, or between an entity and its space-time manifold. This flow of energy is always reciprocal and in equilibrium, though it can be assymmetrical and isotropically uneven. We normally experience this flow as motion.

The formation of hydrogen nuclei in the universe has not been observed to occur, but it must be ubiquitous and continuous in occurrence. Its cosmological continuity is attested to by the prevalence of hydrogen gas and the formation of countless star systems on a continuous basis throughout the universe. In this model, high element planets cannot be formed but from the remnants of older star systems, variously composed and decomposed. It is likely that the matter that composes the earth is far older and of far earlier origins that we attribute this the astrogeological history of the earth or the other planetary systems.

Protons are mass and charge-stable entities, just as electrons are charge-stable entities. These characteristics make them the building blocks of the elements and of matter in the physical universe.

It is possible that mass may be described as the relative rate of gravitational displacement, or possibly, of spime replacement, that is determined by the number and size of gravitational strings that attach matter to other matter, and matter to the space-time manifold in which it is situated. Mass defect is the measure of reciprocal interchange of mass, or equivalently, of energy, between nuclei of a gravitationally unified mass system. Mass defect is therefore the measure of the energy of gravitational unification of a system.

Gravitational equilibrium may be defined by a formula relating to mass defect in a system, and to the gravitational imbalance of a system. Defect can be described as the degree to which the mass of any single nucleon shares its mass within a larger system. This must be a function of relative distance between nucleons or nucleonic density. The greater the density, the greater the mass defect. Very concentrated matter, as in Black Holes, must experience a very high ratio of mass defect. This mass is "distributed" to the space-time manifold as additional gravitational fieldlines, or strings, that attach the system to the manifold.

Rates of gravitational acceleration experienced in gravitational fields by free-falling bodies, must therefore be tied to the equilibrium of a gravitational system. The energy differential that is realizable from the equivalence of mass to energy in a system of matter, is energy that is derived gravitationally from the space-time manifold. This energy is not necessarily concentrated in the nuclei of the matter, but distributed in the space-time manifold that contains that matter.

*****

Our understanding of the total universe, and necessarily, of the fundamental structure of physical reality, are theoretically connected. There are two general cosmological models that describe how the universe was formed and its fundamental structural patterning. The predominant and received model of the big bang states that the universe originated as a single cosmic event, perhaps infinitely dense and undifferentiated at the first few moments of its origin. The interpretation of much physical evidence is consonant with this model, and the general theory of relativity defines a structural shape of space-time also consonant with this model. On the other hand, this theory is as yet far from scientifically proven, and there are fundamental dilemmas such a model has yet to account for. Primarily, it is difficult to conceive of an infinite universe in such terms, nor is it easy to reconcile such a model with the larger framework in which such an origin event must have occurred. In other words, were there not some previous or prior external states that served to define the event structures of the big bang itself? Furthermore, even if such a model is consonant with a universal description of the laws of thermodynamics, what is left unexplained is the rise of a previous high-energy system in the first place. It is important, for instance, to note that the organization of high-energy systems in physical reality occur generally as the result of stochastic interactions of lower order systems, and the net result of such systems tends to be anti-entropic in the organization of energy transactions. It is relatively easy to explain the rise of nothing from something, it is rather more difficult to explain the rise of something from nothing.

The origin of elements in star systems has been explained by models put forward by Hoyle et. al, but the natural manufacture of heavy elements is held to have been a separate process from the explanation of an original big bang. Such explanation nontheless is important to the alternative cosmological explanation, originally put forward as a "Steady State" equilibrium model. This theory is largely rejected today because it failed to adequately explain the continuous production of new hydrogen atoms in the universe, upon which mechanism the model rested. The alternative model that I have put forward rests upon the model of the Dynamic State universe, and is a derivative of the early Hoyle-Gold-Bondi model and alternative to the Big Bang model.

Reconcilation must be sought and found upon another, more fundamental level of organization of reality, and this arises from an alternative theory of elementary particles. This theory predicts that hydrogen nuclei (i.e., nucleons such as protons and neutrons) are manufactured on a regular basis both within the core of large gravitating stars, and in empty space, due to the collision of photons and the conversion of the by-products of these collisions into stable hadrons.

Therefore, if this model is correct, we can also find a reconciliaton of the gravitational and electromagnetic fields in terms of the effects of string theory, and in terms of a revised paradigm of gravitational-thermodynamics that takes into better account the observable properties and processes of gravitation. This model builds heavier elementary particles from smaller ones, and predicts that all elementary particles are but alternative states, with different associated properties, that are composed of a single set of smaller and smaller entities without particularistic properties. The most stable particles, charge stable electrons and mass-stable protons, are themselves but symmetrically opposite properties of a single particiculate entity, the nth-particle, and its anti-particle. This constructive process is built up through the classons, photons and gravitons, which again are but charge and mass associated alternative states of the same class of entities with differential properties, or effects. Neutrinos, positrons and electrons, the leptons, that are associated with the weak forces, are but alternative particle states derivative of the classons, and underlie and account for all kinds of derivative hadrons and mesons, most of which are unstable and ephemeral energy states.

In this model, matter rests upon and is built from thermodynamic energy, which is in turn built upon and derivative of gravitational energy, which in turn is built upon even more fundamental processes-entities that are associated with nth-particulates.

We can therefore explain the origins of the universe in common terms that are familiar to us and that are available to our direct empirical investigation and manipulation. We can thereby reconcile our model of the universe with a unified theory of the energy fields of the universe. The resulting model predicts that new mass is commonly created, possibly by a number of pathways, and that old matter may even eventually become destroyed in the gravitational death of a blackhole. The total universe is therefore probably open, infinite, cosmologically non-isotropic, though containing numerous isotropisms at different levels, and is also dynamically evolving upon its own state-path trajectory. Stochastically higher order organizational structures will continue to evolve, but all such structures will be bound within more basic gravitational-thermodynamic frameworks that tie all such patterns to a larger sense of order in the universe.

The alternative explanation of redshift that is observable in the universe is accounted for by a modified kind of Einstein shift of light in strong gravitational fields. This is held to be equivalent both to the process of the natural decay of light energy from shorter to longer frequencies. It is also related to the processes of the structural expansion of space-time, which is itself equivalent to the production of new gravitational energy, and to the dynamic equilibrium of the gravitational constant. The long-term entropic decay is light is only possible in fluctuating large-scale gravitational fields, and this is only possible if we find space-time to be in dynamic flux over the structure of the long-run and in the largest possible frame of reference.

It is likely therefore that emergent models of a total universe will become increasingly dynamic and increasingly complicated, as we become better able to take into account new symmetries and dimensionalities than those we are conventionally used to understanding.

*****

This model is ideologically illegitimate and paradigmatially incorrect, but it does not preclude the possibility of big bang events, as major cosmic episodes, having occurred, at least upon some regional level. The near exclusive acceptance of the big bang model can only be explained in terms of Kuhnian paradigmatics, and the natural human symbolic tendency towards ideological closure when dealing with unknown and uncertain variables. The acceptance of the received Big Bang model is regarded as uncritical and counter-intuitive to much of the evidence, and to a broader picture of the structure and processes in physical reality.

A theory of the unified field begins with an understand that upon a fundamental level all physical things or entities with physical properties are of the same kind, and are only differential expressions of this basic essence--consequences of different state-path trajectories. In this manner, we can find the unity of thermodynamic energy, gravity and matter as being equivalent to one another, and the basis of this universal equivalence is in the fact that all may represent permutations of the same basic set of fundamental states. I find that gravitational energy is probably more basic than thermodynamic energy, and thermodynamic energy is more basic than matter, hence matter may be reducible to heat energy and heat energy may be reducible to gravitational energy. Even gravitational energy may ultimately be reducible to some more basic form of pattern or process that I call "spime" and that incorporates the basic properties of space and time. This outlines what I will call the central dogma of the physical universe--more complex structures and states are built up from more basic and fundamental structures and states. There is an order of creation as well as one of causation in the physical universe, and we cannot therefore hypothesize the derivation of simpler and less complex states from the preexistence of more complex states. To understand this central dogma in the framework of thermodynamics and the laws of entropy, we must see that the order in the universe is achieved stochastically and self-organizationally. The relative efficiency of a form of natural work is accomplished through the organization and transformation of change events in some informationally logical manner. What is observed is the consequence of the overall tendency for all ordered states to seek a condition of maximum disorder, after the fact of their original organization.

The observation that all working systems are by definition finite systems, and are always contained within a set of larger surroundings for which it exhibits ultimately entropic effects, leads to the logical conclusion that the total universe must be infinite in extent. No matter what the scale or size of the working system we may specify for the universe, we can always see that this system will be contained within and constrained by a larger set of surroundings.

If the universe is extensively infinite, we may also assert as well that it may be intensively infinite as well, or infinitesimally reducible. In other words, in such a universe, there are no fundamental irreducible entities or states, but the structure of the universe may be said to be reducibly componential and constituent. Any self-consistent system, characterized by emergent properties, can be said to be a supersystem that is composed of smaller subsystems in dynamic interrelationship to one another.

We may also say that the universe, because it is infinite, must also be essentially eternal--it has lasted forever, and has had therefore not ultimate beginning and will have no end.

The universal field that I write about is in essence the background field within which all kinds of physical phenomena are naturally configured, albeit in very different and often very dynamic ways. This field is mostly perceived by us as being a vast emptiness, a vacuum of nothingness that is filled with the debris and consequences of an original big bang event. And yet, in every instance of an event of whatever kind, this background field appears to exhibit fundamental properties that cannot be violated under any circumstances. I no longer see the universe as a vast emptiness filled with stars and planets and light and hydrogen gas. I see it as an invisible sea of a mysterious ethereal medium that is composes everthing contained within it. An electron, a sun, a moon, these are all merely physical variants of concentration and coordination of this basic and most fundamental of substances

It is perhaps a misnomer to call it a substance, as it is not like the phase states of matter, either as a gas, a liquid or a solid, though some of its properties may resemble any of these alternate phase patterns in an analogical manner. It is not composed of reducible little "things" or entities, though such things may be one of its most omnipresent modes of expression. It is not even just an event or even a process of an ongoing series of events--events are fundamentally conditioned and constrained by it and are perhaps the indirect result of it. Gravitational and relativistic effects seem to be its most basic form of expression, or at least its most directly available consequences. I have termed the name "spime" as a portmanteau of "space-time" to describe this fundamental physical "state."

We may find in the conception of spime therefore the basis for a unified theory of physical reality in the sense that we can see all physical entities, events and states to be derivative of and composed of the differential organization of spime in the universe. All energy exchange events that occur, including both thermodynamic and gravitational events, are fundamentally the interchange and reorganization of spime upon a fundamental level. Spime can therefore be said to be the common currency of exchange for all kinds of physical phenomena, and to underlie the differential patterning of such phenomena upon a fundamental level of organization. It is difficult to think of physical reality in these terms because we are trained and are used to seeing reality in terms of "entities" or things that interrelate to one another via "forces" and energies. It was Einstein who first gave us a vision of reality that allowed us to define the equivalence of energy and matter, and to see the relativistic behavior of both in fundamentally inseparable space-time.

It is difficult indeed to conceptualize spime as any "thing" or even as a force or energy. It is neither a substance nor a force or energy. It exists, I suppose, more as a kind of infinite possiblity, or perhaps, a potentiality for the realization of some event, than as anything in and of itself. We might say simply that "spime happens" and it is by its happening that it becomes known in terms of its consequences that we experience in reality. I believe, for instance, that evidence suggests that spime flows isotropically upon a local and even regional scale. Its flow pattern is not unlike the fluid dynamics of any kind of liminar flow. At the same time, this flow pattern is different structurally because it appears to occur in a stratified manner, such that flows may be contained within larger currents, and it appears as well that it not only flows but exhibits other characteristics of "stretching" and possible "twisting" of structure that confers upon it a semi-rigid and infinitely elastic conformation. At the same time, as a kind of low pattern, it exhibits no apparent resistance or friction. Resistance appears to be experienced in the form of inertia to acceleration.

*****

I have arrived at a reducible cosmological theory of the total universe that predicts that it is "flat" in a larger non-isotropic manner and that it is basically open and infinite in extent. It can be said to be expanding in terms of its total size or volume, but this expansion of "empty space" is on some level in equilibrium with the production of new energy and matter on a continuous basis due to relative isotropic disconformities within the larger structure. We may reduce an atomic model and fundamental subatomic entities to the interactions of a basic particle and its anti-particle, namely the electron and its associated positron, which can be construed as nothing but a photon that is polarly enclosed upon itself such that its normal directional momentum is translated into the angular momentum of its spin-moment. Gravitation can be said to be a spiraling set of fieldlines within the surrounding space-time matrix that occurs as a result of the formation of matter from energy via complex positron-electron pair interactions, with the addition possibly of other neutrinos and gluons. Gravitational energy therefore resembles light energy in its basic structure and composition, though in a complementary manner. We cannot state what the ultimate origins of the universe have been, because in an eternal and infinite state universe, there was no beginning and there will be no end. It has always just existed albeit in a developmentally dynamic manner.

I refer to this model as the dynamic state universe and I invoke several principles of universal relativity and simultaneity and complementarity to explain its basic structural order.

There is a sense that space-time has a substantive and structural quality suggesting that it is an alternative state of reality to matter and energy, and that in its essential form it is equivalent to these alternative states. If this is correct, then a great many ramifications are forthcoming from the model for the shape, origin and structural processes which govern the universe and our physical reality. If space-time does have such a quality, then it can be thought of as possessing, something like water, a great and tremendous stability that is linked to a very high threshold of its state-transitions. It becomes in essence a very stable form of reality, especially compared to energy which is forever escaping, and compared to matter, which is subject to radioactive decay processes as well as other chemical state transformations. The main property associated with space-time, conceived as a kind of substance or a general form or state of physical reality, is that it appears to interact gravitationally with both matter and energy, and appears to be the primary mechanism for the explanation of gravitational fields and phenomena in the universe.

It is likely therefore, given this model, that "empty" space-time is the most fundamental physical state possible in our universe, and this state in fact harbors a tremendous amount of invisible energy, or potential energy, that is primarily expressed in the form of gravitation, but secondarily also in the form of thermodynamic interactions. Gravitational energetics characteristic of space-time suggest a set of laws of gravitational dynamics that are complementary to and probably encompass thermodynamic principles, which becomes therefore a "covering law model" for a more comprehensive theory of energy exchange dynamices which accounts for gravitational phenomena.

We do not normally realize energy from space-time except in the form of gravitation and derivative heat energy. Its appearance as invisible and essentially vacuous in our experiments derives from its other peculiar qualities. We may say in a sense that it is composed of energy-event entities that are so miniscule, that they compose everything in reality, and they are, by themselves, without higher level organization that goes into normal forms of energy and matter, essentially invisible. The only other way that we may experience its effects are in the sense of time and motion, which are its other two effects, or rather, constraints on physical systems. From this standpoint, the infinite speed of light might be interpreted as the same essential property that confers upon matter its constant intrinsic mass, which in reality can be interpreted as its "self gravity" as a form of space-time. Light is not bound spatially to a single coordinate reference system, but it otherwise exhibits a peculiar temporal constancy, expressed as velocity, which is similar to matter in terms of its intrinsic mass characteristics. We can understand this relationship very well in terms of the equivalence of mass to energy as a function of the speed of light.

One of the basic properties of space-time, conceived substantively, is that it would exhibit, or would at least be expected to exhibit, a near perfect smoothness if its field were unperturbed or were perfectly non-isotrope in character, which seems to be a final entropic state that its systems tend toward. It is a derivative property therefore of space-time that all transitions that do occur in the universe are not disjunct, but are smoothed by an intervening set of temporal and spatial variables. In other words, one cannot jump from a zero velocity, relative to a fixed position on earth, to 100 or 100,000 miles an hour, without going through a continuous series of integral transitions that allows one to reach in a nondisjunctive way this final speed. It should be kept in mind that this is a limitation of matter, not of energy. Energy jumps automatically to light speed, and maintains this speed indefinitely, and no other speed (excepting intervening variables). Energy can exist, in other words, at no other state than that allowed for it by the structure of space-time. I take this to be the speed of active propagation of an energy field in space-time. It is a "self-energized" speed--unlike that of matter it does not take extra energy to make it happen or to accelerate it or decelerate it to some other speed.

*****

The conventional scientific definition of time is as a perfectly linear and constant process. This is how it is conventionally measured and thought of. The model of the dynamic state universe rests upon what can be called both a nonlinear and nonconstant model of time, or what can be called logarithmic or exponential time that is dependent upon the relative size, motional dynamics and energetics of a system. Einsteinian geometry of space-time is dependent upon such a non-linear conception of time. We may say that even though the universe can be said to be universally synchronous and simultaneous, the rates at which time proceeds is quite variable and this yields a model of the universe that is not uniform throughout or structurally homogenous, though it is non-isotrope.

If we understand time to be the rate at which a natural process occurs, the rate by which we measure or determine transformation and change, it is quite evident then that some processes occur at a much faster rate than others. It is not so evident that these rates of change depend upon the larger frame in which the physical processes occur, such that the same sets of processes will proceed at fundamentally different rates depending upon the relative frame in which it is occurring. This leads to a kind of paradox, because, according to our theory, the local uniformities of mechanical process in a system are relatively independent of the larger, indirect frames that occur, with the idea that these relationships with larger frames become basically "insensible," or, preferably put, imperceptible in any direct sense. But it follows that the same system, if it can be part of larger systems, as the earth is part of the solar system that is part of a gallaxy, then it is also possible that in relation to each system, the earth will have a "clock" of periodic processes coordinate to that system. Unless we specify that only sensible time can apply, it is possible that, like each object theoretically being part of an infinite number of motions, a number of different clocks may apply to the same exact object, depending upon the larger system that it is framed within. It clock pertinent to a system would depend entirely upon the point of view of the observer attached to or that is a part of that system on some level. If we could shrink ourselves to the size of small molecules, it is possible that our observations of the machinery of cells proceeded on a normal time frame, and not at the accelerated rates they are observed to behave in normal human sized dimensions.

Only the sensible system therefore would appear to be the one in which the expression of temporal measure would be relevant, and we must ask if not the sensibleness of the system, its "presentational immediacy" does not account for its temporality.

We must speculate whether or not an object, as an object, has its own internal clock at all, or is just a part of a larger system of clocks that appears somehow coordinate with one another. If I were to build a completely independent automaton, then its own sense of a clock would be one of the first things I would give to it, like the tin man's ticking heart. Or is time a phenomenon that seems to be completely relative to the point of view of the observer? The answer I believe lies somewhere in the middle ground, in the relationship shared between the observer and the thing observed. Time is a relationship that defines the observational period.

Looked at another way, if we are traveling at a snail's pace, and we see a rocket zooming by us at 90% the speed of light, our image of the rocket at this speed would be very different than it if we were traveling at our own rate. We know that for every second ticked off on the near-light speed rocket, at least 10 or more seconds will have ticked off in our pockets. Clearly, the rate of ticking of the clock aboard the light rocket is somehow at least partially determined by the rate of speed that ship is traveling, relative to ourselves. At no point during the acceleration of the ship will its clocks be observed to proceed any faster. Periodic processes appear to exist in inverse proportion to the speed of motion with which something travels.

TV(m) = q

Where T is the amount of time elapsed per unit, and V is the speed at which something is traveling, and q is the total speed as a ratio of the speed of light

We can understand this clearly with the relationship of frequency and wavelength of electromagnetic radiation to light speed, such that:

n b = c

where n is frequency (measure of periodic interval) and b is wavelength (measure of distance per unit time) and c is the known constant speed of light

Whereas lightspeed is always constant, the speed of different objects tends to be variable, though the speed of these things remains continuous if no interfering or perturbing force affects its trajectory. This speed of mass-bound matter is always known to be some percentage of the total speed of light, and can be expressed as such. For any system at some speed X of the total speed of light, the periodic processes associated with that object (as measureable indirectly by the diffraction lines of the light spectrum, or "red shift") and its speed covered per unit time, can be expected to be in constant equilibrium. (If light from very distant galaxies appears to be increasingly red shifted, we cannot infer any overall directionality of such a system: if the system is "expanding" it is expanding omnidirectionally in terms of the space-time manifold between, or else it is expanding non-isotropically, or else it may reveal a larger structure of the universe that is very large and that is isotropic in some general direction). The relationship of X over lightspeed is really a measure of the total energy of a system, which can be expressed by the manipulation of the equation of equivalence:

if

E = mc²

Therefore, by substitution

c = Ö E/m

And, thus

m = E/(E/m)

and we can express an equilibrium of:

1 = E/(E/m)

where m is the total mass of a system (a measure of its gravitational effect) and E is the total energy of a system. In this system, time becomes determined by the gravitational potential of a system and its total energy, which can be expressed as its mechanical inertia of displacement as a system.

I would claim that q = c in the equations above, we can substitute

The total value of time attributed to the system is set by the total gravitational potential of the system, or rather, its total Energy as a function of its motion and inertia of displacement. In other words, the total energy of a system is what sets the clock of the system to a certain rate, and no other rate, just as its motional velocities are set at a certain speed, and no other speed. It is known that the gravitational potential of a system is determined by its total mass, or what I have termed its total atomic size less the net mass defect of the integrated system.

The unification of a gravitational system can only be seen as the synchronization of all event structures occurring within that system by means of gravitation structure. All periodic processes are set to the same tempo within this system, and this must have reference to the common center of gravity of the system in a larger matrix. Time measured as a relative phenomenon is a consequence of this unification. This unification is set also to a single common direction in motion. Any system can share only one relationship between the common center of gravitational orientation and a single direction of motional orientation. The same system though, can be involved in larger systems of motional orientation, if the gravitational frames of reference incorporate the entire unified system as a component subsystem. There theoretically can be an infinite number of such nested systems, which defines a well system for relativistic mechanics such that the temporal processes relevant to one subsystem do not apply to its larger metasystems.

This is a model of the overall universe, as a well system. It follows that very large structures would demonstrate red-shifting, reflecting increasing velocities that are independent of the structures they contain. The largest gravitationally unified structures we appear to observe are possibly clusters and superclusters of galaxies, which may exhibit some gravitational isotropism of structure. There may be even larger configurations of gravitationally unified systems. In theory there would be no reason not to assume this to be the case, as a well system, the cosmographical structure of gravitation should be open and infinite. The larger the structure, the greater the velocities that can be expected to be obtained by the components of the system. High velocities would be an expectable outcome of relatively weak but pervasive gravitational fields within inter-galactic space.

Motional energy in empty space-time is therefore a form of potential kinetic energy, or what can be called the energy of continuous displacement of the gravitational system that surrounds the object of matter.

The relativistic difference between matter and energy seems to be that the relative motions and clock of matter is not set to an independent constant rate, like the speed of light. This speed of light can be seen to be directionally unbound. If light makes up matter, then we can see it forming matter in terms of its continuous spin and angular momentum about a polar moment or several moments. We can call the speed of light the intrinsic speed of any physical system, and the motional speed of an object of mass its extrinsic speed. It is possible that no system of mass can attain the speed of light and not become intrinsically unbound as a mass-based system, and thence dissolve into light itself.

Motion is a way for a system to maintain its internal equilibrium of energy under conditions in which more energy is being transferred into the system than is being allowed to pass out of the system, which should in theory remain constant. Therefore, space-time, or rather its gravitational construct in relation to an object, will push the object forward in motion, much as an object is pushed to the ground under the "weight" (or rather pressure) of gravity. It is the disequilibrium of the surrounding space-time construct that propels an object continuously forward in some direction--this propellance only happens once, but it is enough to distort the surrounding manifold on a permanent basis.

Time is a measure therefore of a systems relation to its surroundings that is expressible in terms of transformation between the system and its surroundings. If the intrinsic system remains unchanged, then its temporal process is a function of its directional motion. If we lived in a non-dynamic universe, we would have no sense of time--time would be insensible. If there were no motion in our universe, time would be unmeasurable.

All motions therefore in a generally relativistic universe appear obey this principle. This relationship of motional systems (and by extension, of mechanical systems) can only be understood if the object is seen in physical relationship to its surroundings

Radioactive decay is a clear case in point. All isotopes of elements are known to decay at regular rates to more stable and less radioactive forms. This process of decays certainly results in the internal transformation of elements, and is a process that can be said to be purely internal to any object of matter in question. We could use it quite naturally as an example of a completely internal periodic process, hence a "clock" that, like Radiocarbon-14 dating, allows us to determine the age of matter. The variability of half-lives associated with different elements and their isotopes appear to be without any overarching rules. Some half-lives are very long, others quite short-lived.

We must inquire into the possible relationship of the speed of light to the intrinsic energy of a system. For instance, if light composes matter, then what kinds of motions, vibrational, rotational or translational, would be available to that energy. Would the frequency of light be related to its rate of spin?

It is apparent that the universe is highly ordered process on a very fundamental level. All motions are regulated by universal principles. Motions occur in instantaneously discrete directions. It must be asked whether an object in motion is following a trajectory that is the minimum or maximum entropy possible for that system in its given state. There appears to be a minimal but inviolable directional constraint to the system, and this will be related to its synchronized clock as well as to the translational center of gravity of the system.At the same time, changing this direction to any angle or degree of deflection , or altering the velocity of the system, would require the input of additional energy to the system.

It is apparent that empty space-time is maximally entropic, and that light energy has less entropy than empty space-time but greater entropy than matter. If this is the natural ordering of reality, then we can expect that space-time is the sink to which all other physical processes return, and from which they are derived. The model of the dynamic state universe is based upon this presupposition, though it may not necessarily be correct.

In energy systems, there appears to be two constraints, directionality and velocity, while in

Matter can be said to constitute its own internalized field system--the energy it contains is bound up in such a manner as to perpetually spin in tight orbits that are barely the diameter of a nucleon. Energy thus bound up seems to affect gravitational fieldlines in a way fundamentally different than when energy is in its normal propagative field pattern. This suggests that gravitational fields interact with energy fields in critical ways, and it is possible to see the fieldlines that connect the two fields, whatever their shape or form, as being structural features of relationship. First, concentrated energy in matter seems to result in concentrated gravitational fields surrounding the matter and converging upon the center of gravity within the matter. Propagative energy patterns seems to result in dispersive gravitational fields.

The relationship between spime, energy and matter will reveal the basis of the relationship between gravitational energy and light energy. We do not understand this relationship completely. It remains an essential mystery about the structure of reality and the fundamental order of the universe.

Spime appears on one had to have self-mass, and yet it appears to offer absolute no resistance to the motion of either matter or energy through space. It is difficult to reconcile this sense of contradiction. On the other hand, it does appear to offer inertial resistance to the change of speed or direction of motion. We can only reconcile this if we understand that it is not the object or energy packet that is necessarily traveling through spime, but a capsule of spime itself that contains these things that is traveling through spime. Even if this is the case, the gravitational relationship between the mass object and its spime manifold appear to be unaltered by the directional velocity. It is only altered by a change in these properties. We can understand this better perhaps if we hypothesize that spime is of an essentially ambiguous nature. It is simultaneously present and not present. It may be everywhere and nowhere at the same time, only 50% evanescent 50% of the time.

Another way of seeing spime is in the form of its inherent complementarity of relationship, such that we if we seek to assess its "rest mass" we end up with one set of properties, while if we seek to assess its "integrity" as a system in terms of its resistance, we get another set of properties, and therefore how we are understanding the phenomenon of spime depends upon the instruments we use and the way we seek to observe its reponse to our physical systems. We might see spime as simultaneously a kind of gas, liquid and solid. If we seek to assess its pressure values as gravitational energy, we might assess it in the form of a gas. If we seek to understand its inertial values, we might assess it as a kind of fluid dynamic liquid. If we seek to assess its manifold configuration in space, we might do best to model it as a kind of flexible solid. The behavior of light energy in spime is unique and characteristic to light energy. The behavior of solid objects of matter in spime is unique and characteristic of these objects.

Gravitational energy for the most part appears to be the response of spime to systems of matter. Light field phenomena may be the response of spime to systems of energy propagation. Inertial effects appear to be the response of spime to properties of motion and translational energy.

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The greatest mystery of physical reality is this relationship between space-time, matter and energy. The scientific solution to this puzzle is not obvious because, though we live with these relationships in intimate ways in every aspect of our lives, the basis for their relationship upon a fundamental level seems to be beyond our acquired instrumentation and capacity for observation and analysis. We infer an order in the patterning of these relationships, but the underlying causes of this sense of structure is not yet fully explicated or explained in a sufficient manner.

I have proposed a spime model of space-time as a theoretical explanation for these relationships, though I have not fully or sufficiently explicated what spime exactly may be or how it functions in a precise manner. I believe that the existence of spime can be inferred on the basis of observational evidence and deductive logic derived from this evidence.

We may say that always, a less entropic system will surround and encompass a more entropic system. The paradox of this statement is that gravitational energy does not fit a classical definition of entropy, as its force appears to be non-entropic and its effects on things in the world appear to function in a manner that we would call "order producing." On the other hand, how this is achieved may be in effect an emergent property of relationship to matter and energy as we observe these things, and underlying this may be a hidden presupposition of complete entropic "order."

It appears that, under certain conditions, spime can behave as if it has alternative state properties, and how it is perceived in terms of its effects and its nature will depend entirely upon the conditions under which it is found to occur.

I will state first that time seems to be primarily a temporal process, or, rather, an a-temporal process. It may be found that time is nothing but the relative differential of isotropic change under local conditions in the universe. Under this condition, spime can be thought of as having neither temporality nor spatiality as basic properties associated with it. If it has neither properties in either an intensive or an extensive sense, then it can be said to be both infinite and eternal in extent and intensively.

If time does not apply here, the same thing can be essentially in more than one place at the same time. If space does not apply, the same thing can exist in more than one time in the same space. Under such conditions, the entire structure of spime in the universe can be said to be universally instantaneous.

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We may say that always, a less entropic system will surround and encompass a more entropic system. The most least entropic system we can consider is one in which there are an infinite number of degrees of freedom. In such a system, only one set of constraints can apply, and that is the constraint of time. Temporal constraint applies universally. All event structures are temporally constrained and limited, such that all event structures in the universe can be said to be cooccurring and simultaneous. They cooccur because they are relatively independent structures. I see the temporal unity as the minimal structure necessary for definition of physical realit, and as providing the most important evidence for asserting that the universe evolved as a single unitary state structure in time from a common origin. This temporal constraint determines that a system anywhere and everywhere it occurs, if it is an ordered system, must be:

1. finite

2. contained within a larger disordered system.

3. nothing other than itself (the same system cannot occur in more than a single place at a single instant of time).

4. all motion and change dynamics must be temporally ordered process (i.e., processes must change through time and not in a simultaneous manner.)

A field system in theory represents a system that is potentially propagative omnidirectionally from some origin. We can say that such a field system has an infinite number of degrees of freedom, minus one. The only operational constraint of a field system appears to be that of time itself, and given the relative variability of the temporal dimension in relation to mechanics of systems, it is possible that this dimension may itself be inherently variable. If time were no longer a constraint, then we could expect that the universe would be totally entropic and that there would be no synchronous patterning of event structures in the universe. The real measure of time is the lapse rate of an event structure in relation to some observational frame of reference. The same lapse rate will vary depending upon the motional dynamics of the event structure itself or the frame of reference from which the event structure is being observed. At the same time, we may speak of no intrinsic lapse rate that is absolutely the same for its given event structure regardless of the defining frame of reference. Regardless, all physical event structures are characterized by some measure of a lapse rate, and for want of a better term, we may say that all physical lapse rates in the universe turn in one direction--clockwise, to put it arbitrarily. This may be more an artifact of our own knowledge and conventions of thinking about time rather than any property intrinsic to time itself. In physical systems, lapse rates may occur in any direction, but we must speculate about the consequences of two different event structures occurring at the same time and place that had opposite lapse rates. Another way of saying this is that all time always travels in one forward direction, and one direction only. Another aspect that seems to unify time as a synchronous event structure is that it is always relative in the same way to the motional dynamics of the system that it occurs within. Its pattern of variation is therefore predictable and depends upon the velocity with which a system is traveling within a given frame of reference.

All physically occurring phenomena in the universe appear to be constrained by time, or, what may be more precisely described as relative periodicity of its intrinsic rate of occurrence. This intrinsic rate appears furthermore to be dependent upon the external motion of the system. Transposition through space is equivalent to transformation through time, and we may refer to such transposition as directionally constrained translation. Such transposition is constrained by fewer degrees of freedom than a field system, and hence is considered less entropic in its consequences.

By definition, a more entropic system should be more randomly chaotic and less predictable in its outcomes than a more highly ordered system. Any directional system can be said to be one that is defined by a coordinate reference system. It is the requirement of such a coordinate reference system that it should "hang together" such that all its motions will be coordinate to a centerpoint. In other words, a system that went in different directions simultaneously would disintegrate as a system. A system must travel in only one direction in space and time, and in only one direction only, if it is to remain coherent as a system. Unidirectional temporal travel is also a condition of its directionality--such a system can only occupy one point, or set of coordinate points, at any one "time" even though the point in space nor the time are necessarily discrete. The same system cannot occur simultaneously in two different places. A single direction can be said to be the translation of a single continuous point through space-time. Time and space appear to be intrinsically linked and integrated--nothing can move in time except when expressed in space, and nothing can move spatially except when expressed through time. All motion in the universe appears to be constrained in this way. Rotation of a system is one that is permitted of a larger system that is moving through space-time in a complex trajectory. This rotational motion is also unidirectional and presents a third order constraint to motion in systems, but it does not affect the motion of the larger system in relation to an encompassing frame of reference. There is a trend in all physical systems at all levels of their integration, that motion at a higher level becomes rotational motion, and this rotational motion is relative to the larger frame of reference in which its articulation is permitted and defined.

All motion appears to be curvilinear motion in some form or fashion. All direction is therefore "non-Euclidean" and, as Einstein defined his relativistic geometry, it is geodesic. Light also appears to be geodesic, and we have to define its natural arc in empty space-time. Light can be thought to travel in vary large geodesic orbits that eventually curve back to the starting point--which is not the true starting point as it would represent an advance in time. What is being described therefore is a very large spiral pattern in which time represents the cyclic reiteration of the spiral motion, and we see this clearly demonstrated with the phase structure of light. If this is true, we might state that things traveling at faster rates describe what can be called slower arcs than things traveling slower--time would pass more slowly for the fast object than the slow object, as the arc of the slower object would be much sharper and more acute. The slowest object is of course one that is not apparently moving at all, but is fixed within a defined frame of reference. For such an object, time accelerates forward in a near-linear manner. The object appears motionless, except for some imperceptible vibrational motions.

In this system of screw-threads, all event structures in the universe would complete essentially the same interval at the same time, the difference being that the intervals between the faster systems are much longer compared to those of the slower systems.

It follows that the speed of an object is merely the function of an object on a trajectory that is definable by its arc of curve and twist in space-time, like the thread of a screw. Slower objects have finer screw threads than faster objects. An object travels at a certain rate depending upon the arc of the thread that it runs within. An object maintains its arc indefinitely unless a perturbing force accelerates or decelerates the object, resulting in a compression or expansion of the arc. This thread itself appears to be defined by the gravitational structure of space-time.

Is it possible that the speed of light therefore is a fixed thread, the maximum arc attainable by a physical system, in part because the mass of light, if it had a mass, would be equivalent to the normal self-mass of spime. At least we can understand the relationship of frequency and relationship to light speed according to this analogy to the screw-thread, if we see frequency as the vibrational effect of a field-line or vector extending at the speed of light. We can understand as well that motional systems are nonlinearly relative to their mass:

We can conclude from this that the less gravitational influence there is upon a system, the greater will be its naturally occurring speed of motion. The greater the gravitational effect, the less slower will such a system travel in motion. These relationships occur in a non-linear manner.

In larger gravitational fields, where the ratio of gravitational energy per unit of space-time will be weaker or less concentrated, it is expected that more massive systems can achieve more rapid rates of acceleration more readily, and that light itself will tend towards its least curved trajectory.

Gravitational fieldlines that are defined by the space-time manifold around an object of matter defines the flow of space-time, or spime, in relation to the object, both in terms of its direction and its concentration or rate.

The minimally ordered structure of a system that is temporally structured is three-space. Time as a physical phenomenon cannot exist in only two or even a single dimension. It must occur in at least three dimensions simultaneously. Time can therefore be said to be universally synchronous in structure. We can draw no boundaries to this structure, it is infinite and open. It is the curvature of space-time that accounts for this quality, or that is related to this quality at least.

In such a structure, any point may be an origin point of a field structure, and simultaneously the translation point for omnidirectional propagation of vectors. An infinite number of vectors may pass through the same point at the same instant. There would be essentially no "points" except in an instantaneous sense. We cannot locate a point in an exact and discontinuous sense. A point becomes merely relative to that which it is referenced by. It becomes essentially an arbitrary segment of space and time. If we could separate duration from the space that we define as enduring, then we could separate time and space as independent rather than interdependent properties. At atom can be said to occupy a point, and so might a unit of an atom, or a photon, but only within the framework of a continuum of time. We know from quantum theory and indeterminancy that if we can specify the temporal dimension of a point, we cannot fix its exact location, and if we can specify an exact location, we can only specify its temporal occurrence at that point in terms of a probability. As we go to finer and finer grids of size, we end up with increasing indeterminancy, until, I believe, we reach a point at which the framework for indeterminancy of time-space of a particular instance becomes essentially universal. Hence, once we delve below the size of an atomic nucleus, we end up with a universe that is made up not of discrete entities or unities, but rather of increasingly indeterminant qualities that are more definable by their rates or phases of occurrence than by their particulate properties or structures. At some level, from where we stand at least, the universe appears to blur into a common shade of gray without finite distinctions.

The structure of time is built upon this background field of indeterminancy. The gravitational relations that define the trajectories and energies of objects in motion depend upon the background field and its integrity. The curvature of its four-space geometry is also defined by the indeterminant structure of this background field.

If time is dependent upon speed, I believe it may also be dependent upon relative size of a system, if we define size in terms of its total atomic or nucleonic number.The larger the system, the slower the clock of time, and the smaller the system, the more rapid this clock. This provides evidence that time on a very small scale twists at a much more rapid rate than time that is spread over a very large framework. If an object were hurdling through empty space at the speed of light, it would essentially be spread on a fundamental level over a very much broader area at any instantaneous point--its "instantaneous" event structure as a "point" of either space or time would be stretched out and inherently less determinant than if such an object were at rest. The energy attached to such a system, its momentum, would be equivalent that the intrinsic energy of a very large system that remained at relative rest within a gravitational framework.

Space-time as an indeterminant instantanteous field structure can be thus "stretched" and condensed and twisted and turned in such a manner that its indeterminancy may vary in a substantial but always relative manner. Traveling at high velocities stretches not only the point structure of the object itself, but it stretches necessarily the manifold that surrounds it at the same time. This translational stretching becomes a permanent property of the object.

If the earth has a momentum from its travel around the sun, this momentum is not felt on the earth nor does it affect its gravitational field. It would only be felt in collision with another body in space. Even a falling meteorite does not necessarily feel this momentum, as such a meterorite becomes integrated gravitationally into the field of the earth.

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A universal field theory is the starting point of a revitalized cosmology that is free of the dogmas of the day, namely a big bang model based upon an uncritical general relativism. I believe that the model of general relativism is correct, but in a limited manner, and therefore it serves as a covering law model, somewhat like Newtonian mechanics, in a way that cannot account for all phenomena in a satisfactory manner. We are left with a fractured model of the universe in which gravitational bodies hang in empty nothingness and yet which gravitation conforms to the dynamic structure of space-time. A universal field theory is not exactly the same thing as a unified field theory, though the former implies and must be based upon the latter, at least eventually.

We can say at the outset that a universal field is the background substrate for all things and processes as these occur in the observable universe, which includes all those regions that we may be able to observe, if they fell within our observational sphere. This field is the same, according to the cosmological principle, in structure, over the universal scale of the largest and the longest run. There may occur local isotrope variability of this field throughout, but this variability itself will be expected to be both universally systematic, or ordered by the same principles, and also it will be patterned in a chaotic manner. Identification of the background field is important, because this field is always in interaction with the things that it embeds.

We can claim, as I have asserted, that this universal field is formed of a substrate that I refer to as spime, and this spime is a third phase of physical structure of reality alongside of matter and energy. This universal field is the infinite reservoir or energy sink to which all entropic processes are directed. It is by virtue of being invariably embedded within this universal field that all physical objects have the properties of thermodynamic systems in the first place.

We may say that the universal field is a four dimensional structure. It has the relativistic properties of space and time. This field is essentially invisible to all light radiation, which interacts only minimally with it. It has a field structure, which can be thought of as fieldlines mapping a complex topographic projection in three space. We know this field by its gravitational interactions with matter primarily, and large mass-objects that have relatively strong gravitational fields, especially blackholes, have the property of shaping and altering the background field, even in a permanent manner. A mass object that passes through this field encounters no normal resistance to its movement, and its inertia of acceleration, if a perturbing force alters its speed or direction, can be accounted for in terms of the inertial frames of reference that its surrounding gravitational field always exerts upon such a system. In other words, the motion of the larger system remains independent of the motions of its integral entities. In a sense, it can be more accurately said that it is not the object that is set in motion, rather it is the spime-vehicle, the space-time manifold that envelopes the object, which is translated across a region due to its application of force or counterforce of some kind or other. In such a case, objects remain essentially as if at rest, and this is how they are experienced. On the other hand, the surrounding space-time or spime matrix that embeds them is what is traveling, like a bump or a bubble traveling through water, carrying the object in its grip. It follows that the energy of inertia exerted by a massive system is really the expression of the surrounding manifold to its own tendency to resist any changes in its dynamic state of equilibrium.

According to Einstein's theory of general relativity, gravitation is related to a four dimensional reference coordinate system in Rieman space. This system is shaped by the gravitational fields of objects embedded within it, and this determines the complex motions of objects through space-time. My interest in explaining the universal field rests in understanding this background four-dimensional reference coordinate system as essentially an "already unified field." In theory, this field is open and endless, and it has always existed. Things are defined within this field, as are processes of motion and energy relations, in a manner that can be said to be gravitationally expressed. This field in a substantive sense is not empty, but contains a special phase of physical reality that I have called spime and that has essentially a non-particularistic structure. Spime by itself cannot be isolated in the universe. The properties of this phase structure of physical reality are unlike the properties of matter or energy of any form we know, for it appears to behave in a manner that reflects Einstein's geometry. It appears to be fluid dynamic in its flow patterns, but appears to offer no noticeable resistance to things embedded within it, except in the form of inertial resistance to acceleration or change in motion. Everything appears embedded within it, and, according to my theory, composed of it. It appears therefore to occur in differential relative densities, and its density is in part determined by the dynamics of its coalescence. Energy and matter are the two normal forms that this coalescence may take. Thus, energy and matter, both composed of the same substance of spime that composes empty space-time, interact with this space-time field, or the spime field, in fundamental ways and is always a part of this field at all times.

It is in this way that we can understand the universal coordination and synchronization of all event structures by the means of their integration into a commmon and shared frame of reference system. All time within this system will be synchronized to this system regardless of the relative rates in question. Else, how can we explain the instantaneous coordination of clocks between two very distantly related objects in a sufficient manner if there is no possibility of direct linkage or communication between the two systems.

The universal background field is therefore a three space-continuum that is "moving forward" in time, or rather, changing everywhere at the same time. Gravitation then can be seen as the "holding" together of this continuum, and the differential motions that occur within it are defind in their state-path trajectory by their relationship to the space-time they exist within as event structures. In the larger framework, this structure can be said to be non-isotrope and therefore flat and open ended.

I speculate that the superdensity of a blackhole creates a kind of gravitational vortext that has the consequence of disintegrating matter and energy caught within it back into empty space-time We can picture such a vortex as below:

In such a model, all energy and matter would become trapped into the vortex of a black hole within which it would be swalled up and consumed, resulting in an outflow of energy from the source in the form of pure spime. It is possible that this spime is released into the univese far removed from its source, or else may flow out of the black hole by means of a wormhole chimney or it may in fact flow out into another dimensional continuum of the universe.

The universe can be said to be both growing, and growing more dynamic at the same time. The universe is expanding not because its contents of mass bodies are all fleeing from one another, but because the intervening space between these bodies is being pulled apart and continuously filled in with new spime.

Empty spime can be said to have self-mass, which is thought to be possibly less than 1/2 x 10⁹ the average mass of matter on earth for the same volume. This self mass is of such a negligible density that apparently spime exhibits almost no noticeable resistance effects on matter or energy except in terms of its inertial effects on the gravitational systems of these objects. The mass weight of any object in space-time is really the gravitational relationship of that object embedded in spime, and represents a measure of the density of the spime manifold and displacement caused by that object in the manifold. This is related to the atomic density and size of the system, and could be related to the mass defect of nucleons with the atomic structure of the matter. The spime field densities and fluctuations and therefore their turbulence can be measured and understood in terms of gravitational effects upon matter and energy occuring within these fields. The gravitation associated with an object for instance, is determined by the relative density and rate of flow of the spime surrounding that object at any one instant. This rate of flow is fairly constant and uniform for a uniform body.

The cosmological history of the universe was therefore the product of the gradual shaping of energy from this universal spime background, and the shaping of matter from the energy that accumulated in differential concentrations in this background. The original spime field would have been relatively empty and flat in configuration. It would have contained little intrinsic turbulence. Turbulence, or isotrope deformation of the field, would have occurred increasingly over time as a product of stochastic probability that states that in an infinite universe, what is possible eventually becomes probable.

If we are to seek a unified field theory, we must see that gravitation is an effect of a universal background field that contains all energy, and all derivative forms of energy that we observe, whether strong or weak or electromagnetic, are derivative of this background field, configured form it, and embedded within it.

The production of energy from the spime field leads to the collision of photons which results in the production of positron-electron pairs, which pairs then accumulate and interact in given densities to form the basis of nucleonic particles, leading to the production of hydrogen nuclei and then the formation of denser forms of matter via their fusion production in solar systems. There is no anti-matter in the universe, because all matter contains its own anti-particles in the form of positron-electron pairs. Thus balance is conserved in the universe, and I believe the gravitational effects of matter, or mass, may be a consequence of this complex coupling of anti-pairs within the nucleon. If we cannot isolate an electron in an orbital cloud, neither can we clearly isolate either an electron or positron within a nucleon, although the distribution of the electron within the nucleonic structure is much tighter than in the electron cloud. The positive effects of protons are conferred by the existence of a positron alongside of a positron-electron couple.

If we see an electron as a charge negative state, as an absence of a positive charge, then it may not be necessary to posite the coexistence of an anti-state universe that exists tangentially to our own and, where ours might be said to be a clockwise reality, the anti-state universe would be called counter-clockwise. If this is the case, then the universe may be of an order of magnitude less dimensionally complex than otherwise suspected. The cosmological principle would hold for a single-state universe, but not necessarily for a multi-state universe. This has led to a revision of my earlier model of the dynamic state universe to exist only as a single state structure that is more or less the same throughout. If the universe exists in multi-state formations, then this occurs in an extensive manner in such that the alternative state universe exhibits emergent properties that are the result of the integration of our universe. Our systems would be like atoms in this larger metastate structure. If we are ourselves dwarfed by comparision to our atoms, then the larger states may be in essence invisible to us by any direct means.

I really can conceive of no other way of explaining the universal field of the universe or its many gravitational effects, many of which are directly or indirectly observable. The relativistic structures and synchronization of systems within gravitational fields cannot be fully accounted for unless these fields had some kind of substantive structure. The universal field was the basis for all matter and energy, from which this was derived, and to which it returns and with which it continuously interacts. Even if we hypothesize a cosmic egg, we must see that this cosmic egg would have exhibited its own space-time properties in a gravitational background field relative to its formation. Even in such a case, the entire mass of the universe would still have been a part of a larger system of empty space-time.

A cold fusion origin of the universe is in my mind much more plausible than a hot big bang model. It makes sense that matter and energy arose gradually and cumulatively, as componential systems, by something that was less than them, and that this process was entirely stochastic and essentially a matter of blind chance. Matter and energy are nothing more or less therefore than the emergent properities of whatever it is that composes it, and this process appears to me at least to be infinitely reduciable. We can say in the largest structure of the universe, and in the longest run, that something arose from nothing as purely a process of chance and happenstance. If there cannot be nothing in physical reality, then the nothing from which something came, was something that came from something else. Indeed, the essential substance of the universe, whatever it may be in its most fundamental form, can be said to be indestructible and therefore it was never made in the first place--it always existed, and will always exist no matter what shape or form it may assume.

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*****

The central concern of physical systems theory can be said to be the hypothesis of a unified field, particularly, in explaining how gravitation is related to electromagnetic radiation. Upon a fundamental level I have developed such an explanation, but this explanation is still lacking in critical insight and in the rigorous mathematical formulation that would serve to tie it successfully within a larger body of knowledge about physical systems. The elaboration of rules of gravitational dynamics as being to a great extent complementary to the rules of thermodynamics still begs the question of how these fields occur, of how energy is transmitted, or if it is even transmitted, from its source to its destination. If a mechanical model can be applied to the explanation of the structure of physical reality, then we must mention that this model is at least a quantum mechanical model if it is anything, which entails that upon a fundamental level, determinative causality yields to uncertainty an precise and unequivocal formulation.

For myself at least, an ether theory is suggestive, though what this ether is may not resemble the notion of an elastic medium that served as the containing frame of reference for mechanicalk motion and inertial systems in the universe. I have sought to attribute, as evidence for this fundamental substrate of the texture of physical reality, certain qualities or properties that are undeniable and can be found to occur throughout. Clearest to mind are the properties of space and time. I do not believe we can isolate or point to a region of the universe, except possibly at the center of a black hole system, where time as we know it may not occur, or where our clocks, at whatever speed, would not move forward in equal measure. If the universe were truly a Machian construction of bodies in empty space, then time could only be found to exist in the presence of such matter, and possibly, in the presence of energy as well, at least as far as what we understand energy to be. We could not measure then the time of empty space unless we occupied that space with the physical presence and matter of the clock itself.

In a consistent universe, if all matter is fit to the same clock of time in a synchronous and simultaneous manner, then this could only be explained by either claiming that all matter is historically related and comes from the same source at the same time, or else that all matter exists within the same framework of temporal reference--a kind of universal coordinate reference system. My solution is to seek a kind of intermediate between these two kinds of solutions.

I cannot claim to know exactly how the universe's clock is kept set and synchronized everywhere at the same instant. I can only indirectly, by sound reason, infer that it is. If universal simultaneity is found to be a feature of all physical reality, then time as a simplesiomorphic trait can be said to have no value at all. It is understandable therefore only in its relativistic (i.e. differential) expressions.

It is my humble opinion that what we understand "empty" space-time to be, beyond a relativistic reference-coordinate system, consists of an essential kind of "substance (or, better yet, an "occurrence) that has its own properties. These properties are unlike anything else we can assign to reality. I have called this "substance" spime, an portmaneau of space-time, and I have asserted that like matter and energy, it is a third state or phase of physical reality, much as we can distinguish between solid, liquid and gaseous phases. The three states are in essence nothing more but definable phase state transformations of the same basic form. I have extended the equivalence between matter and energy, as a function of mass of a system, to a more general sense of equivalence between: 1. Energy and spime; and 2. Matter and spime. We can understand spime, energy and matter as the three fundamental phases of physical reality, all of which are characterizable by differential spatial-temporal distributions.

The key evidence I evoke for the idea of a substantial basis of spime are the following:

1. The gravitational effects of inertial mass systems in space-time.

2. The energy conversion that is derivative of such effects and that is continuous to the life of the system.

3. The independence of relative and stratified gravitational frames of reference.

4. The continuous motion of an object in empty space-time without change or interference, and the possibility of spontaneous motion as the result of gravitational attraction or interaction.

5. The inferrable simultaneity of event structures universally--i.e., "now" happens everywhere in the universe at the same instant. The universe holds itself "together" in a consistent and predictable manner apparently beyond the observational limits of general relativity.

I believe as well that in time it may be possible to more directly infer the substantial basis of spime by means of unknown field effects on the patterning of light fields in space-time, though this must be derived through further experimentation. I will attempt to elucidate and justify my conclusion in terms of the four sets of reasons listed above:

1. Mass can be taken as the direct measure of gravitation force that is exerted upon an object. It is known that the rate of gravitationally induced acceleration is always the same within any gravitational field for any mass-bound object, regardless of its mass or size. This rate of gravitational acceleration can be said to be a constant for any object of any size within a uniform gravitational field. Accounting for why this is so, we must take into consideration an Einsteinian relativity of the shifting of coordinate reference frames for two unequal size mass objects. The coordinate reference frame can be said to be the space-time manifold that embeds the objects into the background field of the universe, and mediate its relationship with the universe, expressed as mass and energy. Somehow the two objects are "fit" into the structure of the universe in a similar way, such that they will exhibit the same rates of acceleration as a result. The objects are in a sense "moving" with the shifting frame of reference, or space-time manifold.

The relationship of a gravity system depends upon the unequal mass of two different objects. An object of very much larger size will exert a greater gravitational force upon a smaller or less dense object than the other way around.

The greater the size of a system in terms of its potential or rest mass, the greater will be its gravitational effects upon its surrounding field. In theory, the largest mass object in the universe would exert the greatest total gravitational force in the universe. In general, the dominant mass object will exert the unifying center of orientation about which all other subsystems will become oriented relative to one another.

Relative direction at the center of such a unified system can be said to be at relative rest for the entire system, even though this system may be embedded in a larger frame of reference for which the center of gravity is in directional motion. This directional motion of the system occurs independently of this systems own intrinsic unification and does not appear to affect that systems intrinsic gravitational strength. In other words, the momentum of a system in directional motion, does not appear to affect that systems rest mass within a unified gravitational field.

Two or more mass objects that are not joined together, cannot exhibit a uniform gravitational field with a common point of origin. Such systems can be said to be nonstable or systems having dynamic equilibrium, such that a complex set of motions will result that will create a complex gravitational equilibrium between non-conjoined components. To state this more simply, two or more gravitationally unified systems cannot produce a unified gravitational field system with a single center of gravity.

Gravitational effects of systems are dependent upon the formula:

4/3p r³

Such that gravitational energy will fall off rapidly for a system as we move further away from that system, assuming that the system is linear in its effects similar to the propagation of light and that the system is a perfectly round spheroid. In general, a gravitational field will conform to the overall shape and distribution of density of a mass system, as well as to its rotational motion. Evidence suggests that gravitational force will fall off more rapidly in a non-linear manner that never eventually reaches zero.

In any gravitational system of any size in relation to any other gravitational system of any other size, a point or limit will be reached between the two systems at which the gravitational effects of one are cancelled by the gravitational effects of the other. Within this limit, the gravitational effects of the mass object in consideration is always stronger than the gravitational effects of the alternate system. It is often the case that the disparity of size between the two systems is so great that the radius of graviational equilibrium of the smaller system will be in fact but a point within the mass of the object itself. Under such conditions, the object can be thought to have no intrinsic gravitational effects itself, but is completely under the dominion or influence of the other system. The earth is much smaller and gravitationally weaker than the sun, and yet at the surface of the earth is is the gravitational effects of the earth that are dominant and not those of the sun or the moon, which are largely canceled except for possible tidal influences. In a unified gravitational field such as the earth, all things connected to the earth, including its atmosphere and hydrosphere, will move in a manner more or less consistent to the motion of the system as a whole, with but slight variation. Because the entire system is unified, its total coordinate reference system is moving at the same rate in the same overall direction. Any object that is released from a height and falls on the vertical vector towards the center of the earth will have its own immediate gravitational frame of reference that will be under the influence of the earth's own gravitational system. On a larger scale, the entire earth system comes under the gravitational influence of the sun, and is slightly perturbed by the influence of the moon. In relation to the sun, the earth as a unified system behaves as a single system. The sun's gravity does not strip the earth of its water or rain or clouds. It may in fact be stripping the earth of its free hydrogen molecules, but not in any direct way.

For a plasma system like the sun, we can see that the effective radius of gravitational unification of its hydrogen mass will be the surface or below the surface at which a system exists in terms of its overall diameter. This will be the limit beneath which hydrogen can be kept permanently trapped and unified as a stable system. Above this limits should be a sheath of turbulence at which hydrogen plamas is in greater motion and struggling to escape from the inner system. So great is the light and heat energy of such systems, that much hydrogen will essentially be blown out from the system at incredible speeds, lost to space as so much solar radiation or wind.

Gravitationally unified systems, even if they are complex and have dynamic equilibrium, will behave as single systems in a larger gravitational frame of reference that will be defined by a dominant source or set of sources of gravity. The behavior of the system in the larger frame of reference (i.e., the earth system in relation to the sun) will not affect the relative motions and behavior of the components of the earth system.

If we dropped an object from a very high altitude while in synchronous orbit with the earth, we should have to inquire as to what would be the resulting trajectory of the object once it impacted the earth. Such an object would not necessarily fall in a straight line, but its trajectory might follow a geodesic curve, that, over the long run would describe a spiral trajectory to the point of intersection with the earth. It must furthermore be asked if the same object were dropped from different points around the earth, whether the resulting trajectories would all occur in a similar curvilinear direction, or whether this would be random.

2. It is evident that large gravitational bodies exhibit properties of the production of heat at the core of such systems. This heat is produced continuously as long as the body remains and endures as an object. Very large bodies, of a mass roughly proportional to the sun, will produce a tremendous amount of heat. This heat energy is related to gravitational pressures exerted towards the center of the object, and indirectly, it may be related to the process of what I refer to as spime replacement. In other words, such systems effective produce heat energy from spime as the result of achieving extremely high degrees of temperature and pressure in the inner system. Excess heat is thrown off from this system on a continous basis, and more spime is thereby induced into the system from the surrounding manifold of the background field.

This process, thus explained, would appear to defy the laws of thermodynamics for systems, no matter how large the energy reservoir represented by their mass, unless we can invoke a third kind of entity, like spime, to explain the process. Even the total conversion of all the sun's mass to energy would not produce near the total amount of energy that the sun throws out into space on a continuous basis year after year, without leading soon to the complete exhaustion of the system. The only explanation for the continuous production of energy by the sun therefore is if some mechanism like spime could account sufficiently for the difference in total energy of mass of the sun itself, and its total energy produced over the course of its lifetime. The sun can be said to be continuously renewing itself moment to moment, at every point. The rates of renewal, or spime replacement, are occurring faster at the center of the sun than upon its surface.

Heat energy bears a direct relationship to gravitational energy of a system, in an instantaneous sense, by the speed of light squared. We say this because we know that the measure of mass is really a measure of gravitational energy or force potential of a system.

We may explain therefore the movement of gravitational frames of reference, or of spime manifolds in relation to the objects falling to the center of the earth, in terms of the induction or continous flow of the surrounding spime manifold into the center of the gravitational body. The fact of the great mass differential between the body itself and the surrounding space-time manifold entails that this flow will be omnidirectionally concentrative towards the center of the object, and will tend to follow a spiral trajectory in reference to the trajectory of objects falling to earth. The induction of spime is the result of the continuous replacement of spime at its center, and its loss as heat. The object of matter therefore acts as a great gravitational lense that is capable of focusing spime, the substance of gravitation, towards itself in the center. The flow of spime is likened to the blowing of the wind, in that it has many similar kinds of fluid dynamic properties. Increase in gravitational pressures is an expected outcome of this concentrative flow that converges upon a common center. Though this flow is expressed in spatial terms as a form of induced motion in a predetermined direction, and with determinable rates, etc., the explanation for this flow pattern I believe is primarily a temporal phenomenon. The deformation of the spime manifold in 4-space, as for instance in the concentrative flow to the earth's center, consists of a structural pattern of transition in which the clock of an object is changed in its setting in a continuous way, reset to a new rate in an instantaneous sense, as it moves towards the earth in its free fall. It may be a moot point to say that the directional motion changed the clock, or it was the changing clock that set the directional motion. The gravitational manifold through which things move is also the stable conformation by which time flows and unfolds everywhere in a synchronous manner.

If we lift an object above our heads, and then drop it, it falls directly to the earth, without exception. This sense of motion was already built into the system--it was a potential part of the object in terms of its mass. Our lifting and holding back the object prevents its natural movement. Its coming to rest on the surface also prevents its further movement towards the center of gravity.

If we suspend any plumb bob in motionlessness, its tip will always point to the center of gravity of the earth. If we take any set of very fine measurements of the angle of a plumb bob from the horizontal, it will always read perpendicular to the horizontal line, but if we carry all these measurements over different places of the earth, we can gain a sense of the distance to the center of the earth by the intersection of the projected lines, and we can also gain a sense of the overall size of the earth by an estimate of its curvature.

3. The relative independence of gravitational frames of reference suggests that while only one gravitational frame of reference may predominate for a system at any one point in space and time, this point in space and time may actually be a member of a large number, even an infinite number of stratified gravitational frames of reference, such that its motion may be said to possibly occur in an infinite number of directions and speeds at the same time, without our realization of this background motion. Such possibility of omidirectional motion only becomes expressed, I believe, with the gravitational unity of a system is temporarily lost, and the system suddently disintegrates. A system that undergoes sudden disintegration gravitationally can be said to explode in all directions at the same time. The primary motion of an object in a system would be that motion detectable by the object within its primary frame of gravitational reference. Any other motion, or secondary motion, could be said to be relatively insensible. We detect the motion of the pencil as it rolls of the desk and falls to the floor. We do not detect the motion of that pencil as it flows, with the rest of the earth, in its orbit around the sun, or in the solar systems orbit around the Milky Way galaxy.

We are as if on a speeding train. Inside the speeding train, all motions appear relative to the frame of reference of our cabin. If we drop a pencil, if falls to the floor of the train car. We only sense the motion of the train if there is deceleration or acceleration, or if we look out the window and see the scenery rushing by. Unified gravitational systems accomplish the exact same effect as the stability of our furniture and pencils within the trai car or upon an airplane. If we drop our pencil out a window, we will observe the sudden shift of an independent frame of reference, just as if we elevate the pencil and suddenly let it fall to the floor. Even if we sense the motion of the train across the landscape, we do not sense its motion as a result of the rotation of the earth, unless we watch the sun set in relation to it. Nor can we sense its motion as a result of the earth's rotation around the sun, unless we follow carefully from day to day the path of the sun in its trajectory through the sky. These are insensible motions, or imperceptible motions, not because they seem to occur at an incredibly slow pace, which in relation to our system they do, but because they are moving at an incredibly fast speed through an incredibly vast space.

It is the nature of gravitational systems to preserve the original equilibrium of a complex system without disturbance, regardless of the motional patterns of this system in a larger gravitational frame of reference. Why this is so is not obvious, and compared to the motion of things through the earth's atmosphere, may seem counterintuitive. It is better comprehended if we see that the motion of the earth around the sun, incorporating the motion of the moon around the earth without interference, is like the motion of wooden horses on a merry-go-round. If we are riding our horse, we do not sense its change of position relative to the other horses around it. We can say that the entire frame of the carriage of the merry-go-round is moving synchronously at the same time. We cannot say that the forward motion of the earth around the sun, that gives to it its oribtal trajectory and periodicity of motion around the sun, is the result of the moving of the entire gravitational field around the sun. If the earth were stationary, it would fall in a spiral trajectory into the sun in relatively short order. Even if the speed of the earth were slightly decelerating, this deceleration would eventually cause a decay in the orbit about the sun. It is the steady and continuous motion of the earth, embedded within its continuuum, that prevents it from falling into the sun. It becomes like a ball on the end of a rope that is spun around and around onself. The rope remains taught as long as the ball continues its motion. But we can say the earth moves about the sun with the moon of the earth fixed into its own orbit in a manner entirely unaffected by its secondary motion around the sun, which would be insensible motion. The earth and moon therefore pirouette about the sun as if they are part of the same system.

The relative motions of the earth and the moon about the sun occur as completely independent of the relative motions of Saturn and its moons about the sun. We know these motions to occur at the same time, but they occur in a completely or directly independent manner. These are considered separate and simultaneous systems that are independent of one another. The spime manifold affecting the earth-moon system in relation to the sun is separate from the spime manifold affecting the saturn-moon system, or any other planet system, though they all occur within the same solar gravitational frame of reference. They are not all on the same merry-go-round--each is its own merry-go-round traveling at its own speed.

This is explanable only if we can say that the local effects outweight the larger range effects in the immediate frame of reference, but the larger range effects (gravitationally speaking) influence and determine the entire frame of reference within a larger system.

4. We may speak of the continuous motion of an object through empty space-time, if no perturbing or interfering force occurs, in a way as to suggest that this motion is an intrinsic part of the system of which an object is the central part. The entire local system is moving in a simultaneous manner with the object, and this motion becomes a property attributable to the system. We may say the following:

All things in the universe exist in continuous motion.

Nothing is at absolute rest in the universe.

All rest states are relative to the gravitational frame of reference they occur within.

Acceleration or deceleration of a system, or the shifting of the direction of a system, requires the input of force to change the equilibrium that the system exists within. What is experienced is the inertia of the system, and this inertia is a direct function of the systems mass. Inertia can be defined as the innate resistance of a system to alteration of its current state of equilibrium.

Direction or speed of motion of a object in empty space-time does not affect the conformational structure of its gravitational field, even though spime can be said to be continuously flowing through and around it. We would expect the kind of resistance encountered with all fluid dynamic systems, but in fact there is no drag or at least any appreciable drag to empty physical motional systems. This speaks of a curious structure of spime as a substance, and I believe reveals a special set of qualities about this substance. I would claim that it occurs in an instantaneous manner everywhere at the same time--it is ubiquitous. Secondly, it is not only ubiquitous, but universally substitutable. Third, its nature of interaction can be said to be instantaneous cross space--in other words, its effect is faster than the speed of light. Motionally it occurs in fluid dynamic patterns, but this is only local and relative motion. At the same time, this spime can be seen to be blinking on and off and occurring in one place, and then in an entirely different place, at the same time. It therefore appears to violate in this regard a basic principle of motion, such that we can state that the same entity may occur in two different places successively, without a direct line of motion between them.

Whatever the speed of an object through empty space time, its immediate or primary intrinsic frame of reference will remain as if at rest, and its motion through space will be said to be insensible. There will be no conformational changes to its surrounding spime manifold. The speed itself will be an intrinsic property of the system. It is therefore possible to imagine a system that is in motion in an infinite number of directions simultaneously, but remains in essence as if at rest. In a gravitationally unified system, all components of the system must move in a synchronous manner within any larger frame of reference, such that such motion is insensible within the system. Larger scale motions of the earth-centered system, within some great frame of reference, will only be detectable over the long run by its shifting position among the stars. The number of kinds of changes of position of stars, or variation that can be detected, may lead us to be able to estimate the number of different kinds of motion that the earth as a gravitationally unified system may be involved within. Such estimates would as well tell us something interesting about the larger structural cosmography of the universe of which we are a part. This kind of measure is probably exacerbated though by the fact that starlight is so old and so long in reaching us, that we really cannot tell what the exact contemporaneous state of the universe is, though we can infer some kind of state system occurring.

I believe continuous motion tells us something interesting about the structure of physical reality. An object that is set in motion in physical space, if allowed to continue uninterrupted, would apparently retain the same exact speed and trajectory for eternity. It would travel forever across empty-space without its trajectory ever degrading or coming to an end. This structure suggests, among other things, that the universe is open and infinite, else any such hypothetical object would have to change direction or change its speed eventually as a result of meeting some "edge" to the system or as a result of its curvature.

The speed and directionality of motion are two mechanical properties that are associated with an object in the universe, and unless acted upon by some intervening force or counterforce, these properties appear to be invariable. It follows that if we accept a big bang model, and we find that the universe is slowing down or speeding up in its rate of expansion, then, according to this theory stated above, there must be some force that causes the universe to expand faster or some resistance factor that slows this expansion down. Otherwise, it would be expected that the universe would expand at a continuous speed overall, and that it would expand infinitely outward in an open system.

We can observe this with light systems, which has its own inherent speed that never changes in empty space. We can deduce that possibly there is gradual loss off intrinsic energy in such a system ( a form of gravitational inertia) which becomes experienced as red shift. We can conclude that all objects in their motion will yield a small amount of its energy over time to the surrounding manifold, but this energy may be yielded in different ways than in directional momentum. Is it possible that such an object will grow less dense, or lighter, over the very long run?

Any object must affect its surrounding field in some manner. The results of these effects are gravitational, and we talk about a gravitational field of some size, strength and shape, surrounding any object. This field is in a sense an intrinsic and constant part of this object, though it may exhibit variability during its lifetime. The field cannot be explained in terms of the intrinsic mass of the system, as this mass is leftover, completely, if the field were able to be removed. The mass of the system itself is a product of this field. If an object moves through empty space-time, its field moves in equal measure without distortion or change of its size, shape or strength. The continuum that it moves through is never the same, but the field and its embedded object are unified as a single system. Inertia of a system would be then the energy that is required to move the system through empty space-time, including its field and object.

All motion is in essence change in time as well as in spatial positioning. If all things in the universe are in continuous motion, and any single thing may exhibit an infinite number of simultaneous motions within the larger system, then we can say that the universe is mechanically complex and universally relative. Where we define differentials in motion depend upon the reference point we adopt. Such motional characteristics of the universe would also entail that it is a dynamic state structure, continuously changing.

We must ask in this regard whether or not the total system could be gravitationally unified. If it were, all submotions would occur in some kind of complex equilibrium, and the universe as a whole could be considered to be in motion itself within a larger frame of reference. The cosmological principle which seems to hold true over the larger scale, suggests that the total universe is not gravitationally unified as a single system, and that at some point, gravitational unification of larger and larger systems stops being a major factor in the overall organization of the universe.

*****

I have elaborated a theory of universal relativity that guides an understanding of the order of the universe and of the fundamental physical realities composing that universe. The universe can be said to be temporally integrated, and this sense of temporal integration requires a three-dimensional space manifold for its reiterative expression. The temporal integration of the universe is expressed in terms of its energy dynamics that are continuous and always seeking some relative state of equilibrium. The explanation for temporal integration of the universe can be said to be evidenced by gravitational effects that are the result of differential densities or concentrations of energy leading to the formation of matter. Our own experience of time upon a fundamental level is a consequence of our being a material part of the universe as a whole system.

In the larger universe, or in what can be called the total universe, the cosmological principle of time can be said to have no value, rather, it can be said to be eternal or rather without time. The total universe can be said to be infinitely slow and infinitely empty. It can be said therefore to be infinitely large, and also infinitely empty. It can be said to be a non-zero state universe, in the sense that we can assign to it no original or final or ultimate or fundamental end-states. It is a moot point therefore to ask scientifically where the universe began, as it always existed and had not beginning.

The experience of time as an irreversible process is purely a part of an isotrophic event structure within some gravitationally defined frame of reference. The larger universe holds itself together by the fact that it is gravitationally integrated within an already unified field, and this integration can be said to be achieved outside of time itself, as far as we experience this phenomena. This can be understood in terms of how the speed of light as a universal constant affects all thermodynamic processes and rates of change in the universe. All positively expressed change phenomena occur as a function of the speed of light, which represents the maximum rate at which such change events can propagate from some origin in 4-dimensional frames. Gravitational integration can be said therefore to be a kind of potential or negative event structure that exists outside of temporal ordering or what can be said to be transition phenomena. The effects of gravitation that we experience occur within the framework of temporal ordering or what we can call transition phenomena. The way of understanding gravitational integration is as a vast system that is synchronized automatically to the same periodicities. In fact these periodicities can be said to be zero-periodicities. Local perturbations occur to this system that result in fluctuations of local equilibrium, being restored in the direction of the overall system that is of zero-time value or a state of absolute rest or changelessness. We most closely understand this state as absolute zero, and can even assign to it a definite number.

Another way of looking at the temporal integration of the universe is to understand that in the application of the cosmological principle, there is a principle of consistent congruence of structure. What we find to be congruent structure of time and matter and space in our little corner of the universe, is held to be of equivalent structure everywhere else in the universe, unless there are prevailing conditions that account for deviations from this structural patterning.

The inference from this is that the universe can be said to be a simultaneous state structure. It occurs everywhere at the same instant, though temporal periodicities defining the structure will vary throughout. We may say that in all the universe, time is non-reciprocal and irreversible.

We may state the following principles:

Synchronous event structures are by definition independent event structures that occur simultaneously. In order of event structures to occur simultaneously, they must be independent of one another. This independence of event structure is achieved spatially through segregation.

Such structures must be physically separated from one another, which separation entails spatial-temporal segregation. The speed of light, which is a constant, imposes a limit to the rate of change possible in any system of any volume, and sets a framework for the spatio-temporal segregation of independent, cooccurring event structures to take place.

If the universe were not spatially distributed, there could be no independent simultaneous event structures.

Interdependent or non-independent event structures must occur diachronically or in a chronological order of patterning. In order to two events to occur within the same spatial frame of reference, they must be separated by time. They cannot occur simultaneously.

Non-simultaneous event structures must be directionally ordered by temporal sequence. These event structures can only occur sequentially one after another, as part of the same state-path trajectory.

The energy of non-simultaneous or sequential event structures will never be the same energy, and this change in energy states reflects the dynamic and temporal aspects of change and transformation affecting these successive event structures. On the other hand, it is apparent that in time, the energy of simultaneous event structures will become shared across space, but only with other contraposed non-simultaneous event structures.

In this model, we can see that energy emanating from synchronous but segregated event structures at the bottom, requires a certain amount of time to reach the origins of the contraposed event structures, by then, the energy of the first even structure has been lost and replaced. We understand and assume this relationship to be fairly uniform and fixed by the speed of light, and we refer to the number of light-years as the standard yardstick for measuring the relative universe. When we observe very distant and deep galaxies, we are observing them not at their synchronous or simultaneous states, but at an earlier state. Neither can we observe our own original state, or rather the previous state at which our own system existed contemporaneously with the one we are observing.

We can assume that the more powerful our telescopes are, the further back in time we may see, and that the light from the earliest universe at the most distant edges of this universe, will still be a part of our own light system and, if we had the know-how, would enable us to analyze very primordial states from the furthest corners of the universe. What would be denied to our vision at all times would be the current state of the universe at its distant limits, and our own direct primordial states of the corner of the universe in which we exist. Only the cosmological principle allows us to assume on some minimal level a degree of non-isotropism of simultaneous event structure between our own and distant systems. How far this presumption can be extended across the infinitudes of the universe is uncertain.

We can assume this non-isotropism of structure to hold reasonably well within the observational sphere or compass of our observability. We can infer it to hold true for several orders of magnitude beyond this compass of our observational sphere if we assume both that we are not at the center of the sphere we are observing, and that light is traveling in fairly uniform ways in every direction from every source. This inferrable sphere is pretty large in extent, but I believe even this kind of inference must break down with each order of magnitude we assume for its size, in greater and greater uncertainty.

In the background field of the universe, it can be said that all simultaneous event structures become integrated in a dynamically complex manner. We cannot draw a clearcut boundary between event structures at the level of their energy dynamics, at least, like we can draw a boundary around matter.

The unique and interesting structure of light is that no matter how dilute or how much cross-interference or deformation affects its trajectory through space-time, it always retains a minimum amount of information of the signal from its original source. This feature allows us to see things from very vast distances with a modicum of certainty about what we are observing. We can record transmission lines and determine the chemical or atomic nature and composition of the distant sources. We can use this kind of information to more realistically define the cosmological principle on a large and long run scale of space-time. We can refer to this unique structure as the pin-point accuracy of light, no matter how perturbed or otherwise integrated within the background field. Explaining this kind of pin-point accuracy of light may yield important theoretical understanding about the dynamic structure of physical reality. For instance, it may bespeak a relationship with what I refer to as the zeroth-entity or property such that light can be said to cause a fundamental temporal-directional perturbation to the zeroth extent. This would mean that no matter how miniscule the amount of light, it would be theoretically recoverable from the most distant and scantiest of sources. It may also entail the field-line integration of all simultaneous event structures as continuous wave fronts. In other words, light at a particular wave moment or instant will be inherently integrated with all other light of the same instant of the same instantaneous wave front. This integration can be explained in terms of the quantum properties of the zeroth-entity. We should therefore find in any light field a topographical map of its state-path trajectory recorded as a series of interference or Fresnel lines, etc.

The instantaneously current distribution of event structures in the universe is complex and chaotic, self-organizing and stochastic. It was arrived at through an eternity of natural histories from earlier or preceding distributions. This is how we understand the temporal integration of the universe. Current states of differentiation and segregation, as well as integration, are a by-product of previous states. These states are dynamic and always in fluctuation. They do not come crashing together because it would require more energy to bring things together than to keep them apart. The current and unfolding spatial-temporal distribution of the universe, and the implied spatial segregationof independent event structures, was only achieved as the result of countless eons of natural cosmogenesis. Such patterning could not be simply or suddenly altered on any grand scale. If the universe is expanding, then it is doing so because this sense of physical segregation is gradually increasing rather than diminishing. It is an attempt to restore equilibrium to a system that is growing increasingly dynamic and turbulent, while at the same time diffusing out to broader and broader regions of space-time. It makes sense that the universe would seek an empty state, a vacuum of maximum distribution. The trouble is that because it is infinite and eternal, its vacuum will never be achieved. Diffusion is never into completely empty space, but always a form of cross-diffusion into the background field. Its measure of emptiness is relative to its infinity only. Furthermore, the universe is apparently growing increasingly dynamic as more energy is produced from the turbulence of space-time and more matter stock-piles from the collisions of energy. Event structures occurring in one corner of the universe eventually have a chaotic, butterfly influence on other event structures in another corner of the universe.

It can be said that in the universe, what goes around comes around, except that, unlike the earth's surface, the universe is an open ended structure. We peer ever more deeply into both its history and its primordial expanses. With time, as with energy, what goes around does not return, but is lost forever.

The model provided suggests that the universe may be expanding through time in order to maintain a sense of equilibrium between an increasing dynamic interpenetration of event structures in the background field. In other words, in order for independent event structures to maintain their separate and synchronous frames, greater and greater spatial segregation may be necessary. The universe can be seen to be literally disintegrating at the seams of its space-time construct. It is pulling it self apart upon the intergallactic interstices in the regions where dynamic turburlence would approach zero. This continuous expansion of the universe must be seen as a part of its evolutionary history. The universe is growing in an exponential and continuous sense. Because it was infinite in the first frame, its growth can be boundless and yet reach no limit. I believe that the growth of the universe is an equilibrium controlling process that maintains an optimal distribution of major change events in the structural distribution of the universe. Which ever direction we may choose to peer with our telescopes, we should find the classic cosmological principle of non-isotropic distribution being validated. In other words, we should expect that the distribution of stars and gallaxies more or less even across the vastness of the universe. We should expect that though the universe is growing increasingly dynamic, in an infinite frame of the total universe this is always relative. The universe will never become either more dense or concentrated in energy, nor more diffuse or vacuous than it was before. No matter how much it expands, or how rapidly, its total dynamic will approximate zero. Infinite expansion of its space allows for infinite growth of its dynamic components of energy and matter.

We can only understand this process if we resort to a conceptual model of numbers. We know that the set of all positive whole numbers is less than the set of all positive and negative whole numbers, and this is less than the set of all real numbers, and so on. We know that each set is an infinite set, but less than the set that contains it, which is also, of necessity, also infinite.

In a growing universe we can expect that the amount of matter in an original state was less than the amount of matter in the current state or in some future state, but we can understand that the original state of all matter was by definition infinite, and so is the current or any future state, though these states are larger than the original one.

In this case, in keeping with the cosmological principle and the model of the open, infinite state universe, I would claim that any alleged curvature of space-time is non-uniform, and on a cosmological scale tends to cancel itself out. The overall structure of the universe is therefore flat, with the proviso that its local and regional translational topographies are probably quite variable.

Red shift may reflect the expansion of the universe, but this expansion is not due to the acceleration of distant galaxies or clusters, rather it is due to the growth of the interstial spaces between these clusters. It follows that the degradation of energy of the light signals that passes through the expansive regions of space reflects this expansion. We cannot assume that light we are recording from very distant sources has traveled some absolute distance of space-time to reach its destination on earth. The breadth of its actual state-path trajectory may actually be quite non-uniform and in the long run twisted. The amount of red-shifting would indirectly reflect this degree of non-linear departure of light from its linear path. The expansion of the universe in its interstitial corridors would be experienced as a twisting and curvature of space-time, and it would possibly interact with light passing through it in a manner to interfere and absorb the energy of light.

I do not believe that it is appropriate to hypothesize a common origin point of original expansion or a cosmic egg hypothesis. I believe that however deeply into the cosmological past we may want to venture, we would find that the structure of the universe was always essentially open and infinite. What is possible is that the common constiuency or structure of the universe has evolved from one state to another over a very great expanse of time, and this would reflect a variability of structure that would be difficult to observe within or human limits. If this were true, then it would also suggest that the universe may have forms of extensive and intensive variability as well that we have not yet observed, and that the total structure of the universe is somewhat more complex and variegated than the flat, cosmological model we see through our telescopes.

I had at some point hypothesized an anti-state universe that interconnected at critical energy points with our own universe. I do not know if this model is a necessary or very parsimonious one, especially if we can explain the fundamental atomic structure of matter in terms reducible to electron-positron pairs that interact in complex ways to form nucleonic structures.

An expanding model of the univere is really one in which the four-dimensional sheet of the background field is infinitely expansive and stretchable in all directions. The expansion of space-time suggests limitations to gravitational fields, if we understand gravitation as a form of radiation. The universe would pull itself a part, or continuously just "fall apart" at the zones where gravitational energy from different sources are mutually destructive. We do not expect gravitational fields to grow stronger or more integrative in the intermediate depths of intergallactic space. We expect it to grow weaker and weaker, to the point that it exhibits, instead of concentrative flows, expansive flows.

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Upon a basic level, it is likely that we will never be able to arrive, by means of observation and experimentation, at a complete picture of our physical world. We may develop rational models of the universe and its physical fabric of reality that are derived from our observations and calculations, but it is very possible that some endpoint will be reached beyond which, given our own physical states of being, we will not be able to venture in order to prove what is true in a manner that is conventionally acceptable from a scientific point of view. At the same time, we cannot arbitrarily draw the line between what is merely unknown and what may be ultimately unknowable. We lack any objective, non-arbitrary means of discriminating reality beyond the event horizon of our own scientific world-view, based as this is upon state-of-the-art techniques and technology of research. We have surely pushed the envelope of knowledge far further than we could have imagined even 30 years previously, and it is likely that, before the limits of science are reached, we push this empirical envelope of our knowledge even further than we can now imagine.

The aim of natural systems theory and metasystems science in its development has really been the cultivation of what can be called a naturalistic worldview and a naturalist philosophy about the world as we perceive it and live within it. It can be said that natural philosophy. This philosophy provides a symbolic order and rational explanation of the real world that can be said to make sense scientifically.

The natural philosophy of science is not strictly tied to a rationalist view of the world as this has become articulated as the predominant theme of the Western European tradition. Empiricism, especially as this has been developed in the British and later American traditions, beginning with Roger Bacon's first essays on inductivism and scientific method, has been a strong counterpoint to the Platonic idealism and its subsequent dialectics, especially in the framework of such distinguished philosophers as Rene' Decartes.

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I propose a fundamental unity of order underlying the diverse patterns found in the physical universe. This fundamental unity of order can be represented in a rough way by the following diagram:

This model is a simple and efficient system of interaction. A triangular structure between components is perhaps the simplest and yet most varied structure that we are capable of having.

For this kind of system to work, we would have to account for the following:

1. How apparently empty space can lead to the spontaneous production of light energy.

2. How light energy can form seas of electron-positron clouds that can interact and combine in ways to produce hydrogen nuclei and molecules.

3. How hydrogen atoms can coalesce to produce concentrative gravitational effects that drives anti-entropically higher fusion and fission processes.

4. How electromagnetic energy can be returned to the apparently empty reservoir of space-time.

5. How matter can interact with gravitational energy to produce heat and electromagnetic energy.

6. How mass can be returned to the empty-reservoir of space-time gravitationally.

In this model, two separate arrows were drawn between each of the distinct forms to indicate that reactions and interactions proceeded normally in both directions, but that these pathways of interaction were separate and independent from one another.

We can say that there is a complex equilibrium associated with the overall structure, and with each element of the structure as well. Each arrow would represent reaction equation, and the overall interaction between the forms would represent a kind of dynamic equilibrium of state-structure. Generally, each state form, space-time, matter and energy represents alternative conformations of fundamental physical structure that are essentially equivalent to one another, and whose end-state as such is fairly strong in any equilibrium equation. In all the universe, we can have only some combination of these three state forms. We may conjecture on hybrid state-forms existing, such as super-liquids, and we can conjecture on "supermatter" existing within the nucleus of a blackhole, but it is not empirically clear exactly what is inside a black hole.

We can speak of general interactions occurring between space-time, (or spime), matter and energy on a continuous and regular basis. All of these interactions are essentially unidirectional and irreversible. We can furthermore specify a peculiar order for these interactions:

I would say that if we seek a natural evolutionary order to the universe, we must see it as the rise of the complex from the simple, and of the high energy end-states from relatively low energy end-states.

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The theory of the cold fusion of the dynamic state universe as I have elaborated this depends upon an explanation of how light energy in particular may be spontaneously generated from seemingly nowhere and from apparent nothingness. Light has a quality of being thermodynamic. It is ever expansive, and always escapes from any system that seeks to contain it. Like the Hoyle-Gold-Bondi theory of the steady-state, certain production of light per unit area of empty space, under the proper conditions, must be explained and validated in terms of theory, and hopefully, by means of experiment.

Such an explanation would depend upon a correct and precise understanding of the relationship between space-time and light energy as these things are known to occur. Light and space-time appear to interact in basic and important ways, and understanding the nature of these interactions should lead to a solution to our puzzle.

We might state something like the following hypothesis: Under certain conditions perturbation, light energy is spontaneously generated from the space-time surroundings.

Its pathways and fields of propagation can be said to be instantaneous event-variables that change continuously over time. If we cast what appears to be a continuous laser beam upon some distant object, say, from the moon's surface back to the earth, then we must ask if this stream of light is continuous and integrated, or discontinous and composed of many small particular events. Evidence suggests that, depending upon our point of view and apparatus, both answers are correct--therefore both alternatives are also partially incorrect.

What we understand as a photon, or a quantum of energy with quantum-like properties, can be said to be more of an event of a certain discrete duration, than it is a "particle" with a certain contemporaneous size. We understand therefore photons and light more in the temporal dimension, than in terms of its spatial dimensions. If we invoke some kind of spatial parameters for its description, it is likely to be in terms of light-seconds or light years, or what is known as the speed of light which is known to be a constant. We are likely as well to invoke a parameter of its specific directionality. Light appears to be a form of motion, indeed, a traveling moment of energy, that is always traveling in some fairly precise direction at any given time.

Light is therefore a function of time, a duration of an certain kind of measurable effect. It is a transitive effect that is always escaping, always in motion, and, like electricity, that cannot be contained as itself unless it is first converted to some potential form.

Its continuity or relative discontinuity depends upon the point of view at which it is observed.

How can we measure the time of light in a non-relative manner? I speculate that upon a fundamental level, time is a discontinuous process. Our view of time as continuous is only a fiction of our size and our own relative periodicities. Time is punctuated much as the photons of light energy appear to be punctuated. It pulses at a discrete rate. It does not pulse synchronously across the simultaneous front of the universe, nor does it unfold upon an even field. Perturbations of the background field due to gravitational disequilibrium results in distortion of this field. Light affects this field of unfolding time, and is in turn affected and expressed within this field. What we construe as the field effects of light fronts, with their partial integration and sharing of quanta and their quantum effects, is due to their being an intrinsic part of this background field as a particular kind of perturbation from a specific origin point. I predict that this kind of perturbation is a kind of tunneling effect of light upon its surrounding field matrix due to the temporary, traveling and periodic charge dissociation of this field.

How can we convert what appears to be a temporal event phenomena into what can be considered to be a spatial and geometricized entity?

The challenge of explaining cold-fusion origins is that all electromagnetic energy as we experience this appears to be generated by means of electronic or nuclear activity. Electromagnetic energy appears to be released as a product of motion of a charged state within a magnetic field.

I will put forward a bold paradigmatic statement:

1. All energy is a temporally ordered phenomena. Energy as force is expressed as variation in time, and possibly, variation of time.

2. The spatial expression of energy is always motional and directional.

3. There are maximum and mininum constraints in the expression of positive or dissociative energy. There is also the indirect expression of negative or consociative energy in the form of gravitation.

4. Matter is positive energy that has been permanently or relatively localized and hence

spatially expressed. Matter is a stable end-state in the expression of energy.

5. We may speculate that energy as a temporally ordered phenomena is related to the contruction of time as either a continuous or discontinuous variable: i.e. time as an absolutely or relatively quantifiable phenomena with quantum properties.

1. Is time merely the property of the expression of energy such that static time is no variation in energy, and such that we might speculate that energiless systems are non-temporal and non-dynamic?

2. May energy be the expression of time such that change in temporal pattern will result in change in energy dynamics?

3. My we specify fundamental units of energy or, alternatively, natural periodicities of time, by which all phenomena can be ordered and "synchronized" in a simultaneous way.

6. How would the temporal character of energy in the universe be used to account for the principle of universal simultaneity, especially if positive energy is constrained in its expression?

I would propose an energy-time constant with something like the following formula:

ET = K_E-T

Where E is some fixed measure of energy

T is some time-interval that is inversely proportional to E

It seems to me that in order to understand how electromagnetic energy may be spontaneously created in the universe from apparent nothingness of empty space-time, we must see how temporal process could exist in an empty vacuum, at least as a potential energy system at some state of equilibrium. By our definitions above, in a completely energiless system, time would not be a factor of consideration. If we can attribute temporal dimensionally to any apparently empty system, then that system must contain some measure of energy, even in a potential or negative sense. We can say thermodynamically that such a system attracts positive energy naturally to it. An energiless system lacking temporal properties would essentially be a discontinuous state in the fabric of the physical structure of the universe. If there can be no discontinuous states in the fabric of physical reality, then there can be no energiless systems. Therefore, empty states must contain at least some minimal form of energy.

Such negative energy that I believe manifests itself gravitationally in relation to relatively fixed energy states of matter, can be explained in terms of what I refer to as state consociation versus state dissociation. Positive electromagnetic energy is state dissociated, and has the classical dissociative or thermodynamic properties. We must see such dissociative states as temporal events that may occur like ripples across three dimensional space, and that represents a periodic perturbation of the empty spime manifold. We may understand this if we see that spime is not empty so much as it exists in a preferred state of zero-equilibrium. The stable consociated energy state can be thought of as one in which dissociative tendencies in energy are self-cancelling or exist in a kind of balanced equilibrium. Dissociative states are intrinsic to the fabric of space-time--it can under the right conditions, "pull itself apart" which negative energy effects may result in two interrelated consequences:

1. The spontaneous creation of more spime.

2. The spontaneous emission of positive energy, probably in the infrared or microwave background, as a kind of blackbody emission.

I have said that the two effects may be interrelated, suggesting that the process of the universe that is "expansive" or growing in terms of its fundamental dimensions, may result in the continuous production of thermodynamic energy as a result.

The challenge here is that in understanding an infinite universe, spontaneous growth, or the apparent creation of something from nothingness, would affect the relative size of the universe, but not its absolute magnitude, as there is not basis by which its absolute magnitude could be defined. If we say, for instance, that infinite state universe 1 increased in size to infinite state universe 2, and infinite state universe 2 then gradually increased in size to infinite-state universe 3, each time contributing proportionately more energy to the total energy volume of the universe, there would be several unchanging parameters:

We can rank the universes on a relative scale from small to large: 1 to 2 to 3.

We can rank the universes on a relative scale from least to most energetic: 1 to 2 to 3.

We cannot rank the universes on any absolute scale of size or energy, as all are equally infinite in size, and therefore, essentially zero in volume of total energy to size.

We can say that spontaneous generation of both positive and negative forms of energy are concurrent and part of the same process of an expanding universe, and that this process is possible as a result of the inherent dynamics of the universe in terms of its fundamental structure. I have argued previously that this inherent dynamic is tied to its periodic process, such that for each temporal event or manifestation of a positive state, there is a corresponding consequent manifestation of a negative state, which may not be exactly equal in proportion to its predecessor positive states. These states occur non-isotropically and randomly in the universe, but in the long run of the larger structure, the emergence of local or regional isotropic structures are not only possible, but highly probable. The result will be an uneven stretching, bending and disequilibrium of the structure of space time resulting in its relative expansion and its spontaneous growth in both size and energy.

The isotropic bending, twisting and stretching of the universe can be said to occur regionally and locally. Essentially, it can be seen as the deformations of the temporal event structure of the universe creating disequilibrium or differential gradients within this fabric. We could not physically see this bending or stretching or twisting, as even the light that we see through our most powerful telescopes would conform to the same processes as the rest of the physical universe. The universe maintains its total integrity of structure regardless of its local stochastic perturbations of structure.

Its disequilibrium and deformations could only be experienced along lines of energy gradients and differentials, and related temporal differentials, if we were able to compare different zones or areas in a simultaneous manner. We may say that deformation of the temporal dimension results in spatial discontinuities which, though invisible, are expressed in terms of relative motion and instantaneous direction. I believe it would also be experienced by means of observing its consequences, which would be the emission of a background field of radiation, presumably in the infrared range.

To attempt to answer as succinctly as possible the original question of the spontaneous generation of thermodynamic universe from apparent emptiness, we must see that: 1. There is no absolute emptiness in the universe, as any void is automatically filled in with potential or negative energy. 2. Local isotropic discontinuities in the event structure of the universe leads to a pattern of dynamic growth of local regions as a result of a process of continuous filling in of empty spaces. 3. This process of "filling in" results in a secondary production of thermodynamic energy as a consequence. 4. This can be explained by a growth process in which one final event structure dissociates to become two or more other initial event structures, with the differential of potential energy between final and initial states resulting in the formation of positive energy.

The closest analogy I can think of to explain such spontaneous emission of light from space would be the flashing of lightening in storm cloud formations. Of course, the difference is in terms of the structure and scale of the fundamental processes involved. The universe is continuously "flashing" light photons as a part of the fundamental background structure that is inherently dynamic.

It is by this model that we apply and can understand the term "universal relativity" that suggests that we have few if any absolute states by which we can define a fundamental baseline to the structure and patterning of the universe.

In an infinite system, any nonrandom or stochastically determined phenomena possible, would become random and stochastically undetermined within a larger framework.

In other words, we can say that an infinite and open universe is an infinitely empty universe, and any non-empty state is a relative and partial condition in relation to the total event-structure. No matter how much energy we may put into such a system, the total amount of energy to the total volume of space to fill it would always be equal to, or at least infinitesimally approximate to, zero. Even if the total amount of energy were infinite, the relative ratio of energy to its container would always be virtual zero.

The functional explanation of the spontaneous growth of the universe by stochastic random process is a bit tautological and seems to defy all we know about how the universe occurs and proceeds in time, from ordered to disordered states. If we presuppose some orginally ordered state universe, as exemplified by the cosmic egg hypothesis, then we must ask how that original maximally ordered state occurred or was created in the first place, without invoking recourse to the hand of a supernatural force or entity. An original state universe must be a zero-state universe, whether this is defined as a single infinitesimally small point, or we understand it as an infinitude (it would be relative, once again). Zero and non-zero state models would be essentially undifferentiated in the original state.

We are obviously caught on the horns of a scientific paradox, as the spontaneous generation of a universe from nothing, and an infinite state containing another infinite state, defies in a fundamental way what we understand to be basic about the universe. The only recourse we have to such a dilemma is to invoke a metastate model of a universe that goes something like the following:

1. If the total universe is infinite, its total size is absolute though any measure of it is relative.

2. If the universe is expanding, it is not totally expanding, but only partially expanding, implying that whatever new product is created from this expansion, is taken from some other part of the system.

3. The metastate universe is necessarily a multi-state system, implying the coexistence of multiple state universes.

The dilemma, in other words, is how can we invoke a closed model of equilibrium, in which there is a set amount of volume and substance, that always achieves some dynamic balance, if the universe is infinite, which implies an open model and therefore makes closed equilibrium impossible. We answer this in a multi-state model by saying that such a system can be relatively closed through its compartmentalization into subsystems. Any such equilibrium achieved would be relative equilibrium in a partial and semi-closed system. This again is the invocation of the principle of universal relativity that suggests that in an infinite total universe, there can be no closed systems or non-relative states. The questions to be asked then is how does partitioning or compartmentalization of the total system occur?

*****

If light is being continuously produced in the universe from its background dynamics, and if the universe is infinite and infinitely empty, then, in a similar manner that we invoked stochastic determinism of multiple partial states that are locally isotropic, we can invoke in the continuous production of light energy and its stochastic distribution within the universe (based upon the constraints of the speed of light and its direction) the eventual formation of electron-positron pairs within high light density regions. These pairs would flash into existence as a result of headlong collisions of light.

Because these collisions always yield anti-particle pairs, we may suggest that all light is always dissociated as a "clockwise" event structure, and that particle-anti-particle pairs always occur in both contraposed clockwise and anticlockwise spin orientations. We may speculate that the fundamental structure of spime always occurs in an integrated clockwise-anti-clockwise bound or consociated formation, and that it is the twising of spime that releases clockwise energy in a positive state, and possibly, anti-clockwise energy in a comparable negative state.

We must speculate therefore that the background universe will have relatively continuous densities of free electrons & positrons that exist as forms of radiation. Just as light may collide in dense, distributed structures throughout the universe, in "light clouds" so too in a similar way must concentrations of electrons and positrons also exist in dense "cloud formations" the result of which would be the production of hydrogen nuclei which in turn would form their own cloud formations. Gravitational effects and disequilibriums would be expected to increase in these different forms of cloud densities, and the relative sizes of these formations would be expected to decrease.

The results of the collisions of electron-positron pairs may not be only the production of more light, but possibly the formation of neutron structures. We might understand this in terms of the mutual attraction of opposite charged states, the mutual repellence of like-charged states. Where it is conventionly expected that particle-anti-particle coupling would result in mutual annihilation, I suggest an alternative possibility that it would result in the formation of a larger entity that had its own distinctly dynamic properties.

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The construal of energy as a purely temporal process, with its only temporal manifestations being that of motion and direction, as a translation process, allows us to think of energy not as a thing or something that exists in the material universe, so much as it is a process or something that happens with and to the material universe. And if we are inclined to see in energy a causative nature, that it results in effects that are observable and even measureable, as for instance with our light gathering and measuring instruments, then perhaps we must also see light, as a temporal phenomena, as something that is a medium through which other causes may be expressed upon the material world.

The continuous moderation of light energy as a temporal phenomena. Its currents and periodicities suggest that it is like a reverberation of a string that is taughtly tethered between two supports, that when plucked, will form a discrete series of vibrations. We can see that the plucking of the string of light occurs at one end of the line--at its source, and that it very rapidly moves down the line as far as the line will stretch. We cannot envisage any true line in empty space, but we can infer a hypothetical string that constitutes an infinitely discrete direction that is instantly propagated through space-time.

We might say that the string of light is not so much real as it is a possible or potential string that may be set straight at the exact instant of the plucking--the speed of light, always a constant in empty space-time, would be the degree of inertia exhibited upon the string by its surroundings as the light propagates through space-time. We may call the string in more fitting parlance a kind of instantaneous field-line that propagates through the manifold of the universe.

I will speculate that the same background field that creates gravitational attraction and forces, can be used to explain the phenomena of light radiation. Very similar kinds of properties appear to be associated with both forms of energy. At the same time, as alternative forms of energy they appear to be fundamentally different from one another as well. Both represent, I would say, a fundamental form of motion that occurs temporally and that leads to different spatial consequences. Such motion cannot be confined, except perhaps in the energy-binding of matter resulting in a temporally fixed or relatively unchanging entity.

We may describe such expression of energy in another way, and that is as a fundamental manifestation of change in the universe--or what we could call, on another level, thermodynamics. Changes are only recognizable by their results, by the differences from previous states through transformation. Energy can be seen therefore as a transforming force primarily--or, to put it in another way, as the expression of this transformation. Furthermore, it is a way of measuring and analyzing processes of transformation in a systematic manner.

We might say that energy always occurs with a given ratio or density per unit area and time that it occurs within. This density aspect of energy fields is quite variable and continuously fluctuating.

I will speculate therefore that, from a relativistic point of view, energy density and transformation phenomena, temporal rates of cyclic change measured temporally in terms of periodicities, exist in a kind of dynamic equilibrium such that if we increase the energy density of a given system, we decrease or depress the periodic rate of change associated with that system. If we lower the energy density of a system, then we will increase or elevate the periodic rate of change associated with that system.

We may state the following kinds of implications:

1. The higher the relative density of energy of a system, the more rapidly the changes to the system that occur.

2. The more diffuse the relative density of energy of a system, the more slowly the changes to the system that occur.

3. Decreasing energy density has the effect of relativistically "enlarging" the clock like increased gas pressure expands a balloon. Elevated energy density has the inverse consequence of "shrinking" the clock of change.

1. The smaller the point in space-time, the more rapid the periodicity.

2. The larger the area in space-time, the slower the overall periodicity.

3. A point infinitely small and infinitely dense in energy, will occur at an infinite rapid periodic rate.

4. A distribution infinitely large and infinitely diffuse in energy will occur at an infinitely slow periodic rate.

5. Any singularity point is infinitely fast.

6. The total universe, as a whole, is infinitely slow.

a. All dynamics are local isotropic dynamics.

b. All energy exchange dynamics, in the largest structure, equal zero or cancel out.

It follows that an extremely dense energy system, as perhaps that found in a blackhole, will essentially be a system in which time has accelerated so rapidly as to be almost infinitely fast in temporal periodicity. A system that so rarefied of energy, as perhaps that in empty spacetime of the deepest intergallactic voids, must be zones where time may slow down to an infinitely slow pace. Light traveling at its own constant speed will have its own relative clock, which I assume to be quite slow compared to other kinds of systems, such as our own material systems on earth.

The consideration of motion of course complicates this model. It is possible that motion has the reverse effect of the relationship of relative energy density to periodicity. A system in rapid motion may have the effect of slowing a clock down, while a system that exhibits no motion may be relatively fast in occurrence. How this occurs exactly is unexplained--that it appears to occur has been demonstrated theoretically and experimentally.

We must understand that in a synchronous-state universe, the all clocks must occur or rather recur at the same instantaneous moment. Synchrony is the way in which the universe achieves integration and holds itself together. If the strings of light are to be construed in any possible way, they must be construed as the simultaneous tendrils of time that weaves together the loom of space.

We might put the matter in a different way. The differential between relativistically stratified clocks must result in a kind of energy disequilibrium, the result of which is the automatic or spontaneous manifestation of a kind of counterforce that restores simultaneous or synchronous equilibrium to dilated or expanded clocks. If we see gravitational energy as the clocks that hold the universe together, and understand this as the expression of the instantaneous and simultaneous temporality of the universe, then we can see that any distortions of its equilibrium will result in the manifestation of positive forms of energy. Gravitation, as a form of energy, is a purely temporal and periodic process. To get a better handle upon the question as to what is time and what is change, we must understand these purely in terms of the relativistic fluctuations of energy within infinite three space. The sheet of time can be said to consist of a continuous field of potential energy (i.e., gravitation) that is unified by a common thread of time. The only constraint we can impose upon this background field, as a substrate of the universe, is that within its structure there can be no absolute discontinuities, especially and most importantly, very large ones. We know of no normal way of rending or tearing this fabric of time apart. It may be stretched, twisted, bent and rippled, but we cannot break it apart by an known agency.

What are the implications of this? If the universe is expanding, then either it is expanding within the continuous sheet of time, or the sheet of time itself is somehow expanding. Either way, it is impossible to conceive of a limit beyond which this sheet of time will no longer occur or "happen." In other words, in such a synchronous universe, any expansion must necessarily be a relative phenomenon.

We might understand space therefore as the three degress of motional freedom that are afforded to the temporal dimension. Time and change in the universe cannot be manifest or expressed in anything less than three dimensions. Synchrony can be seen in this way as a manner of integrating all possible motions or the expressions of change or energy that occur may occur in physical reality. All change events are universally, instantaneous coordinated, no matter what the relativistic differentials. Relativistic differentials lead to motions and to dramatic change events, what can be considered as relative disequilibrium in isotropic systems. Synchronous coordination of these events allows all such events to happen simultaneously. It does this by means of three dimensional, or spatial separation and segregation of differential energy events.

Another way of saying this is that the only way energy events of different sizes and magnitudes can be maintained synchronously to one another, is by means of their relative spatial isolation.

Distance is irrelevant to a synchronous or instantaneous event structure, or the sheet of time. It may be infinitely large in size, and yet occur as if a single infinitesimally small point. The relative size of the universe therefore is really on a matter of the energy dynamics that occurs within that system.

All energy however dynamic, holds itself together or remains integrated through universal temporal synchronization of its event structures. We may refer to this as the absolute periodic structure or rate of the all physical phenomena in the universe, and relate this to the gravitational constant as well as to the speed of light.

I will speculate that this periodic structure is, in the absolute sense, universally and randomly discontinuous in occurrence--it occurs in discrete events or instances much as a movie film is made up of discrete still frames. All physical processes, all change, and all time, is therefore "animated." Its discretely discontinuous structure confers some minimal size or rather, periodicity to the structure of time. It is the discontinuous nature of its structure that results in the kinds of dynamic differentials of its patterning that leads to the transformational consequences of the formation of light energy and matter, and its spatial segregation within an apparently expanding physical or positive-state universe. Otherwise, if time were of a continuous structure, it would remain in infinitely flat and stable zero-equilibrium. It could not fluctuate from one moment to the next, and such fluctuation is the origin of the physical universe.

If this is true, then it also may follow that there may be some minimal sense of discontinuity of event-structure in the universe on an infinitesimal or near-zero scale. This may in itself, upon another reducible level of analysis, also become only a fiction, if we can hypothesize infinitesimal components of time itself on ever smaller scales of event structure.

If two objects in motion at different speeds have a head on collision, we can see the resulting explosive annihilation of both objects as the radical, instantaneous setting of the clock or periodic structures of both objects to the same temporal frame. This occurs instaneously, releasing a great deal of energy in order to restore equilibrium. We can say that two differently "timed" objects, or two objects that, by virtue of their size exist in different temporal frames of reference, come into headlong contact, then a momentary disequilibrium or discontinuity of event structure will be realized, resulting in sudden annihilation or instantaneous transformation of their positive state structures. The result of this annihilation will be the restoration of balance to the overall system.

Positive energy has no where to go but to radiate or escape into the surrounding environment, on any size or scale. Negative or gravitational energy always integrates and coordinates clocks, and has no where else to flow but into an object of matter or toward the moment of positive-state energy.

This kind of model leads us to conclude that the universe is probably infinite in size and open in structure. If we can infer that the universe is universally synchronous in cosmological structure, because there can be no absolutely discontinuous states, and that therefore the total universe is infinitely slow, then on the total scale, time is irrelevant. It has no beginning, nor end. In other words, it can be inferred to be eternal. If so, then we can infer as well that the 3-D space in which time gains expression is also open and without end. To ask what is the beginning or origin of the universe is a moot point--it always existed, and will always exist. This is not the same thing as saying that the universe is not dynamic, or has not existed in differentially dynamic states, and is not continuously changing into different states. There is no saying that the pattern of the universe that occurred in some remote past was structurally isomorphic to what is occurring now, or what will occur in the remote future.

If the universe is infinite and eternal, it must be a non-zero state universe, and it must be a metastate system. This is not tautological to our first inferences of inferrable simultaneity of remote structures in the universe. Like the theory of thermodynamics, which predicts, that energy cannot be contained but must always have a surrounding to escape to, we cannot picture therefore the total universe as a finite energy system that is not extrinsically a part of some larger structure to which it connects thermodynamically. Another way of saying this is that if light reaching us from solar systems 16 billion light-years distance, must also be reaching 16 billion light years in the opposite direction simultaneously, and that light reaching us from opposite directions, must similarly be reaching in opposite directions simultaneously, and if we can infer a thermodynamic radius of at least 64 billion years across, with ourselves at the center, then we can also infer 64 billion more light years in any direction from the circumference of this huge light-sphere. Of course, conventional relativistics demands that at some point the light stream from one direction may have originated from the opposite direction. The trouble is the implied isotrophism of structure to such closed curvature--there is no necessary reason why light from different sources should all be curving in the same directions.

These I take to be logical proofs of an open and infinite structure of the universe, if we accept as valid our initial inferences. I have violated general relativist theories in two ways--lightspeed does not constitute a physical event horizon to synchronous or simultaneous cooccurring structures across the universe, and the curvature of light is in the large and the long run probably non-isotrophic, hence inherently open.

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Physical systems, those known to be constituted by atoms and molecules and their subatomic particles and forces, are the most pervasive and ubiquitous systems we know, and by far constitute the greatest mass and widest distribution of any form of natural system now known. Until the discovery of other biological life forms in the universe, biological systems as we know these to be are but a very small portion of the sum total of physical systems, a subset confined only to the thin biosphere of the earth, a biosphere which is mostly within a range of 6 miles altitude above sea-level and about 6 miles below sea-level. And human-type systems really represent only a minor component of biological systems. Therefore, physical systems as we know these demand a primary accounting for structure and pattern before we can consider the other systems that are based upon them.

Physical systems theory demands a comprehensive accounting that will allow us to understand the relationships between fundamental forces and entities as these occur in the universe, and how they become organized to create larger structures and formations of the universe. We are in this regard interested in both a descriptive explanation of the universe as a total system, and a related explanation of the fundamental and composite structure of physical reality that can account for the distribution and dynamics of the universe as a whole. I assume in this regard that: 1. the universe is a whole, single entity that is minimally integrated upon some foundational level. (in other words, it consitutes a kind of natural system); 2. There is some minimal degree of cosmological unity and consistency of pattern in relation to the basic structure and dynamics of physical reality. (such that, what can be predicted in our corner of the universe will apply, if correct, in equal way to all areas of the universe.); 3. Both the total pattern and its fundamental structures are interrelated, and are discoverable through scientific technique and knowledge.

I have constructed a basic theory of the universe and of the physical structure of reality that rests upon the validity and coherence of several central notions. These notions are:

1. The presupposition of universal simultaneity--that the universe co-occurs in an instantaneous sense everywhere at the same time, and therefore that the universe in a total sense is unfolding along the same temporal wavefront.

2. The presupposition of universal relativity--the relative rate of periodic process as this occurs is defined within the energy framework in which it is situated, and this is variable in a systematic and predictable manner.

3. The presupposition of gravitational equilibrium--all natural energy processes exist within a framework of complementary dynamics such that there is a tendency overall to maintain a form of what can be called gravitational equilibrium between different energy systems. As in any energy system in equilibrium, there is an inherent tendency for the system to restore its equilibrium in case of disturbance or disruption.

4. The presupposition of universal instantaneity. Basically, the fundamental structure of physical reality is composite, and its instantaneity is or can be said to be infinitesmally reducible to what I have termed the zeroth entity, which is similar to the principle of singularity.

5. The presupposition of universal infinity and openness. I take certain conditions universally observable, for instance, the principles of thermodynamics and the complementary principles of gravitational dynamics, to infer what can be said to be an infinite and unbound state of the universe. We cannot designate any known or knowable real system in the universe that does not obey the fundamental laws of thermodynamics. Any real system, however large or distant, would require an unlimited surrounding manifold within which the principles of thermodynamics would be realizable. Only a system in which the laws of thermodynamics do not apply would qualify as one that could have a bound or finite state. Even in such a bound, finite state, the question of what exists beyond such a state is begged to be asked.

It is within this framework that I have come to elaborate an expanded cosmological theory of the universe in relation to what can be called a unified field theory about the fundamental structure of reality.

I would claim that finite-state universes are inherently contradictory and therefore probably impossible. We can say something like the following claim of ontological truth value: any system that is logically contradictory cannot exist in reality. In other words, real systems that actually occur must by definition be logically non-contradictory. Our ability to prove this is a function of mathematical skills and experience and depends upon our ability to accurately define real systems in terms of their underlying rule structures. We can say that relations governing the patterning of the universe are logically ordered and non-contradictory to the nth degree.

I would claim that probably the total universe, as it is represented by the observable universe, is part of an even larger "metastate" system that iscomposed of multiple differentiated universes. Just how such stratification separating universes occurs is impossible to determine, since such alternative state universes would be by definition directly unobservable. There is a sense that they may be stratified along different temporal or even higher order dimensions, the patterns of variability of which we do not yet comprehend.

In the universe, whatever is logically possible, given known rules of physical order, becomes in the long run and in the large most probable. The universe is such that, even if the odds against a chance event occurring are so remote as to be virtually impossible, within the framework that even will almost certainly occur somewhere or sometime within the larger framework. Life on earth is an example of a natural stochastic self-organizing system that appears to have been fairly improbably and unlikely--and yet, despite the odds against its formation on any given planetary system, it is probably, indeed almost certain, that other forms of life will in time be discovered upon distant systems in the universe. The distances separating such systems are so vast and remote, relative to the larger structure of the universe, that it would be like an atom on the earth's surface being able to locate an atom on the surface of Pluto.

The arguments I put forward in relation to my theory about the universe is based upon basic observations of physical structures as these are found on earth, commonly in fact. It is also based upon what can be called reasonable and noncontradictory inferences that can be drawn from known local phenomena and patterns. There are probably some aspects of reality and the universe that we will never know for certain. It is by no means certain that we will establish contact with alien life before our own extinction. It is probably the case that we will never be able to directly observe the total universe, or even a significant portion of the total universe, in any instantaneous manner. Similarly, and related, it is also probably the case that there are sub-subatomic entities and events that will always be below our capacity for direct or even indirect observation.

If we boil down the universe to the most basic events and entities, we must ask whether these basic structures will be continuous or discrete and discontinuous upon some fundamental level. What appears continuous on one level, may belie an elementary series of fundamental steps on another level. We might predict, for instance, because of the quantum uncertainties associated with certain subatomic particles, that fundamental event structures become increasingly continuous and nondiscrete in basic properties. These quantum effects in fact suggest that particles may essentially occur at more than one place at the same time, at least with equal probabilities. Does this really mean that the entire "particle" is actually thirty-three percent here, thirty-three percent there, or thirty-three percent somewhere else, at the same time. In other words has the energy of the particle, and its identity, been essentially spread out within a given area that is definable some complex calculus of probabilities.

Does this also not mean that everything is necessarily quantum upon a lower level of organization of such entities, such that event-structures at the lower level might not appear discrete, however small or short-lived this may be? There is a clear sense, upon a fundamental level of analysis, that the distinction between continuous and discrete is rather spurious and no longer applies as a useful description of such event-processes or its structure.

Periodic process is principally known or construed in terms of the frequency of light. The periodicity of a given quantum of light energy is known to be equal to the speed of light divided by the wavelength of that quanta (i.e, it is equivalent to the light's frequency) Frequency, furthermore, and therefore periodicity with which it is equated, is a measure of the strength of light, or the amount of energy per unit time that is represented by that light. Presumably, each sinusoidal wave represents a subunit of energy of a specific amount. I would venture that, no matter the wavelength, or the rate of periodic process, each cycle of the process represents a single subunit of energy that is in all cases equal to any other cycle of the process, no matter the rate.

I would claim though that all energy of any form in which it is discovered, will exhibit a similar kind of periodicity of structure. I would claim furthermore that the energy structure underlying this universal periodicity is always the same--in fact it represents a kind of energy constant that can be said to be universal, or at least universally relative.

It appears that periodic processes upon a fundamental level are themselves periodically structured on another level. This periodicity of structure is equivalent to a blink of the structure on and off at regular intervals, and all periodic structures in the universe exhibit a similar blinking structure, and this blinking structure is possibly relative to the first or primary periodic structure.

Examination of this periodic structure leads to an examination of what energy is in a basic sense, especially as it is found always to occur in a substrate of the essential space-time fabric of the universe itself. In other words, I would assert that the periodic structure of basic quantum units of energy represent what can be said to be isotrophic interactions with the surrounding space-time matrix in a regular manner.

It may be the case that what we understand as periodic structure in a diagrammatic form, may actually be a kind of phase structure that is associated with the propagation of energy in some specific direction.

Furthermore, we must ask what might be the relation between periodic structure, or phase-pattern structure of the universe, and rotational spin characteristics of fundamental entities or composite complexes.

If we see the electromagnetic continuum as extending infinitely in either direction, towards increasing wavelength or towards increasing freqency, then we can see that energy towards the red would reach a level of being infinitely smooth, or essentially without periodic structure at all. We could represent such a phenomena as a straight line, essentially. If we could imagine that such a possible line extends ominidirectionally at the same time from all possible points in the universe, that this conception is possible because such a line is in a sense "negative" energy--it has zero-energy associated with its propagation. On the other end of the continuum, infinitely dense energy would essentially become a solid structure, like a particle of infinite energy, propagating forward in some direction.

I will venture a set of propositions about periodic processes in the fundamental structure of the universe:

1. Physical particle structures are composed of phase-structure units of energy that are coiled upon themselves.

a. These particle structures can be seen as basic vibrational structures that occur confocally in the spime substrate, resulting in a local distortion and concentration of fieldlines connecting this substrate region with the surrounding spime manifold.

b. Any particle structure exists in fundamental equilibrium with its surrounding spime manifold, such that, at any given energy level, there will be an associated mass index and rate of periodic replacement associated with that particular particle.

c. In other words, a particle structure is nothing more than a stable organization of spime in four-dimensional space-time that exists upon a discrete potential energy level

2. Rate of spin is equivalent to the frequency of the phase structure.

a. We may distinguish clockwise and anti-clockwise spin, and for convention, say that positive state particles are derived from clockwise spin, anti-particles from anti-clockwise spin.

3. Propagation of energy from the particle structure is a result of the change in energy characteristics of the particle.

4. For every kind of discrete particle, there is an associated kind of energy with a discrete phase structure.

5. The spin of a particulate structure is equivalent to the mass of the particle.

a. Mass replacement from spin is periodic, and leads to continuous displacement of positive electromagnetic energy.

6. Rotational energies associated with particles in orbitals is associated with the secondary phase structure of the energy that it transmits.

7. All event structures in the universe are synchronized to the same periodic processes, albeit at universally relative cooccurring rates.

8. Gravitational energy (the energy of mass) becomes translated through its concentrative pressures into electromagnetic energy in certain energy conversion contexts, leading to the periodic formation and release of electromagnetic energy from apparent nothingness.

9. Periodic phase structure of electromagnetic energy "tunnels" through space-time media at a constant rate, and this reflects a spiralling of the energy front.

a. the wave characteristics of a quanta of energy are the result of the interaction with the propagational manifold. In other words, it represents a perturbation of the spime substructure of space-time through which light travels, resulting in the directional translation of energy at the speed of light.

10. Light energy is nothing more then than a charge-based perturbation of the spime substrate of the space-time manifold, in some infinitely specific direction at a specific periodic rate.

11. The hypothetical fieldlines of spime, that in their zero-rest state are relatively flat and straight, propagate omnidirectionally from all possible points in the universe simultaneously. These field lines can be thought of as potential energy pathways that units all space in the same time.

a. These fieldlines connect all things together gravitationally.

b. mass based perturbation (perturbation of mass spin) results in gravitational energy differentials.

c.charge-based perturbation (perturbation of charge spin) results in electromagentic energy differentials.

12. Electromagnetic energy can only be realized as a result of the concentrative functions of the spime substrate that results in high densities of space-time in local space.

13. The strong force is the result of highly concentrated gravitational fieldlines that are the result of high local energy densities in nucleonic particles. Strong force can be looked at as a kind of short-range gravity that is unusually powerful

14. The redshift of light that is observed omnidirectionally and that is a function of the Hubble constant is a measure of the inherent loss of energy of light in its state-path trajectory over the long run.

It is remarkable that light is 99.999999 percent perfect in its propagation through space-time, and that it preserves its relative complex phase structure indefinitely with no significant degradation of its spectral patterning over the long run. I believe that the slight degradation of energy in the long term trajectory of light energy is a measure of its residual inefficiency, which can be seen as a function of its inherent inertia that is the result of its mass and slight gravitational interaction within the space-time manifold.

An extension of periodic processes is understanding the interactions and dynamics of the underlying substrate that affects such processes. Mass moment, energy sharing and instantaneous event structures offers a paradigm for understanding substrate level dynamics of gravitational fields in the universe upon which basic energy accounting is based.

Energy sharing is demonstrated at many levels in the universe, I believe. Light that comes from a common source, will create an integrated wave front structure such that light energy will become patterned in complex ways at different wave lengths. This sharing can be seen as a fundamental part of the fluid dynamics of the underlying fieldlines upon which they are based.

Energy sharing can be demonstrated with nuclear binding of nucleonic particles, such that mass defect is produced. Mass defect is associated, I believe, with the degree of gravitational displacement that occurs as a result of nuclear unification, and this displaced mass is shared as gravitational binding energy within a gravitationally unified body--thus the larger the mass of such a body, the greater the gravitational energy associated with that body, derived from the displacement of the mass defect of each nucleonic particle to the body as a whole.

This sharing is accomplished through the instantaneous translation of the energy through fieldlines that transect the direction and plane of propagation. The inertia of light in space time that accounts for redshift is a result of the sharing of this energy within its gravitational manifold. What is really being shared are the instantantaneous event structures, the stuff of spime, that compose all objects, albeit in differential concentrations and configurations.

Gravitationally, we can say that energy sharing binds together the universe as a whole, and results in the resistance of inertia to motion conferred upon all mass objects, particularly in strong gravitational fields.

This concept of energy sharing accounts for all mass-based gravitational phenomena. Two gravitating mass objects attract one another because the fieldlines and structure of space time between the two objects are stronger than the surrounding fieldlines from any other direction--the intermediate space-time structure collapses more quickly between the two objects, resulting in mutual attraction. Another way of seeing this is to construe the two objects as being pushed together from their opposite sides by the differential of gravitational pressure that is created from the inner, mutual sides and the outer, contraposed sides. Gravitational unification of mass bodies occurs, unless motions of bodies serves to offset the force of gravitational attraction, as a result of the collapse of the space-time manifold or fieldlines occurring between the mass objects--in other words, there is an inherent disequilibrium between the bodies. Gravitational energy seeks always a state of relative equilibrium, resulting in unification.

Instantaneous event structures that can be accorded to the fundamental units of energy are what drives the dynamics of the entire system in four dimensions. Basically, it is composed of six rules:

1. Multiple (two or more) instantaneous event structures cannot occur at the same place at the same time.

2. Each event structure is of finite periodicity, and is followed by a negative event structure, or what can be called an anti-event.

3. There are an infinite number of co-occurring or simultaneous event structures, which fills an infinite amount of space in the universe.

4. These event structures follow a non-isotropic cosmological structure in the long run and the large, such that they occur with random periodicities in the total universe.

5. Differential, isotrophic event structures develop in local situations and frameworks that results in energy dynamics of gravitation and resulting electromagnetic radiation.

6. The total number of events always balances the total number of anti-events.

What is an event-structure? It is basically a moment of mass-unified energy that occurs in an instantaneous sense. Its rate of occurrence determines and underlies the periodic structure of the universe, and it is held to be constant throughout the universe. An anti-event structure can be thought of as the equivalent to a momentary "blinking" out of the event. The frequency of event structures may vary infinitely from zero to infinitely large, but the size of each event structure, its absolute energy, is always the same.

What is being shared in energy fields is the event structures in differential rates and distributions. This sharing occurs in all kinds of energy transactions in the universe.

The event-anti-event periodicity can only be accounted for in terms of each event structure drawing the energy of the surrounding field upon a fundamental level, which creates a "hole" surrounding the event structure. The event structure will occur at a set rate.

We can speculate that in the original universe, space-time was empty and uniformly flat, without any perturbation. Time in such a universe would be infinitely long and slow--hence it would be essentially eternal. Stochastic patterning of the event structures would eventually have grown increasingly out of equilibrium with itself, leading eventually to the formation of gravitational perturbations, waves and eventually to the formation of electromagnetic energy from local concentrations of gravitational energy. Electromagnetic energy would accumulate gradually, possibly increasing the perturbation of the underlying gravitational substrate. Eventually, electromagnetic radiation would reach sufficient concentrations leading to periodic production of fundamental particles with mass properties, further perturbing the gravitational substrate, creating more electromagnetic energy. Mass would eventually in time accumulate, leading to its stockpiling and resulting in vast differentials of gravitational centers. The result would be a universe as we understand it and observe it today. If we could look forward with a continuation of these processes, we would see a universe that would be increasingly dynamic, growing into larger and larger condensations of matter and energy. It is not to say that this process would ever stop, but that the universe will change gradually in its cosmological configuration. Eventually, the relative amount of mass to space would grow to a point where all mass might become superconcentrated in huge black-hole configurations. Inside these configurations would be the production of supermass, and possibly the annihilation of mass back down to its gravitational, or spime, substrate, at which level it would rejoin the dynamic universe.

The dynamic state universe can be said to exist in a kind of dynamic equilibrium that is defined upon a fundamental level by its constituent energy-event structures. This equilibrium I believe accounts for all energy-exchange dynamics in the universe. In essence, we may say that upon a fundamental level, every event structure is followed by an anti-event structure. We may say that the size of the anti-event structure that follows an event structure is not necessarily exactly the same, and that it is only in the largest framework of the total universe that anti-events and event should be expected to balance out. We may say that in a perfectly empty universe, the likelihood of an anti-event or an event occurring at any particular point in space-time is equal or about 50-50. It is possible that event structures were at this time also infinitely long, or nearly infinitely long, or rather, very slow rates.

In accounting for the complex kind of equilibrium that can be said to exist in the universe, we must hypothesize that at the original state-stage of the universe, it was essentially singular state. It was more or less equally uniform in all directions and undifferentiated. In time, local discrepancies in sizes between event/anti-event structures, and local stochastic isotropisms developed that would result in growing local imbalances of stable energy forms, first of electromagnetic radiation, and then, by some process as yet undescribed, in the formation of protons from electron-positron fields. We can speculate that a proton is nothing more than a captured and focused positron that is attached to a neutron, and that a neutron is nothing more than an electron and a positron in unification. Mass effects would result from the localization of the energies of these positrons and electrons about a stable focii--in this case, mass is equivalent to the momentum of motion. These processes must be considered as essentially one-way transformations, though it seems likely that mass energy reconverts slowly back to electromagnetic radiation, and electromagnetic radiation slowly shifts or retards back to the substrate of spime from which it originally came.

The microwave background radiation observable in the universe may be a function of the electromagnetic production of electrons and protons in space that is the result of the concentrations of light energy.

We must understand that the growing dynamic of universal equilibrium is always relative in a universal system that is infinite--there are no non-relative extensive boundaries by which this equilibrium can be defined in a non-relative way as a part of a closed system.

It is possible that in the initial states of the primordial universe, there was no "time" in the sense that space was infinitely smooth and flat--periodic process only emerged over a very long frame as increasing perturbation of the basic structure. The primordial universe existed essentially in a field of absolute zero--it was a perfect vacuum. What kinds of causes could have given rise to the first periodicities that affected this universe are unknown. In this primordial state, there would be no anti-event structure, nor would there necessarily be a complementary event structure. Event and anti-event arose as the initial differentiation of the background structure. It perhaps was the consequence of the absolute limits of the universe which states that it cannot be perfectly flat.

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According to this theory, it is possible to reconceptualize subatomic structure with the electron-positron as the basic event-anti-event particle pair. An accounting of other subatomic particles would entail that a neutron would be a bound electron-positron that had charge unification and properties of mass. A proton would be an addition of a positron to a neutron, and the loss of an electron to the orbital. Why electrons dissociate from the nuclear structure is unclear. Other subatomic particles identified, such as gluons, would be intermediate particle states that exist only within the relational matrix of the nuclear structure, and could possibly be captured neutrinos, which, by definition, would be essentially chargeless electrons. Radioactive emissions from nuclei bear out the model that the essential components of these nucleonic structures are electrons, positrons and high energies associated with their couplings. The occurrence of heavy helium nuclei as alpha emissions seems to be a logical part of the degradation of heavy nuclei that are inherently unstable. It suggests also that helium organization, of two neutrons and two protons, is possibly the most stable nuclear structure that exists, and is the preferred structure for building nuclei.

From this accounting, we see that structure and anti-structure in the universe would be incorporated into the structure of the atom itself. Why the atoms would be "right handed" versus "left-handed" in structure is unknown. It may be merely the stochastic result of the first formation of such entities--left-handed structures would have been annihilated by right-hand, and the more numerous winning out in the long run. I believe that charge differentiation of particulate structures is only possible in a manner as we see it--if every other particle was an anti-particle, mutual annihilation would be frequent and common. The sufficient explanation for this kind of process would require another structural mechanism.

The origin of mass in the universe could then be explained by the collision high energy light photons that produced electron-positron pairs in increasing concentrations. Electro-static clouds of these particles would give rise to complex interactions in turn giving rise to the formation of nucleonic structures. Once nucleonic structures formed by the pairing of positronic-electronic couples, then the formation of simple and stable hydrogen nuclei became possible. Hydrogen nuclei would have coalesced into dense clouds in gravitiless contexts, giving rise to the initial fluctuations of the gravitational field leading to the formation of solar systems.

In this description of the cold-fusion origins of the dynamic state universe, we have a sense of time gradually emerging from an infinitely slow and relatively energiless state toward an increasingly rapid and high-energy condition. The universe built itself up as a self-organizing, stochastic phenomenon from the smallest structures, which are hypothesized as the zeroth-nth particulates, into the structures that commonly compose our universe today. This process follows a logical sequence of steps, requiring no resort to prime movers or unexplanable original states.

The Einsteinian model of the universe was built upon a blind relativistic model that determined that the speed of light as a universal structure was a determinant of the structure of the four-dimensional substrate. This is an accurate description of the observable universe, but it is not necessarily a sufficient model of the inferrable universe, particularly if, in our cosmological principle, we assume some form of simultaneity of co-occurring event structures. Beyond the sphere of observability, that defined by the speed of light, the Einsteinian model falls apart, quite literally.

I believe the Einsteinian model is correct as a covering law model, governing what can be said to be isotrophic regional compartmentalization of structures in the total universe. Big bangs and expanding-contracting structures are possible, but not upon the on the scale of the total universe. It is possible that black holes in time may grow increasingly unstable as structures, resulting eventually in the kind of gravitational explosion that would represent a mega-event. Even such an explosion though would be constrained by the same Einsteinian parameters that gave us the model for the explosion in the first place. It makes sense that it would set fundamental upper limits to the possible size and magnitude of such an event in terms of the region that surrounded and became involved in such an event.

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The speed of light defines the maximum rate of change of the system at any instantaneous point. All changes proceed thermodynamically at or below the speed of light. Light is therefore the clock of the universe. The energy of light defines the amount of change that occurs at any one instant. It is its relative density and distribution. No physical system in a positive state can occur at a speed faster than that of light.

Though light occurs in discontinuous pulses, known as photons, recurrent pulses occur with a given structure that appears consistent and recurrent, and that reflects a larger dynamic involved in the organization of light. The inverse relationship between frequency and wavelength suggests that this is always in equilibrium at the speed of light.

Physical systems exhibit stratification not only by property and information and by size, but by space and time and by, apparently, relative density of distribution. We do not understand completely these various kinds of stratification and integration of physical systems, or how they are exactly interrelated to one another. An example of the heterogeneous complexity of stratification of physical systems is in understanding the geology and geophysics of the earth. We understand this complex stratification of the physical earth as a kind of metasystem. We understand that the geology of the earth in all its features is probably unique and unlike the geology of any other system in the universe. And yet as a planet with an iron core, a magnetic field, a certain specific gravitational mass, etc., it shares affinities with many other kinds of planetary systems in the universe.

All physical systems, as real systems, have some size dimensionally to their structure. As sizeable systems, they occupy space and time in some fundamental sense.

If all physical systems must be rated by size, then there can be no system that is without size at all. In other words, no real system can be so infinitely small that it has not size, or zero-size.

The physical property of size of systems is an important constraint to all real systems. This property is in a physical sense absolute and non-relative. Abstract systems do not share this property--in theory a perfect triangle can be any size, or even infinitely large, and yet remain a triangle. But we can have no real instance or example of a triangle that is without size dimension, or dimensionless. Abstract systems can be said therefore in a basic sense to be dimensionless systems. Abstract systems can be said furthermore to be only possibilistic or possible systems.

Relation of the dimensional with the dimensionless, and a proof for physical infinity.

The universe consists of an absolute set of spatial dimensions, or better termed, dimensionalities. These absolute spatial dimensions exist instantaneously and simultaneously within a unified temporal framework.

A size scale is inherently multi-dimensional and can be used to scientifically compare and contrast all systems to one another. Size scale also serves to interrelate systems of different dimensions, as it can be said that the general trend is that larger systems are composed of smaller systems. A small system cannot contain a system that is larger than itself. The size of a system can be said to be the sum of the sizes of the components of a system, and the distances between the components of a system. A size of a system also has an intrinsic temporal dimension, or duration. Unlike size, temporality of a system is not hierarchically arranged in a scale of determinations. We may say that a short-term system can be composed of subsystems that are longer-term in duration

Another way of looking at this problem is to suggest that all natural and real system exist in at least four dimensions, and the three dimensions of size-space are relative to the fourth dimension of time.

I would speculate on the following kinds of relations governing the dimensionality of systems:

The larger the system is spatially, the slower the system becomes temporally in a periodic sense. The smaller the system is spatially, the faster the system becomes temporally in a periodic sense.

We might conjecture that on a very large, or infinitely large scale, time does not have the same dimensionality as it has on an very small, or infinitely small scale. We may conjecture that an infinitely slow system is equivalent to an infinitely fast system--either direction on the periodic time scale leads to a sense of timelessness.

We may conjecture further, the following kind of relativistic relationship:

If a very small system is accelerated to a very fast speed (space/time ratio), then the system will become slower in a periodic sense, such that an infinitely fast small system is equivalent to an infinitely large slow system.

A small system that is very fast can be said to occupy the same field-potential as a very large slow system. We may say that a very large system has a greater gravitational potential than a very small system, and a very fast system has a greater gravitational potential than a very slow system.

The converse of this might also be considered. If a very large system is decelerated to a very slow speed (space/time ratio), then the system will become faster in a periodic sense, such that an infinitely large slow system is equivalent to an infinitely fast small system.

Two logical outcomes of this kind of reasoning follow:

1. It is impossible to accelerate significantly an infinitely large system.

It is easier to decelerate than accelerate a very large system

2. It is impossible to decelerate significantly an infinitely small system.

It is easier to accelerate than decelerate a very small system.

If we consider that large systems will be made up of smaller systems, but it is impossible to compose small systems from larger systems, then we can see that there is an equilibrium that occurs between smaller subsystems, such that the larger the system the more subsystems that are involved. An infinitely large supersystem incorporates an infinite number of infinitely smaller subsystems. Though individually, it is easier to accelerate a smaller system than a larger system, if smaller sytems are unified within the framework of a larger system, then more smaller systems must be accelerated at the same time to accelerate the larger system. If the general trend mentioned above is true, then we can state the following:

A very large system composed of smaller subsystems cannot be accelerated to the same degree or level that the smaller subsystems can be if they occur individually.

In the kind of paradigm elaborated above, we are dealing with motion, or the movement of a physical object in both space and time. In general, we may say the following:

1. Any specific object of a finite size, may move in only one direction in both space and time.

2. The spatial and temporal directions of an object are infinitely discrete and instantaneously irreversible.

3. Any finite object cannot move in two different directions at the same time without experience disintegration.

4. An object can change directions or speed only by the application of some counter or tangential force upon the object.

a. A spatial shift of direction is equivalent to a temporal shift of speed.

b. Changes of speed or direction are always continuous and hence non-linear; they are never abrupt, discontinuous and linear. An object cannot jump from a slow speed to a much larger speed without making a continuous accleration from the slower to the faster speed--accleration is not discontinous and requires a change of both temporal and spatial dimensions relative to the object.

5. In a uniform field, the relative speed and direction of motion of an object become the relative physical properties of that object in relation to its size. All other things being equal, these relative physical properties will remain unaltered unless acted upon by some external force or agency.

a. Relative speed and direction of an object are dimensionless properties associated with the size of an object.

In this consideration, we approach a critical theoretical issue that I will call the general field problem. It concerns the integration of space-time in the physical fabric of reality that accounts for these kinds of trends and phenomena. We may say in general that all of physical reality constitutes a single metasystem that is surrounded by and contained within a total field. The total field defines the limits of the total universe.

We look for a perfectly uniform field of space-time in which to describe relations of perfect motion, direction, acceleration and deceleration.

1. A perfectly uniform field is either uniformly isotrophic or completely non-isotrophic and static--only a state of singularity describes a perfectly uniform field.

a. A perfectly uniform field that is isotrophic is defined directionally by a force acting upon that field.

b. A perfectly non-uniform field is totally non-isotrophic because it is perfectly random omnidirectionally, defined by an infinite number of forces acting upon the same field from all directions.

2. There are no perfectly uniform fields in physical reality. Fields in physical reality are relatively uniform or non-uniform depending upon the direction and degree of forces acting upon that field.

3. All fields seek relative equilibrium in the largest framework possible. All field equilibrium is in a local sense dynamic equilibrium.

Applying the size properties of systems above, we may say that a physical field is a metasystem that always surrounds and contains all physical systems or objects within it.

1. A larger field may contain an infinite number of smaller fields, but a smaller field cannot contain a larger field.

2. A field system exists that is hierarchically determined by size scale.

Subfields exist as subframes of reference within larger field systems.

3. There are no field systems that are totally isolatable from the entire field system.

4. All field systems are hierarchically organized within a larger field system.

5. There can be no abrupt or discontinuous transitions between field systems.

The definition of gravitation is critically tied to our understanding and comprehension of the physical field. It is evident that gravitation defines the space-time dimensions of any object in relation to the field in which that object occurs. I will speculate that gravitation is intrinsic to the integrity of the universal field. Gravitation can be said, in other words, to be the kind of negative, attractive force that holds together the universal field on a fundamental level. Any object that occurs within this field must act against the gravitational forces that define the integrity of the field.

1. Gravitational energy is fluid and dynamic.

2. Gravitational energy is inherently unified.

3. Gravitational energy is potential energy embedded in the physical field.

4. Gravitational energy can be realized as electromagnetic energy in the interaction of objects within the field.

5. Gravitational energy is non-uniform and non-isotrophic in an infinitely large field.

6. Gravitational energy is intrinsic to the universal field.

a. Gravitational energy is instantaneous.

b. Gravitational energy is omnidirectional.

c. Gravitational energy is negative energy.

d. Gravitational energy is non-uniform in the larger frame.

e. Gravitational energy appears to have self-mass, and this self-mass can be said to be the minimal energy required to displace the gravitational frame in some isotrophic manner.

7. All physical objects are embedded within the gravitational field and the gravitational field defines the space-time properties of an object.

8. Physical objects contain concentrated and isotrophic gravitational fields in their own mass--the measure of their mass is a measure of their gravitational concentration.

a. The more concentrated (massive) an object, the larger the gravitational frame of reference that integrates that object to the gravitational field.

9. The integration of any physical object with its surrounding gravitational frame of reference, or field, is defined gravitationally.

a. There can exist no objects that are not gravitationally integrated.

b. There can exist no discontinuities of the gravitational field.

The gravitational concentration of an object in its relative field can be defined and measured by the total degree of positive energy that is contained within that object, in the equivalence of energy to mass. It appears therefore that gravitational energy interacts with positive energy, largely defined as electromagnetic radiation, in interesting and important ways.

All positive forms of matter and energy have the property of mass, which can be said to be relative gravitational relation to the field in which they occur.

No positive object can exist at a temperature of Absolute Zero, which can be described as a state of no kinetic energy or motion of its fundamental constituents. All positive objects must exist in some state of kinetic motion. This kinetic motion on a fundamental level defines the interaction between the energy contained within the object and the gravitational energy defined within the field that it contains. This interaction appears to involve a fundamental transfer of energy between the gravitational field and the matter contained within the object at a subatomic level. This interaction is best realized on a size scale of large, gravitationally unified objects in which gravitational forces create strong concentrative pressures within the object, leading to the continuous generation of radiant heat energy. On a fundamental level, this interaction of gravitational and non-gravitational energy leads to the concentrative focus of the attractive potential of gravitational energy to some threshold beyond which such energy is transferred or changed into positive, radiative energy that escapes from the system. This process is a period and continuous process. The kinetic motion of all object sytems, however small, appears to be a consequence of this process of gravitational concentration and transformation. Another, gross way of describing this process is to state that gravitational energy is latent in the universal field, and is only realizable as positive energy in interaction with mass based (i.e. concentrative) physical systems.

Motion in the universe may take one of three forms:

1. Spontaneous kinetic motion that is the consequence of gravitational interaction with concentrative forces and that is intrinsic to all positive forms of matter and energy.

2. Reactive directional motion that is the consequence of the interaction of energy and matter upon one another.

3. Responsive gravitational motion that is the consequence of the interaction of concentrated mass sytems with the isotrophic field--motion that is the consequence of the flow of the the gravitational field.

We can only explain the origins of the universe and of the matter and energy it contains in relation to the locally isotrophic concentration of gravitational energies in a dynamic field that lead to the production of electromagnetic energy. In an originally empty universe, this can only be defined by the rise of gravitational surges or tidal waves that interacted in a manner to produce heat energy. This dynamic motion only arose stochastically as a possibility of the fluid dynamics of the gravitational field. It is possible that this original energy is produced as microwave radiation or as heat radiation that red-shifts to microwave frequencies. On another scale, the same concentrative energies of the non-uniform and dynamic gravitational field can lead to the concentrative interaction of electromagnetic energies in the production of nucleonic material. Electrons and positrons can be produced by the collision of photons. Positrons may be concentrated to create protons and electrons-positrons may be concentrated to create neutrons. The effect of this production at different levels is continuous and cumulative in the sense that it leads to an increasing amounts of electromagnetic radiation and matter stockpiling in the universe. In time, concentrative forces gather to greater and greater degrees. Eventually, concentrative forces can become not only constructive of positive energy, but destructive or disintegrative as well. A blackhole can be seen as a physical limit of gravitational concentration such that the matter is so concentrated that it leads to a disintegration of the gravitational field back into its non-isotrophic substrate--as a result, it can be said that such blackholes create gravitational vortices in the universal field that open out into new spatio-temporal dimensional fields.

The universe on a fundamental level can be said to be expanding and growing, just as it is increasing in its dynamic equilibrium, but because it is infinite in size, it can increase dynamically in an infinite sense.

The gravitational field can only flow in space-time at a speed no faster than light. The motion of objects in space-time is equivalent to the flow of the field in relation to the object. This flow is experienced as relative space-time relations. Objects in a gravitationally concentrative field accelerate at uniform speeds in congruence with the isotrophic direction of concentrative flow of the gravitational field. The speed of light therefore defines the upper limit of kinetic motion of all objects and of the space-time field itself, just as Absolute Zero defines the lower limit of such kinetic motion. At the same time, gravitational energy, as a form of attractive energy that integrates the universal field, always transmits itself in an instantaneous manner. An object or its gravitational manifold cannot flow faster than the speed of light, for if it did so, then its periodic processes would reach zero and would be reversed. The gravitational field would disintegrate as such, as gravitational forces of attraction and concentration would break down. Another way of looking at this is to state that the gravitational field cannot flow as fast as it can propagate itself through space-time in an instantaneos sense without disruptive and disintegrative effects occuring to the field. The speed of light can therefore be considered to be a kind of threshold speed of flow of space-time, beyond which the force of gravitational integration would diminish and breakdown.

Gravitational energy that composes the universal field can be said to be itself of peculiar properties. It is both particulate and non-particulate in form. It exists in a unified sense that ions can be said to exist in solution. It is like a vast multi-dimensional sea that is defined by its size scale and its equivalence to energy and mass. It must be universally synchronous and periodic in the sense that the same instant, as a fourth dimensional wave-front, occurs simultaneously on earth as it occurs on alpha Centuari or in the Omega Galaxy. It appears to exist on such an infinitesimal scale that spatial-temporal relationships as these are experienced on an atomic scale or higher do not occur in exactly the same manner. It appears elastic and rubbery such that the uniform sheet that unfolds in the fourth dimension across the entire universe does so in distended and nonuniform ways. It is stretched here and squeezed there, the stretching and squeezing altering the fundamental size and temporal relationships of things found within the manifold. In a positive sense of light energy and mass, the gravitational field appears empty and void, perfectly uniform and virtually transparent to light energy. And yet it appears that we can take a cubic meter of space, as it occurs per second or per hour, and weigh it and assign to it some minimal energy level that is intrinsic to its gravitational potential. Different energies may pass through this cubic meter in all directions and all intensities without apparent disruptive effect upon the space-time fabric. This cubic meter may be pulled and pushed gravitationally from many different directions at one time--it may be stretched and squeezed and folded, and yet always appear to occupy one cubic meter.

As a phase phenomenon, its properties appear to be more fluid-like than solid or gaseous, if such phase transitions can be imagined with the gravitational field. Fluidity of substance is defined by attractive forces that are inherently dynamic and kinetic, and yet which are in continuous equilibrium. A simple analogy may help us to understand this principle. If solid matter can be seen as a kind of solid-phase of space-time that is locked, then electromagnetic radiation can be seen as a kind of perfect gas that is expansive and radiative in all directions. Gravitational energy within the field can be described then as a intermediate phase between the solid form of matter and the gaseous form of electromagnetic radiation.

If the gravitational field flows, then it flows in directions defined by motion and at speeds defined kinetically. It leaves no vacuum or wake in its path, only a disequilibrium that is like a boundary layer. This disequilibrium is a gradient of transition of flow--similar to a stretching effect that tends to pull the rest of the gravitational field into the wake. It results in a kind of continuous gravitational displacement.

An object in motion causes continous field-displacement of the gravitational frame of reference, or manifold. This displacement must balance in equilibrium within the larger fields within which it occurs in a continuous manner.

The gravitational field may, in its temporal front, be periodically non-isotrophic and non-uniform, such that all flows are but locally defined isotrophisms of this continuous front. The challenge is being able to account for the phenomenon of gravitational unification and integration, at whatever scale of measurement. How does the universe hold itself together in a consistent manner. If we go back to our original properties of size, we can see that an infinitely large system will be infinitely slow, and an infinitely small system will be infinitely fast, and in a sense both an infinitely large and an infinitely small system will exist in equilibrium with one another. An infinitely fast system will in essence exist everywhere at once--it will be an instantaneous system in which the same point can be realized at multiple places at the same time. An infinitely slow system will be in essence a system that is frozen, that will exist without any periodic processes occurring at all, or, in other words, a system that exists as an infinite singularity or total uniformity. An infinitely slow system exists nowhere at the any one time. We can extend the possibility of heisenbergian uncertainty and Einsteinian probability by saying that in an infinitely large or infinitely fast or infinitely small or infinitely slow system, the same point may exist simultaneously at multiple points at the same time, and simultaneously exist nowhere at the same time. I define this principle as universal relativity of the physical field. These principles appear to defy our conventional notions of isotrophic motion and direction as mentioned above. The uniform gravitational field appears vacuous and empty because, in one sense, it is, just like light energy in one sense appears to be particle like and in another sense wave like. The gravitational field also appears to be simultaneously integrated and non-vacuous, because, in another sense, it is. It appears that there is a threshold of kinetic motion, both high and low, beyond which the definite periodicities and sense of motional direction vanishes. Beyond this level, the uniform gravitational field can be said to be fundamentally omnidirectional at the same time.

The gravitational field, expressed as isotrophic, localized space-time, can flow only in one direction and at some finite speed at one time--it cannot flow faster than itself. Light energy too, cannot travel faster than the speed of light either. If it did so, then it would break down into gravitational energy.

I define infinite simultaneity and singularity as the fundamental threshold for gravitational unification. It defines the ultimate energy sink or background reservoir from which all energies are derived and to which all energies must ultimately return. This defines the universal fabric of the background gravitational field of the universe. In a sense it is without temporal or spatial dimensionally. It is totally incorporating at the same time. It can be described as the metafield that incorporates the total universe. This system must be infinite and inherently dimensionless in all senses.

If gravitational energies may be concentrative in one set of isotrophic directions, it can be equally expansive in all non-isotrophic directions. If a region of space-time is pulled from all directions simultaneously, then there is so a degree of stretching of the gravitational field that it must result in a rupture of the field that would result in the filling in of the rupture with continuous space-time. This space-time may be produced from nothing, or be drawn from other areas of the total universe.

If we take our standard cubic meter of empty space, we cannot be certain of the exact gravitational flows that are passing through this space--would could not be certain either of the exact shape or the relative size of our cube within some larger gravitational frame of reference. In fact, it would be entirely possible for an infinite amount of gravitational energy to be flowing through our standard frame of reference in a countless number of directions. Each direction would define a significant vector constituting that system in a particular instant, and there may be a number of different significant vectors influencing the common composite vector.

At the same time, unless this gravitational differential is somehow realized in a positive form, we might say that all the cumulative energies passing through our standard frame in any given period are essentially, or effectively zero. The isomorphic dynamics of our frame would only be realized in the context of some object that was set into such a system, and the presence of this object itself would have its own net influence upon the system that would have to be taken into account.

Another way of stating all this is to say that in a universally relative system, there are no set or standard frames of reference by which to measure and compare all the motions and energies occurring in such a system in a uniform manner. All measurements or determinations made of such a system would be relative to the net dynamic motion of the frame itself, and the gravitational frame of reference for the frame, as well as for ourselves at the same time. At the same time, unless we have some other object by which to determine energies, we have a net effect in such a system of cancellation. Such a system would appear to be empty unless and until an object impinged upon it in an isotrophic manner.

Another aspect of this is the notion of a number of "vanishing points" of our observational sphere of reality beyond which we cannot see. We cannot see beyond the speed of light, hence our view of the cosmos is critically constrained by light-speed such that we cannot see an instantaneous universe to any great distance from ourselves. We cannot see below a certain level of smallness either--it appears that when we reach the size of quarks, standard visible object relations disappears. Furthermore, I believe we cannot look directly into a blackhole from which no light can escape, to see what might actually be happening or to look beyond the porthole that a blackhole creates. It is possible though to infer the possibility of the existence of physical realities even beyond such vanishing points, or horizons of our own spheres of observation. We can infer logically and as a result of our experience that some kind of instantaneous universe does exist, and we can conjecture on the structure of sub-sub-atomic particles even if we have no means of observing these entities in any direct fashion.

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Natural systems can be described in their state-path trajectories as nonlinear and underdetermined systems that are fundamentally chaotic. Many of their properties are emergent from the chaotic patterning that is a consequence of this essential chaos. This can be found on both fundamental physical and biological levels, and a case can be made as well for the fundamental chaos of natural human intelligence. It is remarkable, I believe, that remarkably stable derivative systems can be produced from basically chaotic and underdetermined patterns. These stable stuctural forms can then be further organized into emergent and elaborated metasystems, preserving both the fundamental sense of stability and chaos upon which they are based.

All other things being equal, I kind of theory of large numbers applies to natural systems:

Larger systems are more stable and conservative than smaller systems.

More complex systems are more stable and conservative than less complex systems.

We can generalize statistically upon larger systems and their main trends, though we cannot direct observe these trends in the operations of particular subsystems.

Time is considered a dimensional property. It appears to exhibit close relationship with mass and energy systems. We conceive of time as an ongoing continuum of the present. It strikes me that the key facet of understanding the relevance of time is to understand that it is a manifestation of the integration of reality in a simultaneous sense, and it stands therefore at fundamental odds with our relativistic conception of space-time as being fundamentally conditioned by the speed of light, which condition creates a kind of observational event horizon to our ability to see the universe, in a contemporaneous manner. The presuppostion of universal simultaneity stems from:

1. The basic observation of simultaneity within a local framework, and the consistency of pattern of distribution over time, including the ability to predict the synchronous motions and movements of distant bodies over time.

2. A basic assumption about the fundamental temporal continuity of structure of systems in the universe, derived from observations as in one above.

A way of understanding this presupposition of universal simultaneity is with the model of a rubber sheet. If we can imagine the entire universe placed upon a rubber sheet that is contiguous in all directions, then this sheet can be twisted and turned and stretched and folded in many different directions at once, and yet the basic distribution of objects along the sheet, according to its surface, would not change significantly. All things that occur simultaneously on the rubber sheet, will occur at the same instant. The entire sheet will experience time within the same continuum, regardless of its distorted shape or its distribution.

Time has a continuous structure, but it appears as if natural phenomena on a basic level have a periodic structure that is a function of time. The underlying structure of time affects the relative periodicity that is associated with this structure.

Relativistic dilation of time is the consequence of the changed energy that is expressed in the system, and this is possibly a function of the altered mass of the system within which the light is capture. We can consider this relationship in something like the following:

T_p(E) = M(G_x)

In this formula, T_p would be the time relative to the frame it occurs within a given system, as this would be determined by periodic structures

E is the total energy that is associated with such a system

M is the measure of total mass of the system

G is the gravitationa potential of the system coupled with unknown variables.

It can be seen in this kind of formula, that as the total energy of the system would be in inverse relationship to the periodic increase of time, such that as the energy of a system increased, its periodicity would decrease, and vice versa, as the energy of a system decreased, its periodic structure might increase.

It is clear that these relationships are in equilibrium with the measure of mass, which is a function of the gravitational field in which such systems occur. The dimensional (or possibly, dimensionless) property of time appears to be embedded in the structure of gravitation as a universal phenomena, such that this gravitational phenomen confers upon all structures a periodic phenomena.

Within this framework, all change events would be synchronously coordinated within the larger frame of reference that it occurs. It can be considered that even relatively stationary objects exhibit some form of intrinsic and intrinsic motion, and are involved in change events that are of a periodic structure. Gravitational displacement and replacement that are hypothesized to occur in all matter reflect the continuously changing structure of even objects of relatively dense and solid mass.

The implicit rule that is being followed, in a universal sense, is that all change events must be continuous and coordinate within a larger system of gravitational relations, such that they are rendered synchronically simultaneous in the "now" with all other change events occurring in our universe. The structure of the universe then is like a forever unfolding field of "now" that is spread forever in all directions. This "instantaneous field structure" unfolds continuously and confers a periodic pattern to all events. All historical structures and state-path trajectories and developmental sequences within this structure can be considered chaotic.

Within this framework of understanding, the function of mass relations in gravitational fields may boil down to the problem of synchronic coordination of structures that operate at different levels of energy or within different gravitational frameworks. The concept of gravitational unification may, likewise, involve the synchronization of all periodic clocks within the framework of the gravitational system. Synchronization of clocks would entail that they achieve an equilibrium of energy such that they function at the same relative periodicities of structure. An object falling from a height to earth is having its clock "reset" to be in synch with that of the earth. The basis of its communication is gravitation, and this is felt in terms of increased mass and directional motional displacement toward the earth. The object only achieves this temporal synchronization with the earth when it comes to a complete stop somewhere upon the earth's surface.

To understand how this temporal synchronization may work in terms of gravitational replacement and displacement, it is perhaps necessary to understand that "spin" of a certain kind or form of fundamental constituent particle/events may become harmoniously synchronized with other "event-entities." The fundamental spin may be akin to its periodic motion--the spinning of the wheels of time itself, so to speak. This spin may relate to the relative mass of the object, a fundamental property of the object in terms of mass spin which may be the source, among other things, of gravitational radiation.

Understanding the temporal dimensionality of the universe is a critical point in the development of a theory of universal relativity. It predicts for instance that the gravitational field of the total universe may exist in a kind of timelessness. As a total energy system it may not have time associated with it, such that it lasts forever, in a sense, without fundamental change. Related to this would be the instantaneous and simultaneous structure of the gravitational field and of the gravitational clocks of all objects embedded in the field. If gravitational effects, possibly by a kind of universal quantum, can be found anywhere instantaneously in the universe, then dimensions of time and space become irrelevant to the system.

In this framework, occurrences such as the explosion of energy from fusion reactions or fission chain reactions, that involve mass defect of atomic systems, may be more accurately explained by the instantaneous realization of thermodynamic energy from the gravitational field by the sudden change in mass relations, and clocks, of the system. In such a case, energy realized in proportion to the mass defect would be drawn from anywhere and everywhere in the universe simultaneously, without affecting its realization or its field in any other way.

The changing inertia of an accelerating object may be a function of the drag of gravitational fieldlines that are the result of the shifting synchronization of the clocks associated with the object in its background field. This gravitational energy would be realized instantaneously, and may come from anywhere or everywhere in the universe simultaneously. What is changed, is the frequency or likelihood of occurrence of denser gravitational effects in a particular area or point or direction, than in the surrounding area.

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In spite of all this digression, we have still not answered clearly what eactly is the gravitational field or how exactly gravitational unification is achieved.

We conceptualize time as something that is deep and that goes on forever. We see it as a line of duration, always unfolding in the present, stretching out into the past, and leading into the future. When we think of time, we think of the duration of the Great Pyramids and the transience of great civilizations. We think of the longevity of life and the temporariness of the Great Dinosaurs. We think of the age of the Sun and the Big Bang.

We associate with our conception of time things that remain unchanged and endure for aeons, and things that are transient and ephemeral in a single day, like the rising and setting of the sun.

Time is a continuously emerging present. It has always been just this, and no more. It has no intrinsic sense of past and knows and tells us nothing about the future. It happens, happens, happens, and still happens each moment we think about it and draw another breath.

A paradigm of gravitational integration:

a. All attractive forces have reciprocal transference of energy that exist in dynamic equilibrium. As gravitational points emerge, space-time is created, and this emergence is interconnected with surrounding points that are contemporaneous or of the same period structures.

b. Gravitational integration is based upon a principle of universal simultaneity. Zeroth infinitesimal singularity describes the translational structure of the gravitational matrix.

1. Though the cumulative effects of gravitation are felt mainly in the large,

the immediate causes of gravitation occur on a very discrete level in a local sense. In other words, it is possible that gravitation only exists on a very local level, at some maximum dimensionally, before its effect breaks down or becomes disrupted or rather "interrupted".

2. Gravitational patterning can be described as the continous emergence and articulation of successive "points" in space-time that can be said to blink in and out of existence continously.

3. Gravitational patterning on an infinitesimal level may possibly contain regions of "nothingness" within its reticulational structure in which time nor sense of space occur as properties.

c. Gravitation appears to be continuously emergent in a chaotic manner in multiple points, that can be well described by chaos theory and Mandelbrot sets.

d. Time is a sense of the continuous recreation of integration and pattern of gravitation on a momentary and instantaneous basis. Sense of time (definable physically as periodic process) is an emergent property of gravitational integration.

e. Differential probabilistic densities of gravitational points in space-time describe patterns of dynamic flux of the gravitational field that is in dynamic equilibrium and the leads to gravitational effects that are observable. We can refer to these densities in a kind of statistics of probabilistic realities, involving an inherent or exact uncertainty. We see isotrophic directions in this field as composite vectorial forces, or tensors, continously emergent at various points and defining in a hybrid sense gravitational field lines and structures that can be described in gross terms.

f. All physical structures are gravitationally dynamic and exist in some form of gravitational equilibrium with its surroundings. Empty physical space itself, what can be thought of as a perfect thermodynamic vacuum, can be said to yet remain gravitationally dynamic with its surroundings.

g. Physical mass objects, particles, chemicals, compounds and their mixtures, that appear to be stable, on a gravitational level are continuously interacting with their gravitational surroundings in such a way as that there is a sense of continuous gravitational replacement and displacement occuring within the material structure. The consequence of this is that objects become gravitationally unified within a shared space-time context as a single gravitational system. This entails that periodic process of the object are influenced critically by this unification.

h. Gravitational dynamics underlies thermodynamics and is the basis for all change and periodic process in the universe.

Before proceeding with a model of the gravitational field and its integration, it is important to emphasize that physical reality is comologically unified as a single temporal wave-front--like a three dimensional sheet that is continually unrolling or unfolding with time. The sheet is dynamic in that what its exact distribution at one point is will be different from its exact distribution at any other subsequent or antecedent point in time. It continually folds, bends, stretchs and compresses. The sheet exists in time, and only in time. It can be thought of as like the individual frame of a movie-film, that is projecting at a set rate of so many frames per second--we experience the films as a continuous motion of images projected onto the screen, and not as a continuous reiteration and replacement of frames from one moment to the next. This sheet may have virtually infinite spatial expanse, but no known temporal depth. To assign temporal depth to such a sheet would be to posite parallel realities unfolding simultaneously but in different time frames. The sheet that existed yesterday or last year is not the sheet existing now, nor will it be the one that occur tomorrow or next year. The temporal continuity that we can assign to the sheet from moment to moment is that it occupies the same sense of space at all times, and that a percentage of the sheet from the previous moment will continue to exist in the next moment. We can say that change occurs simultaneously throughout the entire sheet of physical reality, but it is rubbery and elastic--it occurs simultaneously everywhere, but not all at the same time or place.

This theory provides an alternative way of seeing reality upon fundamental levels. Stable atomic structures may, at a lower level, just be a probabilistic phenomenon of dynamic forces that exist in long term equilibrium with one another. Within this framework, what we understand as "particles" are particulate types of phase structures that are, like water vapor, in equilibrium with their surroundings.

If we are to seek to understand the gravitational integration of physical reality as a single unified and all encompassing field, then it is important to understand how motions can exist within the field in ways that are measurable and with predictable outcomes. The field is dynamic, and changes seem to be an inherent aspect of its dynamic nature. And yet all possibilities for change are defined within certain state parameters--changes cannot be discontinouous or temporally inconsistent with one another. There occurs a kind of universal synchronization of all clocks, whatever the relativistic considerations, such that the temporal structure of the universe, its continous emergence or unfolding, is always coordinate across the entire field simultaneously, regardless of the relative velocities.

All motions and kinetic energies in the universe can be postulated to arise stochastically from the cumulative interactions of very miniscule and unobservable motions and energies upon fundamental, or infinitesimal levels. We see this when we understand the cumulative influence of gravitational fields in large dimensions, but we do not clearly understand how or why this occurs.

I postulate that there occur a set of intrinsic kinds of motions upon a fundamental level, to which all subatomic entities are subject or susceptible. Before proceeding with this, it is important to understand that at the smallest level that is scientifically calculable, physical distinctions of matter and energy, mass and motion, time and space, breakdown into a relatively homogeneous field that seems remarkably undifferentiated in any physical sense. The gravitational field at this level that subsumes the texture and fabric of all physical reality, is unlike anything we can imagine or that we have experienced.

Differences between empty space and dense matter may be more colligative properities of relative point densities than they are of an distinct or rigid boundaries of physical or qualitative properties. A level is reached where uncertainty of structure and pattern prevails and is sublime in a supreme sense.

There arise intrinsic and spontaneous motions that are random and that affect the smallest units of physical reality that we may specify. These motions are a function of the inherent looseness of the space-time structure at such fundamental levels. Such motion is continuous, completely non-isotrophic, and arises spontaneously in the gravitational field. In this regard, we may speculate on the following kinds of motions possible:

1. Fundamental vibration: all constituent units of physical reality, vibrate upon a basic level. This vibration can be seen as a continuous oscillation in both time and space, such that at a discrete level, we cannot say that the an object exists at precisely at one moment or the next. This indicates a fundamental slippage of space-time in its basic motional mechanics.

2. N-spin. All fundamental units have some kind of spin, or multiple-spins, and it is possible that these spin characteristics may fluctuate in both speed and in direction in time. The most fundamental spin feature of all would be a random spin in which the polarity of the spin would drift in random directions and its speed would likewise fluctuate randomly.

3. Jumping or Bumping. I speculate that fundamental units may exhibit some kind of quantum jumping or bumping behavior which would entail an intrinsic and discontinuous change of state from one time-place to another. This jumping would occur on a very basic level of size.

4. Directional motion. I speculate that fundamental units may exhibit some form of intrinsic directional motion that would be associated as an intrinsic property of such units. Like random n-spin, we can speculate that directional motion may be intrinsically linear or non-linear, and may be of constant velocity or fluctuating velocity. It is possible as well that upon a fundamental level, directional motions may be both simultaneously reciprocal--going backward and forward at the same time, as well as simultaneously multidirectional or even omnidirectional, or going in more than one direction at the same time.

5. Blinking. A fifth type of motion that I would attribute to fundamental units would that which is experienced, or rather occurs, temporally but not necessarily in any spatial dimentions. This type of motion I would refer to as "blinking" and involves certain phase transitions in which a unit exists at one moment and then does not exist at another moment.

The question to be answered in regard to these basic kinds of motions of our hypothetical units of analysis is how do they relate to their surroundings, and how is integrity and coodination of activity achieved between units in a shared field, especially if many of these motions are in fact random. I would invoke a principle of universal simultaneity of the same unit--in other words, fundamental units may occur simultaneously in the different places at the same moment. This can be seen from the structure of the field as one of translational displacement and reiteration such that we cannot distinguish between one entity and another, even one sharing fundamentally different discrete properties or motions. For instance, if the same entity exists simultaneously at four different points at the same time, it is possible that 10% of the entity occurs at one point, 25% at another, 35% at the third and 30% at the fourth. A unit existing at four places at one moment may occur at five other places the next, and at one or two following.

A second principle helping us to understand how integration may occur in such a framework is to see that while a single entity may be spread over several places at once, more than one entity may occupy the same place at the same time. In this case, we can see entities A, B, C, and D at the same place if 10% of A occurs along with 25% of B, 35% of C and 30% of D.

In either case, we can speculate that a single unit entity always exists at 100% of its own properties regardless of its distribution, and any one designated unit-area, or what we can refer to as a space-time unit-frame, only 100% can exist at any one time.

In this model, the differentials occuring in the field, and the resulting fluid dynamics of the field in 4 dimensions, would be a function of the relative point densities of space-time unit-frames occur over a given relative 4 dimensional frame of reference. High density areas would permit the coexistence and emergence of more unit-frames per unit space-time. Such densities would be expressed not only in terms of thickness of unit points per space, but also in terms of relative rates of occurrence of points in time. We would refer to the increase in densities, due for instance to the influence of gravitational fields or alternatively to the increase in velocities of objects affecting their space-time manifold, as gravitational compression of space-time. On the other hand, we can refer to the decrease in such densities as being one of gravitational expansion of space-time.

To push this statistical model of the integration of the gravitational field further, I would assert that when the same unit exists in multiple places, the properties between these places are unified as if they were of the same unit. Secondly, when multiple units occupy the same point in time, they share the unit-properties between them.

We may speculate that when units cooccur in the same places, and the same units cooccur in multiple places, then the different units may not occur with the same motions or periodicities as one another. Blinking may be a percentage of the total unit, as well as the other kinds of fundamental motions I have previously described. In the model above, unit A may blink, leaving temporarily the points where A occurs unfilled or less than 100%.

The question that arises with such a model is to explain out the different subunits of A would communicate or cooccur with similar properties in the different places at the same time.Changes affecting, for instance, Sub-A at point X will be different from units affecting sub-A at point Y, especially if we conjecture that all subunits simultaneously cooccurring at the same point and time will share the same properties. Thus sub-A at X will change with X in a way fundamentally different from how sub-A at Y changes. We can only understand this if we assume that the emergent properties per unit-frame are those that are associated with the fundamental units occupying that place. If A disappears from that unit-frame and reappears in some other unit frame, the intrinsic properties of A would remain unaltered though the emergent properties associated with both unit frames would be changed. A knows itself whereever it occurs by the fact of sharing its own unique set of fundamental intrinsic properties.

Even this model is too particularistic, in the sense that A may occur at points W, X, Y, or Z in certain probabilities or percentages, but these express only likelihoods of cooccurrence, and it is possible to assume that between these points exists a complex of field-lines or probabilistic pathways in which A may cooccur with some degree of likelihood. Unit A itself can only be thought of as a quasi-distinct unit, distinguishable from all alternative cooccurring units. In other words, Unit A never occurs alone or by itself as distinct from unit B, C, D and so forth. A then does not and cannot exist as a discrete entity--it exists as something that is spread out in space-time over a range of possible points and pathways between points. It is this non-particularistic aspect of these fundamental units that serves to distinguish empty space-time from the space-time of matter.

There is no sense in speaking of individual units as coherent integral systems with their own unique or innate sense of properties. Units occurring at this level are found only collectively in certain densities and are fundamentally interchangeable in a partial manner.

From this standpoint, fieldlines are not really structural or static entities at all--they represent potentialities and potential composite vectors at that are the result of differentials of the gravitational field. Composite vectors can be seen as non-symmetrical reciprocity of relation between any two unit-frames or points in space-time.

It appears that all points in a continuous space-time wavefront need occur simultaneously. The number of points occurring at any given time within a section of such a wave-front is a determinant of the density of that wave-front. It is speculated that there will be, on average, even distribution of space-time between point or unit-frames depending upon the densities occurring.

In a machian sense, if no matter or no electromagnetic energy existed in the universe, but only empty space-time, then we can say that the gravitational field would be fairly uniform and non-isotrophic in all directions. A universe devoid of any energy or matter would still exist in its absolute dimensionalities. It may be dynamic in a fundamental sense of the kinds of motions described above.

It is clear that with the rise of matter and energy in the universe, which is alleged to have increased over time in ratios and densities, new motions and non-random forces playing upon the gravitational field were established. These differential or directional motions can be said to be non-random because they establish in a local sense an isotrophic structure to the gravitational field that would not otherwise occur in a purely possibilistic or random manner.

Matter itself must be construed in this sense as a nonrandom distribution or condensation of points and unit-frames in space-time. This non-random distribution can be said to be stable or relatively permanent as an emergent property assignable to the structure of space-time.

As matter is formed in the universe, we can expect an average distribution of such matter in space-time at whatever level of analysis or size-scale we are calculating upon. Thus, matter is more or less evenly distributed in a large cosmological scale as it is upon a molecular scale or atomic scale. Of course, this distribution varies significantly depending upon the scale we are referring to. We can speculate furthermore, that the larger the scale, the greater the average distances occurring between units of matter. Eventually, a scale is reached such that the distances between such units is so great that the intervening gravitational fields become essentially smooth and possibly so stretched out that forces that appear usually cohesive and attractive can become disintegrative and repulsive. In such circumstances, we can speculate that even space-time itself is spontaneously produced. Another way of looking at this is that at very great distances, the universe may appear to be continuously pulling itself apart at the seams, so to speak. In its expansion, the gravitational field may weaken to the point of allowing new points of the field to occur or be produced that wouldn't otherwise be possible. In essence, new space-time of the gravitational field would be filled in continuously in such regions.

The expected average spacing between units of matter at different size scale would have expectable effects on the distribution of the gravitational field.

Before proceeding, the basis of this model is that unlike a Machian universe, the gravitational field existed independently and before the rise or distribution of matter or energy within this field. In a Machian manner, once such matter came into being and became normally distributed, then the gravitational field became dynamically affected by the distribution of matter within itself. Matter arose out of the internal fluctuations of the gravitational field in an "empty universe" as a result of energy dynamics that led to the creation of positive energies from negative field sources. This can be attributed to local inhomogeneities within the gravitational field that led to convergences producing high energy.

We might state a general principle of the self-emergent universe:

What is componentially essential in the universe occurred before what is compositely emergent.

Therefore, in order to explain the origin of composite structures, we must explain the origin of the componential structures that underlie these compositions.

The smaller the componential structure, the larger the relative area assumed by the structure, and the lesser the absolute density of the structured space containing the structure. This is referred to as rarefaction/concentration of space-time.

Relative contiguity of structure in space-time is the basis of the integration of the physical field, at all levels. Space-time is "shared" between contiguous entities in a statistical sense. The continguity of structure is the basis for the physical sharing of entities. Entities thus, at a very small scale, are distributed out in increasing space-time intervals.

Below is depicted a representation of the gravitational field as a kind of well-system of increasing densities associated with increasing energies, the dilation of space and the slowing of periodic processes.

We can imagine a pyramid of increasing densities of space-time:

It is apparent from this abstract representation that the relative densities of the gravitational field are a function of the local distributions and concentrations of matter within a given amount of space and time. The densities at the apex of the pyramid are much greater than the densities at the base, relative to one another, though they are equal to one another in an absolute sense. The slowing of periodic process in denser space-time fields can be accounted for by the number of periodic intervals occurring in compressed fields, compared to more rarefied fields that are less dense. The time required to travel from point A to B is equal to the time required to travel from point A' to point B' at the top of the pyramid, though A to B is traversed instantaneously, relative to A':B'; and it takes an infinite amount of time to travel from A' to B', relative to A:B. The two sets of vectorial dimensions merely exist upon different levels the gravitational well system.

In this scheme, the motional gradient from A to A' and B to B' is the equivalent of increasing densities--in other words, increasing acceleration produces the same effect as increasing gravitational density, though the former effect is instantaneously unidirectional while the latter effect is instantaneously omnidirectional. The transition of increasing motional velocity from A to A' can only be accomplished by increasing the density of energy, which is expressed as increased inertia of resistance to change in speed. The increasing density of gravitation can likewise only be accomplished by the increasing concentration of energy per unit of space-time, as occurs in solar systems or blackholes, for instance.

Though the model is linear in form, by our own observational and phenomenal standards, it is experienced in a curvilinear manner, such that at either the base or the apex, as we approach these points only by increasing increments, but never reach them completely.

By this model, a hypothetical empty universe would only exist at the base, in universal instantaneity--by our visual and vital standards of space-time, it would have appeared come into being instantaneously, as if in a big bang, though it in fact would have existed as long as an infinite universe. Only with the increasing differentiation of sub-components into denser and denser, and thus larger and larger, composite structures, does the pyramid take on a hiearchical well-structure. As the levels emerge, the entire structure becomes increasing dynamic in an intrinsic sense.

In the previous digram, a hypothetical feedback structure is posited that links together the top and bottom of the pyramid in a kind of unity--in other words, matter becomes so condensed , that the basic gravitational forces are so powerful that the space-time structure that creates this matter is literally disintegrated back into the fragmentary constituent entities that exist the base--under such conditions, space-time is liberated from gravitational concentration, and is instantaneously redistributed into the universe.

It is possible that nothing exists in a black hole, relative to normal matter, and that the gravitational density and concentricity of its forces is maintained in perpetuity by the fact that no outside perturbing forces are great enough to alter the shape and structure of its gravitational manifold. Similarly, an object reaching or surpassing light-speed, would disappear in a similar manner as an object that would enter into a blackhole. It would essentially become redistributed in space-time.

It is possible that at the points of articulation between the apex and base of the pyramid there occurs alternative dimensions or nth-dimensional universes, such that mass is leaving this universe into another universal dimension, while mass is reentering continuously at the base from some other dimensional structure. We can only speculate on what these dimensional structures might be, but the most logical candidate is an anti- or reverse universe.

Such a structure would install an equilibrium to the universe, which the universe must have, but this sense of equilibrium is dynamic, and not static. The universe is anything but steady-state. It is composite state and dynamic.

In this, I equate the density of space-time, the gravitational field, and mass as a relative phenomenon. This is an extension of the principle of equivalence. Creation of new gravitational structure in the universe is equivalent to the production of increased mass. Creation of new mass is in effect the creation of new energy in a negative sense, and the creation of new energy is the equivalent of the creation of new mass. Gravitation is essentially a form of potential mass-energy, a measure of the energy locked up in both the fabric of space-time and in matter. It can be defined as the cumulative energy contained in all the attractive forces that hold the fabric of physical reality together upon a very basic level. These attractive forces, unlike the electro-static forces prevalent in chemical bonding, are non-electro-magnetic.

It appears then that the possibility of the creation of new gravitational fieldlines in space-time results in the production of new mass-energy in the universe. We can speculate that new mass-energy is created continuously in the universe, and leads to the long-range appearance of the continuous expansion of the universe in all directions. The effect of continuous expansion of the universe would suggest that the addition of new mass-energy in empty space occurs in dynamic equilibrium with the consumption of old mass-energy in various pathways. Energy produced at the bottom of the pyramid, will work its way up through the upper levels, eventually to be consumed at the apex of the pyramid. The actual pathways followed by such energy conversions, which appear to be entirely anti-entropic, are much more complicated than production at the base and consumption at the apex. Gravitational energy is continuously converted in gravity-based systems into heat energy, and this conversion leads to the production of new matter in solar furnaces. Much of this newly produced energy is released into the surrounding areas of space, and much new matter appears to enter into the universe as hydrogen nuclei, gama particles, and even as rogue or captured but isolated planetoid systems. At each level, there appears to be a vast energy sink or reservoir. I should say such sinks or reservoirs are infinite, and permit the infinite stockpiling of different forms of energy and mass at different levels.

Gravitation as a Mass-Based System

Mass can only be understood in terms of gravitation. We can have no absolute system for the measurement of mass, except that we can hypothesize a zero mass that is something equivalent to Absolute Zero. The only non-relative system of mass that we can devise, it seems, is one that represents dimensional proportions between different atomic nuclei. In whatever gravitational field we may find ourselves, it can be assumed that the atomic mass of a standard hydrogen nucleus will be exactly half that of a helium nuclei. Differences in isotopic abundances in the universe surely make this an imperfect system, though I would expect that in the large framework of the universe, average isotopic abundances would approach the normal distribution we find on earth. If we could hypothesize a total gravitational vacuum, which I believe would be an impossibility, then we can speculate as to what would be the total intrinsic mass of the hydrogen nuclei, and all other nuclei by derivable proportion. The trouble appears because we can never completely separate the presence of a hydrogen nuclei from its gravitational field in which that presence is expressed and embedded. It is clear that the weight of a hydrogen nuclei on earth is less than that on the sun, and the weight of hydrogen on the moon would be less than that on the earth. These differences are a function of the relative distribution and proximity, or rather relative densities, of all other cooccurring nuclei of matter that are in gravitational unification with the hydrogen nuclei in question. In other words, when hydrogen nuclei occur in unity with other nuclei of other atoms, then the mass of the hydrogen nuclei, which is an expression of its gravitational potential, increases in proportion to the size and density of the whole formation. It is as if a percentage of the weight of all the other nuclei is added to the weight of the hydrogen nuclei in question, and this can be understood as the measure of the gravitational attractive forces between nuclei when in unification. It appears that different forms of matter does not have to be chemically bound together in order for these forces of nuclear attraction to occur. The basis of all gravity systems is a relatively simple rule:

Given any two or more uneven size objects of matter, the smaller and less dense object will be attracted to the larger and more dense object.

The forces of attraction between two unequal sized objects will always be mutual, and this is the basis for understanding the reciprocity of gravitational fieldlines, but the object having the greater attractive force will overcome by net balance the forces of the lesser object.

If we consider that absolute size is of no consequence, then we can speculate that the forces of attraction between hydrogen, and say, uranium nuclei, are equivalent to forces of gravitational attraction between the earth, and, say the moon.

This force of attraction appears to be a force of continuous acceleration of the lesser object toward the center of gravity of the greater object.

To understand gravitational unification, I believe it is necessary to understand the structure of space-time relations, and hence the gravitational fields, occurring between different mass objects. Gravitational unification occurs when there is achieved a relative gravitational equilibrium between components of a system, usually defined around one dominant center of gravity. Within such a system, complex stable motions may be maintained indefinitely and perpetually by different components of the system. There appears to be at least maximum gravitational integration of the system such that the mass relations between objects are at equilibrium. A gravitationally unified system defines a common frame of reference for the entire system and for all the components of the system, that is locally and relatively independent of any other system in a larger framework.

It appears that gravitational unification can occur over very vast distances and can involve very large numbers of mass objects, as for instance with large galactic systems that incorporate millions of individual star systems. Gravitational fields at the center of such systems must be exceptionally enormous and powerful, and the range of the gravitational field must be likewise amazing vast, on the order of millions of lightyears across. Within such a vast system, it can be estimated that there occurs a tremendous amount of exchange of energies between relatively remote sources, and this exchange is instantaneous and continuous in its occurrence.

Such systems must pull omnidirectionally and especially along the main plane of its distribution at even greater distances or depths of space time than that encompassed within the system itself, encompassing very broad expanses of relatively "empty" space-time in all directions.

Gravitational attraction appears to be working at odds with the phenomenon of electro-static repulsion, if we assume that positively charged protons repulse one another. Protons appear to cohere in tight rigid formations only with the intermediation of neutrons, and neutrons appear to be relatively unstable nucleonic pair structures. With increase in number of protons, the number of neutrons grows in a non-linear manner. In a sense, if we disregard for the moment the intermediary electron orbitals in large mass configurations, we can see the relative densities of protons-neutron structures as a larger configuration of patterns occurring within the nucleus itself. Electrons appear to try to get as far away from one another as possible, while protons and their associated neutrons appear to get as close as possible to one another, though one would expect mutual nuclear electrostatic repulsion of similarly charged particles. The gravitational forces holding together different nuclei, appear to be equivalent to the strong forces holding together atomic nuclei themselves.

The only way to account for gravitational unification of nuclei, beyond electro-static forces of bonding, is in terms of the mutual exchange of mass-energy between nuclei that are gravitationally unified in space-time. This unification suggests a kind of equilibrium of exchange of mass between nuclei, and the consequence is a nonlinear cumulative increase in the relative mass of each nuclei, and of the total structure. This can be called the rise in gravitational potential associated with objects of matter that is greater than the cumulative values of their absolute atomic weights.

In consideration of the subatomic structure of mass relations, especially in protons and neutrons, we can distinguish between what can be called charge dissociated states from charge associated states. A proton that carries a positive charge can be referred to as existing in a charge dissociated state, whereas a neutron that has neutral charge can be referred to as existing in a charge associated state. In other words, in a charge associated state, there is a bipolar structure that results in a non-polar distribution of charge. In a charge dissociated state, there is an inherent polar distribution of charge. It can be observed that at charge dissociated states appear to be much more electro-dynamic than charge associated states.

The concept of charge association dissociation leads naturally to speculation about the shape and distribution of protons and neutrons within a nucleus. For each proton in a non-hydrogen nucleus, there should be at least one neutron. These neutrons should serve the function of intermediating the relations between other protons. I speculate that neutrons take a form of a kind of "fuzzy ball" structure that is larger in size that the associated proton. This fuzzy ball structure has a slight negative charge dissociation between its surface and its center, and this creates the energies required for the bonding of protons to it. It is essentially a form of electro-static energy, only much more powerful than the energies associated with hydrogen, covalent and ionic bonding potenials.

Protons in this framework would be much smaller than neutrons and would exist within their own internal oribital or rotational trajectories as spinning objects. They would not be solid so much as, like the electron orbitals surrounding them, they would be essentially as cloud distributions that were extremely dense. The shape of these particles, as cloud structures occuring through time, would also be essentially spherical.

The internal nucleus of atoms are not static structures. They appear to be inherently dynamic and at least as complex as the electron orbital structures that surround them. The difference is that the electron orbital structures for the most part exist independently of mass relations, whereas nucleonic structures are entirely defined by these mass relations with the embedded gravitational field. A major part of the interactions of these nucleonic structures therefore is the continuous spime replacement of the componential features of these structures. There occurs continuous energy exchange relationships within the structures and between these nucleonic structures and their surroundings. Energy is released as a result in various forms, one possibility being a form of gravitational radiation that is specific to the breakdown of spime. Energy is also released in various forms of nuclear radiation, kinetic, heat and other electro-magnetic radiation.

From this standpoint, a tiny atom is not so much a static structure with a permanently defined energy state, as much as it is a oscillatory generator that is continuously absorbing latent attractive energy from its surroundings to give off a variety of positive forms of energy back to its surroundings. It accomplishes this within the nucleus primarily, and much of the energy fields that drive the electron shells and their behavior is derivable from this basic energy conversion process. In this sense, we need to look no further than the basic atom to find the source for the generation of new energy in the universe. The kind of energy and the kind of conversions that become possible then are primarily based upon the relative densities of structures that occur.

Synchronous/Asynchronous structures. I speculate that entities in gravitational unification can be refered to as synchronous structures, in the sense that their relative temporal periodicities are coordinate within the same gravitational frame of reference. All clocks would tick at the same rate,and if perfectly set as an atomic clock, they would all tick at the same instant of time. We would espect that structures that occur in gravitationally unified forms are essentially asynchronous structures occurring at different levels of the system. Clocks in asynchronous structures do not tick at the same rates.

Gravitationally unified systems are synchronous within the same gravitational frame of reference.

Systems in gravitational disequilibrium are asynchronous within different gravitational frames of reference.

If we draw any geometic shape with vertices, we can define the gravitational center as the point of intersection between all the different vertices. If we imagine an atomic nuclei at each vertex, then we can imagine that the central point between all vertices is the point of equilibrium of mutual attraction. This suggests that in structures of large enough size and mass, the only possible shape that can be attained is one that is spherical, as in such a large shape gravitational forces are so great as to overcome in local or regional disporportions of shape and structure.

The nature of the mutual attraction of two or more nuclei, or unified objects of matter, can be defined as the degree of differential perturbation of space-time equilibrium about theobjects.

An spherical shaped object, of any size, in empty space, will be acted upon in all directions equally in the space-time manifold, such that the pressures of this manifold exerted from any one direction will be counterbalanced by equal pressures exerted from opposite directions. The focus of this equally distributed action will be upon the geometric center of the object, which can be defined as the point of intersection of all forces. This can be referred to as the gravitational center of balance. Unless perturbed by some outside forces, this manifold about the object will remain unaltered and permanent.

The larger or more dense the object, the greater the concentrative forces of space-time impinging upon the object.

If such an object is accelerated in motion in a particular direction, then the space-time manifold serving to define the objects mass relationships will become distorted in that direction:

What is required for acceleration is the directional application of enough force to counter the mutual attractive forces of space-time on the opposite side that serves to maintain the object within a steady-state manifold.

A similar kind of distortion occurs when two objects come into gravitational attraction to one another. The relative size and densities of the objects will determine the resulting pattern of relation between the objects, as will the relative motions of the objects in relation to one another. The space-time manifold between the objects becomes disturbed mutually in relation to the manifold surrounding each of the objects, creating a phenomenon of mutual attraction that is equivalent to acceleration.

In this case, there will always occur mutual attraction between two mass objects because the manifold between them will tend to be in disequilibrium compared to the manifold surrounding both objects. This intermediate differential may be slight, but it is enough to result in mutual unevenness and disequilibrium of the surrounding manifolds, resulting in some form of acceleration or mutual dynamic motion.

Two objects cannot exist in space in static, motionless relationship to one another. The equilibrium established by the gravitational field is always dynamic.

In other words, two large objects in spatial proximity such that they are within a shared gravitational system cannot be static in relation to one another. Only the dominant object of a gravitational center may obtain a relatively static state of maximum equilibrium at the center of the system. The only time that we can imagine a static entity would be if there was a single gravitationally unified object in the universe, that was alone in an other wise empty field. However large or infinite its surrounding field, this single object would become the gravitational center of the universe. Unless we can hypothesize spontaneous gravitational tidal waves occurring in the universe, then the entire universe would come to pivot about this single unified object.

External relations between objects in space are equivalent to internal relations of matter and nuclei in concentrated and condensed mass objects. The difference between the two is that in internalized mass relations, the relative relations between objects is more or less static and fixed, there can be no internalized mechanical motions of such an object that are equivalent to the kinds of motions that occur between large mass objects, though it is apparent that intrinsic motions are continuous to such internalized distributions of matter. On the other hand, the direction of concentration remains the same, such that there are increasing pressures of gravitational force upon the center of balance of an object that increase with the net mass of the object.

Though the relative size of the object should not matter in this regard, there is much evidence to suggest that nature sets upper and lower size limits to this kind of phenomena--an object can only be so large and massive before it will experience a kind of gravitational implosion that results in a blackhole formation. In such a case, the force of gravitational attraction impinging upon the focal center of the object is so great as to overcome all resistive forces, either electrostatic or nuclear, that would prevent the increase in pressure from occurring. There appears also to be a lower size limit, such that a particle that is too small will essentially behave as if massless, or will no longer be subject to the same kinds of gravitational constraints. It is not known what such a lower size limit is, but the Planck length is a good bet. It is possible that a light photon does not behave in a normal manner in relation to its mass in space-time for two reasons--first, it is electrodynamically dissociated in its negative polarization. Secondly, for related reasons, the amount of energy associated with such a entity is much greater than the mass of the entity, entailing that the entity will travel permanently at the speed of light. The permanent speed of the entity entails the maximum possible distortion of the space-time manifold associated with that entity, and this is intrinsic to its energy/mass ratio.

This entire model again suggests strongly that gravitational attraction is based upon an integrated gravitational field that defines all mass relations within it. These mass relations are relative and intrinsic to the definition of this field, and they are intrinsically dynamic. This field can be said to be composed of the substance of space-time, or what I have called "spime" that is the constituent basis for all known energies and mass relations in the universe.

The gravitational vectors associated, for instance, with the condensation of a single large object, based upon the size and shape of the object. It is known that the gravitational fields surrounding large irregularly shaped asteriods and meteors are essentially also irregular and in inherent disequilibrium.

The gravitational field manifold surrounding a proton is essentially the same, though far smaller, than that surrounding the planet Mars. There occurs a continuous induction of spime into the proton for its own maintenance--this process of induction defines for the object its intrinsic mass. The induction of spime into the proton occurs as a result of spime replacement of the mass of the object on a continuous basis, and I would expect, is tied to the periodicity of the object and is related to the intrinsic motions of the object in its field. Spime replacement of the object results in spime displacement in its field manifold, which displacement results in the continuous concentrative induction of spime into the object. Exactly how this occurs is a mystery, although for a given proton, there should be an average rate of replacement such that a certain minor percentage of its mass should be replaced at a given period of time. The entire object is not instantaneous replaced--only a proportion of the object is replaced at any given time. It is the rotational spin of the object which entails that the object will replace spime omnidirectionally, on average, over a given period of time. Energy must be carried off from such a system on a continuous basis. It is speculated that energy is carried off as latent heat energy, in terms of the intrinsic kinetic energy of the object, and in the form of dissociative electromagnetic energy of the object in relation to its electrostatic fields surrounding that object. This confers upon a proton a continuous field potential that allows electrons to be captured and interact within the field. It is speculated furthermore that for a neutron, there is not electrodynamic or static dissociative energy associated with it, but rather its entire energy is dissipated as kinetic energy in its intrinsic motions, which motions may include a complex internal motion of distribution of energy relations.

An electron in orbit about a nucleus will generate continuous latent energy in a kind of pumping action derived from the accumulation of gravitational forces within the nucleus. Thus the continuous emanation of light energy from a captured nucleus is derivative of the relationship of mass to its space-time manifold. An electron acts as a device, so to speak, or a gate-way, for the release of energy that accumulates within the atom as a result of its gravitational replacement and displacement.

We can expect that the distribution of matter in the universe approaches some kind of normal curve very quickly, though relative variations in isotopic abundances regionally and locally are expected to be substantial. We do not expect the structure of matter on the far ends of the universe to be essentially different from the structure that we encounter here on earth or in our solar system, though the relative distributions of different elements may vary considerably from area to area. We expect the same periodic table to occur wherever we go in the universe, at least within this positive state universe. We expect therefore the same mass and energy relations to occur between objects within a common gravitational field.

The only way we can expect, for instance, an anti-universe where charges are reversed, is in the context of some essential transformation of the basic structure of the gravitational field. What we assign as positive or negative is relatively arbitrary--it follows that the consistency and coherence of the gravitational field and everything within it determines that there should be a given regularity to its structures at all levels.

If the measure of mass is a function of gravitational potential, as the measure of heat is the measure of thermodynamic potential, then we must conclude that this measure of mass is entirely relative to the gravitational field that it occurs within. The trouble is that the gravitational field itself appears to be a function of the total mass of a gravitationally unified system, with the proviso that the greater the density of such a system, the greater the degree of gravitational potential exhibited by the system.

Mass defect is observed, such that the unit mass of a free particle is greater than the unit mass of the same particle when found within a nucleonic structure. The difference between free mass and bound mass is referred to as mass defect. We can stipulate two important qualifications about this basic observation.

First, the measure of mass, as stated above, is the function of the gravitational field within which the system is found to occur. It appears that the free nucleonic particle is heavier than a bound one because it is within the gravitational field, but it is not a part of that field at its source by means of mass binding. On the other hand, a bound nucleonic particle that is bound within a unified gravitational field, exhibits less net mass because its own intrinsic size is shared within the system. Part of its own structure is distributed to the mass field.

The second observation is that all mass share in the same gravitational fields, but in differential amounts, largely depending on whether they are bound or found unbound within the system or its surroundings.

If mass defect is a function of gravitational displacement and the mass-sharing of a unified system, which is the result of the relative concentration of nucleonic mass within such a system, then it follows that the energy realized in nuclear fusion and fission processes is not derived from the nucleus of atoms, so much as it is derived in an immediate and local sense from the gravitational background structure within which such nuclei rest. Altering the mass structure of nuclei dramatically alters the mass energy field surrounding the nuclei, creating a suddent mass differential. This differential is equivalent again to the inertia of energy required to accelerate a relatively stationary object to some speed.

We can understand the nuclear stability of iron and closely related nuclei given the fact that these few nuclei require energy for either fusion or fission to occur, rather than producing prodigious quantities of energy. Iron nuclei represent therefore a gravitational mass-sink and we can speculate that the terminus of fusion production within solar furnaces is in the formation of large quantities of iron. Furthermore, if we find an iron core at the center of the earth, then we must speculate as to its origins and its dynamics. It is a molten core that continually produces large quantities of heat, but no dramatic fusion or fission events. The heat that it produces appears to derive from the same source that thermonuclear energy is produced from--it is derived from the gravitational pressure field that surrounds and contains the core. If the mass of the earth system were large enough, then it is likely that the core would achieve temperatures that would drive fusion and fission events simultaneously, and the earth would "melt" in energy to become essentially a small star system. It appears that star systems are not normally formed in this manner, but we must speculate that small planetoids might form the gravitational seed about which enough mass can be accreted from a surrounding field to produce sufficient mass to drive the system into a stellar pattern. We can expect as well that as stellar systems age, they will form stratified layers based upon lighter to heavier atomic nuclei, until at the core fission processes occur that reduce very heavy nuclei back into lighter and more stable forms.

Unbound energies and particles effectively have no mass, and may or may not have a charge. Light and thermodynamic energy is essentially mass unbound, and may exhibit in the complex field only a property of charge modulation and propagation.

Properties in fields exhibit some interesting characteristics that are precisely the opposite of mass bound systems. Mass bound systems for instance can only be in one place at one time, and have discrete motional properties. Field systems that are mass unbound appear to be able to occur at multiple places at the same time, and to have omnidirectional propagative properties. Two mass bound systems cannot occupy the same place at the same time except with extremely destructive consequences. On the other hand, within a field system different energy-entities may overlap and interpenetrate one another in the same place and at the same time almost, it seems without limit.

Electromagnetic radiation is the function of charge binding in atomic systems. Light energy is produced from charge differentiated fields created within the atom, between the nucleus and the electron shells.

These differences lead us to describe the open structure of field systems, and the associated energy-entity properties associated with these systems, versus the closed structure of mass-bound systems, and the associated energy-entity properties associated with these other systems. The energy-entity properties of both systems are the same upon a fundamental level, except they appear to be organized in different but essentially equivalent ways.

We expect a nucleus of an atom to be mass-dependent because it is spatially-stable, more or less. It occupies a definite point or at least region in space at a definite time. If we are to believe Heisenbergian uncertainty, we cannot attribute the same kind of properities to the complementary electron shell structures that tend to surround nuclei. It is the relative stability of the atomic nucleus that is the central object of scrutiny and questioning. It is apparent that as nuclei increase in size, this stability breaks down and they tend then to become increasingly radioactive and to decay into more stable and smaller structures. The most stable nucleus structure appears to be that of the helium nuclei, though all the noble gas structures appear stable. The atomic weight of helium is approximately 4.003 grams per mole. It entails that a helium structure on average will always contain two protons in association with two neutrons.

I would picture the shape of the helium nuclei as something above, in which the two smaller protons are held together by two intermediating larger neutronic structures, and the two neutrons are held together by the polar of positive charge created between the two protons. The shape may be more or less elongated, as at the right above, depending upon the relative strengths of repulsion between the protons. A lithium structure might be evident below in a kind of lattice structure composed of six vertices.

If we drew lines from each center of each component that would thus compose a vertix to a geometric shape, then such a structure would consist of two sets of equal-lateral triangles, one turned upside down to the other and intersecting the other at its mid-line. The triangles would be of equal size if the component parts were perfectly spherical and non-elongated, though it is possible that non-spherical forms are in fact common. The orbital shape of the surrounding electron cloud would be a sp hybrid.

There would be a tendency for such a structure to accept one more neutron at the center of the formation. This would account for the relative abundance of an isotopic form of lithium with an atomic waight approximating seven instead of six as predicted by the period table. All larger size structures can be defined by the number of points of the vertices they occupy on a surface structure in a similar manner, with increasing potential for added neutrons in the center of such structures. The prediction of this structure is that protons will never occupy central positions, and will always have at least one neutron occurring between it and any other proton in the structure.

An alternative structure is that the protons are shaped in a ring structure, that grows with number and is intermediated by larger neutrons, or alternatively, that the structure of protons are ends of sticks that radiate equidistantly from the center. The more protons, the more points radiating from the center. In this model, neutrons would assume the central intermediary regions--as the sticks, and would take a shape to conform to the overall shape of the nucleus. In this model, the center would be held together by an uneven polarization of the central neutrons, in a sense resulting in a tightly concentrated neutronic mass at the center that is heavily polarized to the positive. The bonding energies of this internal core structure would be considerable.

It is possible that in these structures, there is a continuous phase alternation of pattern between neutrons and protons, such that each entity may periodically switch its identity from that of a proton to a neutron and back again in a coordinated manner.

Whatever element we consider, we can devise a structure based upon the rules that protons will attempt to be as far apart from one another as possible, and that there must always be an intermediating neutron structure occurring between protons. Large atomic nuclei will approach a spherical geometric form, or rather a kind of geodesic geometric form, and the internal structure of such nuclei will tend to be heavily neutronic. I predict that no protons will be deposited in the interior of such structures. These structures may furthermore become unified or integrated through the continuous exchange of componential energies or entities between them. Neither should they be construed as rigid or solid structures. Nevertheless they appear to be relatively stable and fixed structures.

One aspect of the unification of the gravitational field is the hypothetical property of spin-syncronization that will occur within bound and unified fields. Spin synchronization can be thought of as a harmonic synchronicity of spins within unified fields, resulting from the sharing of the energy derived principally from intrinsic spin. Each component, say the proton and individual neutron, gives up some of its energy in the form of spin and possibly other forms, and this energy is imparted to the nucleus as a whole, and may even be transferred between atoms, at least indirectly, via different kinds of bond structures that become available through these nuclear geometries.

I believe spin to be important to an understanding of this phenomena, because it is the only form of continuous intrinsic motion of elementary particles that exhibits a kind of periodicity function and rate of spin per unit time is equivalent to the relative energy of such an entity. Rotational motion, for instance, of an entire nucleus, is a product of spin of the subatomic particles that become synchronously unified.

It is alleged that through spin unification fieldlines for directional energy tranference are created that may exist for just an infinitesimal amount of time. Objects of similar spins are able to transfer energy between one another more readily than components with very different spin properties.

The basic model presented herein predicts that the atom will perform the basic function of gravitational induction similar to what happens with planets of much grander scale. This function of gravitational induction drives the energy dynamics of the atom and is based upon a model of continuous spime replacement within the structure of the atom itself. As a result of this continuous rate of input, which appears to be fairly discrete per unit proton and neutron, atoms and their components will exhibit steady-state and dynamic motions like vibrations, spin, rotations, jumping and will release possibly several different forms of energy, including gravitational radiation and electromagnetic energy. To understand how such a system works, we must understand that the current mass and matter contained within such a system is not necessarily permanent, but is transient and continuously replaced by new mass and matter forming components. Old mass and units are either shed back into the surrounding space-time matrix, or simple "blink" out of existence. It is the atomic system as a whole that is stable and quite predictable from the standpoint of the periodic table and the other properties associated with the elements and their compounds. We can say that in such structures, subatomic particles are the minimum visible or observable units--the spime substructure remains as yet incognito and invisible except for its indirect effects upon the energy dynamics and mass of the system. Atoms in large connections increase their mass proportionately to the total density of the system. Such atoms share a proportion of the weight of the whole, or of all the other atoms of the system, as they each contribute to the condensation of the space time manifold in which they occur. Denser space-time manifolds lead to greater gravitational effects, increased relative mass and higher rates of spime-replacement per atom. Space-time flows more rapidly into such a system, with the resulting relativistic consequences. In such a context of a dense formation of a large number of atoms, each atom shares in the induced gravitational environment created by the composite system as a whole, which entails higher rates of spime induction and replacement.

It is evident from this model that rates of spime induction and replacement in a proton/neutron are dependent upon both the intrinsic mass of the entity and upon the relative mass of the entity in any given larger system of gravitation, or, in other words, upon the relative densities of the surrounding space-time manifold in which that system exists.

There is really no other way to explain gravitational energy as an attractive agency in the universe. Forces of attraction are not like the classic science fiction "tractor beam" that pulls a distant object into itself. Attraction must occur as a result of mutual and reciprocal interaction between objects being attracted. In the case of electrostatic bonding, attractive forces is based upon the degree of polarization of electrostatic charges. In this classic sense, we know that electromagnetic opposites attract, or are pulled toward one another. In the case of gravitational attraction, we see a similar kind of phenomena in operation, but there is no polarization of charge or any other form of complementarity of structure. The complementarity of structure that occurs is simply between the mass object that contains positive energies and its surrounding space-time manifold which is alleged to contain gravitationally negative (or potential) energies. The large scale and long distance forces of gravitational attraction that can be observed in the universe are nothing but the cumulative consequence of this minute force occurring on the subatomic level, and extending outwardly in ever widening spheres. The long run and larger state-path trajectories of gravitational attraction in the universe speak only of the near perfect fluidity and geometricity of pattern of the spime structure of empty space in the universe. It is the property of this structure of the gravitational field to maintain its manifold shape and differential about an object in motion regardless of its speed, once this object has been set in motion. In essence, in an equilibrium state, the manifold offers no frictional resistance to the continuous motion of an object in space. If anything, the continuous induction of spime into the mass of the object is the source of intrinsic motion and energy imparted to the object, as for instance the thermal heating processes occurring at the center of the earth as it spins its way around the sun. There is no degradation of orbit. In empty space, light travels a nearly perfect trajectory, though there is evidence of very long-term red-shifting that is evidence of a loss of energy to its surrounding manifold.

Gravitational resistance is only experienced when there is some additional input of positive energy or there is some outside perturbing force (for instance another gravitating body) that results in either an accleration, deceleration or change of direction of an object--in this sense the gravitational manifold that embeds the object becomes altered and enters into a period of gravitational disequilibrium until a new equilibrium can be reestablished. The object begins moving in a manner that is against the grain of its surrounding gravitational manifold. The outside addition of energy will result in disequilibriation of the manifold, by altering the relative densities of the spime manifold and the relative rates of induction of spime into the object from different directions.

Thus, it follows as well that the setting of the clock, either at an atomic scale or for the object of mass as a composite whole, is a process that relates directly to the relative rate of spime induction, and once this rate becomes altered, then the clock must become reset to a new rate, which occurs immediately once the perturbing force has stopped.

What are the hypothetical properties attributed to spime?

1. It appears to be nearly perfectly transparent to all matter and energy. Energy and matter can travel through it without resistance, and it can pass through matter with no resistance as well.

2. It flows in continuous directions. It is therefore dynamic. It can follow eddy currents and have tidal effects that can result in unusual tropic distortions and condensations of space-time, independently of any external objects of mass acting upon the system.

3. It exists independently of the isotropic gravitational effects that matter and energy may have upon its patterns. It is invisible to positive forms of energy and matter, therefore it cannot be directly observed by conventional means, but only indirectly demonstrated in terms of its large scale effects.

4. It interacts with positive matter and energy on the most basic levels in a continuous manner. It is a source and sink of infinite potential energy from which all positive forms of matter and energy are originally derived.

5. It cannot be permanently disrupted, only temporarily altered. There can be no perfect vacuum or void in empty space where no spime occurs.

6. It expresses its energies in a reciprocal though uneven manner.

7. Its concentration and condensation in high pressure systems results in the conversion of spime to heat energy and, at high enough pressures and temperatures, into the formation of new hydrogen nuclei.

8. New spime may be created spontaneously from "nothing" by means of the stretching and continuous pulling apart of the space-time manifold itself.

9. It is therefore possible that our complementary state universe exists within a larger metauniverse system of alternative dimensionalities and interconnections that we do not yet understand.

10. Spime itself is probably a composite entity composed of a well series of infinitesimal entities that exist in alternative dimensions and that span multiple universal systems.

We can say that spime or the gravitational field has complementary properties that are associated with both the properties of light propagation and with properties of fluid-dynamics. Thus, it appears that gravitational attractive forces may propagate in a reciprocal manner in almost perfectly straight vectors; at the same time, it appears that within the same framework spime is flowing much as a fluid flows in a spinning container. Though we mean essentially the same thing, when we refer to spime we are referring to essential substance composing otherwise "empty" space-time, or what is geometrodynamically referred to as the Riemann 4-dimensional tensor system. We are expressing in a non-relative manner the basic or fundamental properties and identity of the space-time matrix. When we refer to the gravitational field, we are referring to the entire gravitational matrix in which spime occurs, as well as to the relativistic gravitational effects experienced within this matrix, especially in relation to solid forms of matter.

Spime appears to be non-particularistic. It does not exist in the form of distinctive particles with isolatable properties.

Spime appears to be non-reflective. No known substance or means exists that allows us to deflect or otherwise alter the directional propagation of gravitation.

On the other hand, spime appears to be gravitationally absorptive in matter, and thus all forms of matter appear as a kind of gravitational black-body. Gaseous systems that are entrapped might be referred to as gravitationally gray-body, in the sense that gravitational forces are unevenly balanced and expressed in such systems. Like electromagnetic blackbodies, gravitational black-bodies produce concentrative pressure and heat.

The denser the matter, the more gravitationally absorptive of spime it will be, hence the greater the gravitational field will be.

Gravitational energy appears to propagate through spime in a manner that is independent of electromagnetic energy propagating through the same spime-matrix.

Spime appears to have negative or "dark" mass and energy, that is expressible as the energy of inertia to acceleration or change in direction, or resistance to a state-change.

Spime appears to be almost perfectly transparent to light energy.

Spime interacts with matter in critical and interesting ways to produce gravitational differentials and gravitational flows.

Spime forms gravitational manifolds around different objects that are distinct and unique to the object, and which becomes a relative property of that object within its gravitational frame of reference.

*****

By the principles of equivalence, if we know or can estimate the total energy of a system, then we can get at the gravitational potential of that system, which should be a proportion of the total mass represented by such a system:

If e = mc² , then m = e/c²

The trouble with this formula is that the mass we can determine is relative to the gravitational system in which it occurs, as for instance the measurement of atomic weights on the surface of the earth. If we assume that the total energy of a system, minus its relative kinetic energy, is a constant or in a state of continuous equilibrium as per atomic size of the system, then we can substitute this equation for relative mass.

Gravitational energy appears to be equivalent to kinetic energy, and both share the inertia of mass as the fundamental measure of weight and the energy of acceleration of an object, or an objects achieved momentum.

If mass is relative to the gravitational frame of reference it is measured within, then we must suspect that energy available in any such system is variably dependent upon the relative gravitational field. If we want the equivalence of energy to matter, then we must assume that absolute mass is equivalent to the net atomic size of a system, which would be the total number of neutrons and protons contained in such a system. It would also be necessary to take into account the gravitational field of such a system, if this produces increased energy in such a system as a function of atomic and molecular densities.

In this case, the question to be asked is whether or not the change in mass of atomic nuclei in differential gravitational fields, does not result in the change in total energy available in such a system. In other words, the energy of any system would be directly dependent upon its gravitational surroundings. High gravity systems would produce increased amounts of energy per atomic unit of measure, and it would be assumed that more energy would be yielded per unit from a high gravity system compared to a low gravity system. This may be the basis for the periodic slowing of clocks in high energy fields, and the spatial dilation. Motion as a form of kinetic energy provides a clear counterforce for gravitational systems, and produces much the same effects. Objects will fall to earth because, for their unit size, they will tend to move in the direction of highest energy within a gravitational field. The effect of gravitational increase in mass upon such objects is the same as if these objects were being heated by a high energy thermal body--instead of getting hotter, such objects become heavier. Increase in mass would result in their motional acceleration.

The effect of gravitational energy is the measure of mass per atomic unit, which is indirectly a measure of the relative energy available within such a system. This is precisely parallel to the effect of thermodynamic energy as the measure of heat within a system. Just as heat transfers from high to low energy systems, to fill a vacuum, so too does gravitational energy transfer from high to low energy systems, until equilibrium between the two systems is achieved.

It is apparent then that energy does not exist in systems in an isolated or independent manner. Energy is a function of the complex relationship between an object and its surroundings. These surroundings are constituted by a complex set of fields that control all periodic and dimensional properties. These fields are thermodynamic and gravitational. The thermodyanamic field effects the level of kinetic energy and electro-static potential in systems, and the gravitational field affects the level of inertial energy, or mass, and the motional potential of systems. The motional potential of a system can be defined as its ability to be translated through four-dimensional constructs as a coherent entity--in other words its four dimensional coordinates can change in a coordinated manner, affecting the disposition and energy of such a system.

Gravitational energy in the universe is being continuously exchanged between mass objects, just as heat energy is also being exchanged. Unlike thermodynamic energy which is radiative, it appears that gravitational energy is fundamentally attractive and concentrative in nature.

Gravitational energy is a function of the relative density of atomic nuclei in four dimensions--the denser the distribution of nuclei, the greater the gravitational energy of the system. This is a complementary relationship, as the density of the nuclei is directly affected by the gravitational energy available to the system--gravitation tending to concentrate nuclei in thicker and thicker concentrations. Thus the total amount of gravitation, and the resulting concentration of densities, is a function of atomic size and distribution of a system--the larger and denser a system, the higher the gravitational potential, and the greater the packing of the system.

We may refer therefore to first order densities within gravitational systems, which represent the molecular densities of objects distributed in four dimensions, and second order densities, which are the results of gravitational pressures affecting such systems leading to greater concentration and increase of gravitation. Increase in density of systems is size dependent, and these increases are held in dynamic equilibrium by electrostatic and strong forces that counteract the effects of gravitational concentration at basic levels.

We may distinguish between the gravitational energy available in such a system, and its intrinsic thermodynamic energy. The equation of equivalence above deals primarily with thermodynamic energy and fails to take into account the effect of gravitational energy upon such systems. In general, we may say that gravitational energy is extrinsic energy derivable from the surroundings of a system, while thermodynamic energy is intrinsic energy available from within the system itself. Available gravitational energy in a system increases logarithmically with increasing density and size of a system. This relationship is clearly non-linear.

*****

Humans are prone to ask ultimate kinds of questions. Where did it all come from? How did the universe form in the first place? We cannot ultimately answer these kinds of questions in a sufficient and scientific manner. Whatever answers we may give to these questions, leads to newer questions about what came before and beyond our own answers. This kind of fundamental metalemma leads suggests strongly the notion that the universe may indeed be in some basic sense both infinite and eternal in ways we do not yet comprehend. And yet the comprehension of the concept of infinitudes poses its own kinds of metalemmas upon our understanding of reality, as our own existences are circumscribed in every way by natural limits and boundaries, beginnings and end states. Why should the whole universe, whatever this ultimately may be, be any different than all the entities that seem to compose it, entities that invariably have a beginning, a middle and an end?

Systems theory determines that we cannot propose models that lack substantive evidence or explanatory weight in terms of observable empirical phenomena. In other words, we should not hypothesize an alternative pathway to the production of matter if a known and readily available pathway, via solar fusion, is known to exist and to be ubiquitous in the universe.

Systems theory also determines that we seek explanation simultaneously in two different directions. First we seek to understand the function of the components of any system, and to explain the origin of the system in terms of the origin of its components. Secondly, we seek to determine the supersystemic framework for the system, and to determine its origin in terms of the origin of this supersystemic framework.

Part of our metalemma in the conceptioning of systems science is the sense that all systems are part of yet larger systems, and we know of no final upper limit of systems contained within systems from which to start as a baseline. Alternatively, it seems that each subsystem of any system composes its own system made up of yet smaller subsystems, and so on ad infinitum. We know as yet no non-arbitrary or self-consistent lower limit in the analysis of systems. Discovery of either an upper or lower limit to natural systems will automatically define a boundary about the physical system as a whole that will entail it is not infinite.

The conceptioning and possibility of infinite systems exists commonly in abstract systems, but it is uncertain if these same possibilities exist for natural systems as well. An infinite and endless universe is certainly a realistic possibility, but a big part of the problem is that we may ultimately never be able to prove it in a scientifically satisfactory manner.

In this sense, the limitations we are confronting are not the extrinsic boundaries of the universe, but the limits of our own knowledge and capacity to either observe or determine in an objective manner such questions. The entire theory of spime and gravitational dynamics is based upon a premise that most energy dynamics of the universe are essentially beyond the possibility of our direct observation. These are beyond observability in a number of ways: we cannot observe the very smallest units that go into the composition of subatomic particles; we cannot observe directly the action and phenomenon of gravitation in otherwise "empty" space; we cannot observe the largest and longest distance effects or consequences of gravitational unification and action across the entire universe. We are bound in the last sense to observe within a light sphere that is critically limited by the speed of light. We only hypothesize certain phenomena that are not observable because: 1. We can logically deduce from observable phenomena the consistency and simultaneity of the universe, as well as the effects of gravitation upon a number of levels; 2. The explanations we propose are logically non-contradictory to any known evidence, and serve to comprehensively unify an understanding of the universe from a theoretical point of view. We are left with the dilemma of proposing the existence of something basic in the universe that seems, by our own limited abilities to see, not to be there. We are proposing in a basic way that there is something in apparent nothingness in the universe, and, by logic, that something ultimately came from nothingness.

We are also left to defy for the sake of explaining gravitational phenomena certain basic principles of thermodynamics. It is understandable that heat exchanges comprehend only a limited class of energy exchange-conversion dynamics in the universe, and may be founded upon a larger and more basic class of gravitational energy exchange dynamics that do not necessarily, and more importantly, violate in critical ways, basic laws of thermodynamics. The laws of thermodynamics are based upon the radiative properties of heat energy, and by extension, all electromagnetic radiation. These laws are insufficient to explaining the dynamics of attractive energy systems that involve a kind of anti-entropic work to maintain balance and order. Gravitation is an example of such a system that appears to work independently of thermodynamic principles within what can be called a complementary state universe. This contradiction is resolvable if we realize that thermodynamics comprehending a special subclass of energy dynamics possible in the universe is only a limited paradigm, thus proposing a more comprehensive paradigm of gravitational dynamics does not inherently contradict thermodynamic principles, though it results in orderly and patterned phenomena that cannot be explained within a thermodynamic model of the universe. Gravitational dynamics as a broader class of energy conversion and exchange dynamics are understandable within the following kind of paradigm:

1. There is a net balance of all energy transactions between positive and negative forms of energy such that positive and negative energies affecting any one system will always equal zero. If two or more systems exist within a shared gravitational frame of reference, then those multiple systems will eventually come into gravitational equilibrium with one another. Within any system of energy exchange, a sense of local gravitational equilibrium will be definable for that system as part of a universal gravitational field, which represents an infinite sized gravitational sink and source.

1a. Any two or more unequal sized mass objects in gravitational relation, equilibrium will always tend towards the larger object.

1b. A gravitational system in the long will tend to gain energy gravitationally.

1c. All objects seek dynamic gravitational equilibrium relative to their motion.

2. An object in a relative state of gravitational equilibrium, however dynamic, cannot spontaneously alter its state of equilibrium unless acted upon by some outside agency that perturbs the balance established by the system.

2a. A system in gravitational equilibrium will maintain its motion in perpetuity unless disturbed.

2.b There occur spontaneous and intrinsic motions associated with systems and these motions can become increasingly dynamic with time.

3. It requires a finite amount of energy to alter the gravitational equilibrium of any object in any manner. Thermodynamics suggests that this transaction will never be perfectly efficient.

3.a The energy of inertia required to accelerate an object, to change its direction or to decelerate an object is always exactly equal to the negative gravitational energy associated with its disequilibriation.

3b. Increasing the mass or inertia of energy of an object increases its gravitational potential.

3c. Increasing the gravitational potential of an object increases its relative mass and inertia of energy.

4. Absolute zero represents the point of convergence with Gravitational Zero, or what can be referred to as Absolute Rest.

4.a. All objects are in continuous motion.

4.b. Nothing is at Absolute Rest

In this model, the equivalent of heat is what can be referred to as relative gravitational equilibrium, and just as temperature is the measure of heat in any system, mass is the relative measure of the gravitational potentital of such a system. Any one or more systems will seek gravitational equilibrium with their surroundings. In heat exchange processes we distinguish between exothermic and endothermic exchange processes that refer to relations between a system and its surroundings. In gravitational exchange processes, what can be referred to as endo-gravitational processes are fundamentally different from what can be referred to as exo-gravitational processes. Endo-gravitational processes are by definition negative energy sources and sinks attached to the surroundings. Exo-gravitational processes are likewise the by products and results of gravitational exchange and conversion processes. Gravitational exchange processes always occur in one direction:

endo-gravitational inputs + mass Þ exo-gravitational outputs

Without a permanent mass object by which to define a surrounding gravitational manifold, there can be no permanent isotropic structures of the gravitational field.

All "empty" patterns of gravitational distribution are fundamentally fluid and dynamic.

We are presented with a paradox that within the framework of the atom, gravitation is the weakest force that is known to exist in the universe, but this force has a cumulative consequence upon the universe that is far, far greater than that of any other force known to exist.

Gravitation exists as a kind of balance system between postive and negative energies. To understand gravitational systems as always tending to be in balance, it is important to understand that dynamic equilibrium always seeks a state of relative rest that is in lieu of a more stable state.

Gravitational equilibrium that is dynamic presents a kind of centrifugal restoring force to perturbations of steady-state systems, and this analogy is more than fitting because I believe the rates of spime induction intrinsic to subatomic particles are determined by the rates of spin of the units.

Any motion is always relative to the gravitational frame of reference within which that motion is defined. A gravitational frame of reference unifies all parts of the system into a shared or single space-time framework that is definable as relative zero or rest equilibrium. The entire system could be hurdling through space at a speed a significant fraction of lightspeed, and yet, within the system, all motions would behave as if the object were at complete rest. It is apparent that gravitational unification leads to the synchronization of all mass objects in the system to a fixed and common frame of reference. The entire system can be traveling at almost any speed, or any sets of different speeds within larger frames of reference, and yet the system as a whole will exhibit a definite set of motional properties pertinent to that system.

The larger frame of reference will set a zero-standard baseline for the motional and mass distributions of its attached subsystems, though this larger frame of reference may be but a subsystem of an even larger and more complex supersystem, and even though each subsystem may also form its own baseline for constituent subsystems that compose it.

Any mass is also always relative to the gravitational frame of reference within which that mass is defined. If a system is gravitationally unified, then the relative mass of any object within that system will be definable in terms of the total gravitational potential of that system. This relative mass of the contained object will be independent of its possible mass in any other larger containing gravitational frame of reference. It is apparent that the same object will weight different on the surface of jupiter than it will weigh on the surface of the earth or the moon--the weight of the object on the moon is relatively unaffected by its potential weight on the earth, even though the moon's gravitational field is contained within and defined by the gravitational field of the earth.

1. The basis of a claim of universaly relativity of physical phenomena rests in these related sets of observations, that there are no non-relative frames of reference for either mass or motion by which any measure of motion or mass may be determined.

2. Frames of gravitational reference occur independently of the larger fields in which they are situated and constrained. Motion and mass within any gravitational field occurs irrespective of the larger framework of that field.

3. Relative motion and mass intrinsic to a system appears to be constant to that system as long as there is no other larger perturbing force affecting it.

It is to be speculated that, like the dilation of space and time to which it is related, there is a corresponding dilation of the measure of mass, or weight, as a function of an objects speed. This would be directly equivalent to that object increasing its gravitational potential.

When we describe the relativity of motion, it is not incorrect to say that the universe moves in reference to the coordinants of the moving object, rather than the other way around. It is evident that in this context, space and time as properties define the relationship of the object to its surrounding contextual field. It is perhaps not so much that the clock of the moving object slows down, but that the clocks of the rest of the universe, relative to the object, are increasing in rate relative to the stationary clock. We might say that the clock on board the moving craft experiences the shift relative to the clocks that remain within the background. Exactly how this occurs is unclear, except that we can say that there must be a syncrhonization of all clocks in a simultaneous sense, that is relative to the gravitational field in which it occurs, and there for is also a function of the density of energy represented by that system.

There appear to be two constants in the universe--absolute zero and the speed of light. Both these constants are defined in terms of thermodynamic energy, but both also appear to apply to the problem of motion and mass in gravitational fields. We know that no mass-object can be accelerated faster than the speed of light, and that it would require an infinite amount of energy to accelerate any sized mass-object to light-speed. It would be equivalent to the object obtaining an infinite mass. Similarly, we know that no object can be put to absolute rest such that no motions or energies are produced or consumed by that object at all. We cannot in otherwords have an total energiless system.

We know as well that energy is equivalent to either mass or motion as a function of light speed squared.

Gravitational energy appear to be negative energy. An object elevated to some altitude above the earth's surface will contain potential kinetic energy that, when released of all supports or lifts, will be realized in terms of increasing acceleration until its point of impact with the earth's surface, at which point it will come to rest. The rest mass of the object will be a measure of the gravitational energy, or the energy that would be required to lift the object a certain distance.

Mass and gravitational potential appear to be related in the sense that, according to our theory, energy is regularly exchanged between stable-mass entities that exist within the same unified gravitational field--the rate and amount of energy being exchanged is a measure of the gravitational integration of the field, and increases exponentially with increasing densities of energy within the object. The conclusion is that the greater gravitational integration of the field, the greater the amount of energy exchanged within the system, hence the greater the mass of any object that becomes a part of that system, and the greater its gravitational field strength.

If more energy is being exchanged and shared between mass bound objects, then it can also be concluded that more negative energy is being induced into these objects at faster rates, such that total rates and amounts of spime induction is much greater the greater the gravitational field. Energy is not only being exchanged more rapidly between mass objects, but this same energy is being exchanged and replaced more rapidly between objects of mass and their surrounding gravitational matrix.

Mass is a property that is not intrinsic to an object, but is a function of the relation of that object to its gravitational surroundings. It relates the object gravitationally to its instantaneous space-time context, and this relationship is instantaneous in the literal sense of being immediate. We can thus relate the measure of mass, or weight, to the measure of heat, or temperature, as being in some fundamental way similar kinds of measure of energy within a system. We can refer to a condition of zero-mass in the same way that we can refer to a condition of Absolute Zero, as being the point at which the mass of an object bears no relationship with its environmental matrix. The relationship between Absolute Zero and Zero-Mass may have fundamentally to do with the intrinsic kinetic motion or net energy contained within a system. The greater the kinetic motions of the constituents of a system, the greater its energy, hence the higher its mass and its thermal energy potential. If this kind of relationship holds, then we can expect that there would be a point of intersection at which a system at absolute zero also obtains hypothetical zero mass. Such a system can only occur within a thermal vacuum and also within a gravitational vacuum, neither of which are possible in our universe.

Any object system must have its own gravitational field, hence its own intrinsic absolute mass that is independent of any other gravitational field it occurs within. In any complex system, it appears that it is the strongest gravitational field that gains expression and that wins the tug-o-war of attraction over any other system. The intrinsic gravitational strength of any field is an indirect measure of its total energy potential and this can be expressed by the formula:

E/c² = m

The problem with understanding this relationship is sorting out the relativity of mass to the gravitational system it is measured within, in relation to the intrinsic mass of a system that is independent of its gravitational surroundings. It is apparent that these relationships are not wholly or completely independent of one another, and that to some unknown degree the strength of the surrounding gravitational field affects the instrinsic mass of a system by increasing the total energy available or occurring within that system. In other words, the measure of the mass of a system is a function of the gravitational field that it occurs within which in turn is a measure of the relative densities of energy that defines the total energy of the system. The denser the total energy of the system, the greater is its net gravitational field and its measure of mass.

We run into a contradiction in this accounting, as density is a measure that is relative to mass over volume, while, according to our theory, mass itself is a measure of its density. Hence what is required is a new definition of density, and this definition will be used by substitution above. Gravitational density will be defined therefore as a measure of total energy of a system per spatial volume of the system times its periodic interval. Mass will be defined therefore as the total gravitational energy of a system per its gravitational density, or

m = E/c²

Dg = E/c²/s³pi

M = Ge/Dg

Where m is the absolute intrinsic mass of a delimited system and M is the relative mass of the same system within its own self-gravitational context

The intrinsic mass of a system would be its atomic size, which can be understood as its total atomic number within a theoretical gravitational vacuum. This is, as it was noted, an impossibility, as any system of mass will have its own gravitational field and must interact with any other object of mass, no matter how far away.

It is apparent that relative gravitational and thermodynamic vacuums may occur in the depths of intergallactic space, which can be understood to be the minimal densities of gravitation and thermodynamic radiation possible on average.

There is a sense that because gravitational energy is concentrative and attractive rather than dispersive and radiative, the principles governing thermodynamics are not only inapplicable, but applicable in a inverse manner. There is a sense that a gravitational system achieves relative rest not at the point of least gravitational energy, but at the point of greatest gravitational concentration. Gravitational energy always escapes into the focal point of the center of gravity, rather than radiating away as with thermodynamic energy. Mass comes to rest when it achieves a balance of gravitational potential energy, no matter what its intrinsic mass. Thermodynamic energy radiates forever away into the depths of space, which defines its universal thermodynamic sink, while gravitational energy concentrates forever into the infinite singularity of a blackhole that can be defined as a universal gravitational sink. An object of low relative mass that is elevated high into the atmosphere, has greater potential gravitational energy than an object at rest on the earth's surface, though the object at rest will have greater relative mass than an equal sized object that is elevated. It appears that objects seek to attain a degree of greatest gravitational equilibrium, rather than least equilibrium. Whereas heat is always dissipative, gravitational energy is always concentrative, resulting in gravitational pressures about a common center.

Mass as a property is inherent to the gravitational frame--there is no intrinsic mass to a system. Mass is only the measure of gravitational interaction of the system, and its relativity must be taken fully into account in our equivalence formulas. It is possible that mass is tied to relative atomic density which, as it increases, results in a complementary increase in gravitational energy. As the energy within a system increases, the system will be concentrated and thus will shrink--its periodic processes will also slow down relative to lower energy systems. We can refer to decreasing rates of replacement versus increasing mass of displacement. Mass becomes increasing shared as it is concentrated.

It is important to see the thermodynamic field as complementary to the gravitational field. I suspect that the two fields cannot coexist and continue without one another, though it seems that gravitational radiation is the more basic of the two forces. The two fields counterbalance one another in terms of mass interactions and motion. Equilibrium points are precisely the opposite of one another--thermodynamic equilibrium is achieved at the point of maximum diffusion whereas gravitational equilibrium is achieved at the center of gravity within a system. At a center of gravity, there is relative mass balance of the system omnidirectionally. We can understand this in terms of forces that are acting upon one direction in such a system versus any other direction--in a balanced system, all directions counter-balance on another. Motion is only developed when one direction becomes predominant over any other. Thus, equilibrium at the center of gravity usually implies a system that is relatively motionless, and a motional system that does not have a gravitational focus can be seen as one that is gravitationally out of balance. It can be predicted that such systems tend in the long run to become influenced by one gravitational field or another until they fall into an equilibrium pattern.

*****

The proof of the relative independence of spime in a non-Machian universe is the assumption that in an empty-state universe--a universe devoid of matter or positive energy, we can still assume that the same laws of motion would apply. This is related to a simultaneous state universe.

1. We assume by inference that a simultaneous state universe exists regardless of our inability to observe this universe.

2. Therefore we assume that there are non-relative dimensions of the universe that are instantaneous.

Spime would exist regardless of whether energy or matter occurred within it. The gravitational potential of the whole system is infinite.

Motion is a demonstration of the relative independence of spime in empty space and of a non-Machian universe. If a single object only existed in infinite space, though we could not sense its motion, we could assume that it may exhibit some kind of motion. If we applied energy to the object in some direction, we would experience one of five transition states of the system that would prove its motion:

1. slow it down

2. stop it

3. start it

4. speed it up

5. change its direction.

In our physical calculations on earth, we hold mass as a constant, assuming that the earth's gravitational field is fairly uniformly distributed and the deviation negligible. Mass as a measure of weight determined by various forms of balance instruments is relative to the gravitational field in which it occurs. Seeing mass as relative to the gravitational field it is measured within sets our earthbound calculations of physical properties into a state of groundlessness.

An object in motion has relative mass equivalent of an object occurring in a gravitational field. Motion and gravitation appear to be complementary and equivalent to one another in relation to mass interactions.

If we assume that there occurs a zero mass state that can be called the absolute intrinsic mass of an object at complete rest in a gravitiless environment, then any relative mass of the object must be greater by a positive factor than this number, as a function of increasing motion and or gravitation.

Zero mass is related to Absolute Zero, and both are relative to the universal gravitational frame of reference they occur within.

In a non-empty universe, there can be no zero-mass, hence there is always some gravitational field that occurs which defines mass-relations and motions between objects embedded within that field.

Motion and mass cannot exist outside of a gravitational field that defines that motion and mass.

A matter based gravitational system has a systemic equilibrium of the whole that defines the relative mass of any object within its field. On earth, the gravity field is strong enough to hold down oxygen and nitrogen gases, but not strong enough to contain hydrogen or helium gas; on earth, hydrogen and helium as ionized nuclei are held within the gravity field, but highly energized nucleonic particles escape without contributing to the overall gravitational mass of the system. It appears that in black holes containing supermatter, the gravity fields are so strong that not even light energy can escape.

Once a matter-based gravitational system is formed, it remains relatively stable for the life of the system, although the relative gravitational potential of the system can change through time, either increasing with gravitational implosion as in black hole formation, or else possibly diminishing by various means with the dissipative loss or ejection of matter.

It appears that all significant gravity based mass interactions occur as a function of nucleonic matter that is greater than the atomic weight on earth of helium. This again is an earth-based property and is not universal to all gravity-based systems. Understanding the mass-relations of nucleonic matter is the key to understanding the role of gravitational energies in the universe.

The basis of nucleonic matter is the proton-neutron pair, or what is referred to as the nucleon. A proton that is isolated probably exhibits a great deal of kinetic and electrodynamic energy that makes it relatively unstable. A neutron that is unpaired with a proton is probably also unstable, rapidly breaking down into a proton-electron pair, or, in other words, forming a basic hydrogen atom with the emission of some subatomic radiation. On the other hand, it appears that a neutron-proton pair is a relatively stable entity that produces a positive electromagnetic field that is spherical about itself and that attracts a negatively charged electron.

It is assumed that a nucleonic pair is polarized and imbalanced, but the polarization of the pair, if standing alone, would be omnidirectionally distributed due to a phenomenon of first order random spin. This defines a magnetic sphere about the single nucleonic pair.

How may the nucleus become organized with increasing numbers of pairs.

1. The neutron is larger than the proton.

2. The proton may move or oscillate around the neutron.

3. The shape and relative size of the neutron is more variable.

4. The neutron will come to occupy, on average, the central position.

5. The nucleonic pair will be permanently polarized with a negative potential in the center and the positive potential in the outer spherical periphery.

6. If nucleonic switching occurs, it results in a "flip-flopping" of geometric structure.

If we increase the number of pairs, we can predict that:

1. Nucleonic pairs will bond as pairs.

a. The bond between pairs will be slightly weaker than the bonding forces within the pairs.

b. The bonding forces between pairs will slightly weaken the bonding forces within the pairs.

2. Protons will stay as far apart from one another as possible.

3. Neutrons will come to share common central region.

4. The shape of the neutrons will come to conform to the interior regions of the three dimensional geometric structure defined by the distribution of protons.

5. Increasing negative forces in the center of the nucleonic arrangement may create empty holes within the structure that can be filled by extra neutrons that counteract the negative central polarization.

6. As the number of neutrons within a nucleus increases, the relative size of each neutron will decrease, and the relative size of the nucleus as a whole will decrease.

7. Switching or alternation will occur between pairs within the nucleus.

8. The central nucleus, as it increases in size, will become increasingly unstable in direct proportion to the number of extra neutrons contained within its structure. Such neutrons will tend to dissociate into proton-electron pairs, and result in the rearrangement of the nuclear structure.

A nucleonic pair may exhibit a property of switching or alternation, such that the proton becomes a neutron and the neutron becomes a proton on a periodic basis. Each nucleonic pair therefore has a gravitational field about itself that is somewhat like the electromagnetic field, only with several differences:

1. It is far weaker than the electromagnetic field.

2. It extends in a much broader radius than the electromagnetic field.

With the fusion of nucleonic pairs to form heavier elements, there occurs a unification of gravitational fields into a single complex field that probably resembles the electron shell formation about the nucleus, only extending to much greater distances.

Gravitational unification appears to extend across electro-static fields separating nuclei, creating a common or shared gravitational mass of the whole. Each mass object within this unified gravitational field takes on a relative portion of the mass of the whole, hence the relative mass of an object increases with increasing gravitation in an exponential manner.

Mass unified systems exhibit several shared characteristics:

1. They tend to define a common virtual center of gravity which can be understood as the linear intersection of all points within the system to one another.

2. As they increase in size, they tend to assume a spherical form in space.

3. As they increase in size, they increase in internal pressures oriented toward the center of gravity which create high heat conditions.

4. With increasing size, there is increasing concentration of gravitational pressure in the concentric core of the system.

If we take a mound of very fine and uniform sand, and add more and more sand to this mound, the mound would grow in size. If we could add an infinite amount of sand to this mound, the mound would eventually become a mountain within which internal pressures would result in the formation of a solid and unified core. At some stage, the mountain would turn into something the shape of an asteroid or large meteorite with a relative dense and solid core. If we continued pooring sand upon this mound, it would become a small planetoid that is spherical in shape. If we continued pooring sand, we can start pouring from further and further away, the increasing gravitational potential of the object drawing the sand to its surface. Eventually, the sand would accumulate to the point that in the interior, gravitational pressures increased so much that thermonuclear fusion reactions would occur at the core, and these would melt the core into an ionic mass. At some point, our system would resemble a Jovian type planet, with a supersolid core, a superliquid outer core and a supergas atmosphere. Eventually, our planet would become a sun, and if we continued to grow our planet, it would turn from a sun into a blackhole.

Gravitational unification therefore involves a collective sharing of the mass of the whole system by the individual units of the system. This sharing may occur as a result of one or more kinds of possible relations:

1. There is a basic exchange of gravitational energies between nuclei within a common gravitational field.

2. There is a relative increase in space-time density of the gravitational field within which nuclei are unified.

3. Both 1 and 2 occur at the same time.

It may be that in gravitationally unified systems that are multi-object, it is the cumulative increase of the electronic mass of the total system that contributes to the distribution of mass within the whole system. This electronic mass is neglible in small systems, but increases in relative proportion with the increase in the total size of a system.

It appears that relative mass and gravitational unification are density dependent relations and are in a sense colligative properties of matter in space-time. Our normal measure of density of matter is mass over volume, but it must be understood that with differential gravitational fields, all mass is relative to the gravitational frame of reference it occurs within. With increasing density of nucleonic matter in space-time, there is an increase in gravitational field potential that is exponentially proportional to the size of the system. It would not matter what the relative distribution of nuclei or elements were in a system, the unified gravitational field of the whole system would be the same regardless of its relative composition, and this field would be dependent upon the relative density of the system in space-time.

With the ideal gas law, we understand density measures to be a function of volume, pressure, temperature and mass of the system:

PV = nRT

GS = DnXE

G(gravitational potential of a system)S(atomic size of the system) =

Dn(relative density of the system)X E(total energy of the system)

The relationship of this law to the concept of gravitational unification of a matter-based system is that pressure is a function of gravitational attraction within the field. If we see that objects of matter larger than gas molecules may exhibit gravitationally density dependent relationships, then we can understand that the colligative properties of matter, as relative packing or density of nucleonic mass in a given area over a given time, increases both the pressure and temperature of the system.

Gas pressure is defined as the rate and frequency with with gas molecules strike the surface of the container of the system. Geological or gravitational pressure of matter can be defined as the concentrically oriented pressure exerted upon a point or given area, as in the number foot-pounds per second or minute.

Objects are drawn into gravitational fields at equal rates because the objects are fundamentally composed of spime as well as the surrounding manifold. We can infer that these gravitational fields would exist even if no other matter were drawn into them. Therefore we can define gravitation as the interaction between matter and "empty" space. Gravitation is more the consequence or the effect of this interaction, one that results in the mutual attraction of objects of matter.

1. The larger the object of matter, the greater the unified gravitational field associated with that object.

2. Given any two or more objects of matter in mutual relation, they will come to some kind of gravitational equilibrium with one another.

3. Of any two or more objects of matter in a unified system, the largest and densest object will be closest to the center of the gravitational field.

It appears as if the natural stratification of physical reality occurs as a function of both size and density, and these forms of stratification are to some extent independent of one another. There is a third kind of stratification which occurs, which incorporates biological and human systems, and this is a stratification that is based upon organizational functions of systems, or what can be called "informational design" of natural systems. There is possible a fourth kind of stratification, and this is that of different energy levels.

It is not an insignificant problem to delineate the nature and implications of these forms of stratification in reality and their possible interrelationship to one another in different ways. Such stratification presents interesting paradoxes about reality in many ways, and thus their explanation should lead to a better understanding of the structure and form of reality in both the very largest and smallest frameworks. It is a paradox that many of these forms of stratification coexist in the same space-time frameworks, but upon different levels of phenomenal patterning. There occurs interaction between the levels in a minimal sense, but each level appears to be relatively independent of the other. It appears for instance, that light energy can pass through the same volume of empty space from all directions simultaneously with very little mutual interference. It is possible as well that gravitational radiation may occur in complex ways within the same volume at the same time, and again without apparent effect upon light energy or upon itself from different directions or strengths, etc. This points up a basic field-state of relatively empty or rarefied space-time, the diffusive energy capacity of which appears to be almost boundless. This is in contrast to a basic solid-state of relatively dense space-time, or a concentrative energy capacity that appears to be fundamentally bounded. We know this normal state as solid matter, and in its more concentrative phases as a form of super matter, that occurs in very gravitationally condensed, or highly pressurized systems. There are intermediate states, such as condensed plasma states, that resemble more a liquid than a solid phase. We can speculate as well that energy states may become so condensed or thickened within a given volume, that these states come to take on a liquid-like set of state-properties. This is perhaps what is experienced in strong gravitational fields that are influencing the surrounding space-time manifold.

Density relationships appear to affect different structures of physical properties in a none overlapping manner. We do not have a reasonable theory for how different density states are achieved and mantained in the universe beyond a general reference to gravitational effects. We find matter formed through fusion reactions in stars, but a theory of the origination of matter by the means of entrapment of energy, as for instance in how electrons and positrons will be produced by the collsion of photons, is not well worked out. It is apparent that such stable density states require the input of energy probably in discrete amounts. The string structure of quarks is the closest we can understand this fundamental mechanism, but it is apparent that such structure is self-consistently complementary and not fundamentally constitutive.

Energy that is entrapped in a spatialized context results in gravitational effects upon its surrounding manifold that result in the property of physical mass attributable to this energy. The greater the amount of energy that is entrapped in a localized space, the greater the gravitational mass effects upon the surrounding manifold, and these effects appear to be non-linear such that as density increases, gravitational effects increases exponentially. If an uncertainty principle is attributable to these fundamental processes of energy entrapment in stabilized forms, then this uncertainty is not the same as that attributable to the position and motion of electrons in orbitals. If motion for these energy based entities exists, then it is in a form not recognized or not significant beyond a localized frame of reference. On the other hand, there may occur an exchange of energy between different entities on a continuous basis, an exchange which may represent a kind of motion such that uncertainty can be attributable, perhaps in a temporal manner, as to the likelihood of current presence at a particular point in space and time versus its possible occurrence at any other point or place in time. The entity as a whole may exhibit a remarkable certainty of position and property, but its contents may be continuously changing, coming and going. In a sense, the principle of complementarity is preserved because though a natural experiment fixes the location of the entity, we cannot fix the current distribution of its exact energy potential. This is the basis for the gravitational field.

Gravitational energy, or rather energy that produces gravitational effects, constitutes both the energy entrapped within a stable mass-bound entity, and the energy being exchanged between entities and interacting within the larger gravitational field. The entity remains stable in form, but the energy that composes it is part of a larger background system that is continuously coming and going. This is how the complementary notions of gravitational displacement and gravitational replacement affect the mass energetics of a system.

The gravitational field then is equal to a symmetrical potential energy field, and if we can understand the mechanism of gravitation in this manner, it is possible that we can then comprehend the way in which electromagnetic radiation interacts within its light field.

The distinction between an empty or diffuse state and a condensed or concentrative solid state resembles the distinction between a gas and a solid, and it is in this way that we can understand the most basic levels of gravitational and energy interactions governing physical processes in reality. These states appear to me to be complementary in a fundamental sense that was intended to apply to the complementarity principle of subatomic particles. Complementarity implies a sense of dynamic and holistic equilibrium of a system based upon a continuous exchange of energies between different forms and upon different levels.

When we refer to stratification, I am intending distinct and relatively discrete levels of phenomenal patterning at which exist certain synergistic and emergent patterns and properties that occur at no other level, and at which the determinative relations to other levels are limited and only partly explanative of the patterning that results. Thus, stratified levels of reality exhibit informational patterning that are relatively independent and in a sense parallel with one another. They occur at different levels concurrently to one another, and we can in this sense refer to multiple realities that cooccur simultaneously within the same spatial-temporal frameworks but at multiple levels of stratification. Physical stratification based on size is certainly this way, and to a lesser extent, density relations, though density relations appear to be more basic in the sense that these require spatial-temporal separation or distance in their effects.

It appears that physical reality is stratified upon multiple levels that interconnect in some ways, and yet appear separate in others. It is not known how many levels of stratification occur in the definition of physical reality. What is regarded in everyday experience as "empty" space becomes a relative thing. It is relative to size and density, if we understand density to be how full or concentrated a given volume of "space" may be with either energy, or mass or something else. The paradox of stratification is that the same volume of empty space may be yet full of energy, mass and other things simultaneously, though the amount of energy contained in the volume may be relatively independent of the amount of mass, etc.

The concentration of energy and mass into high densities appears to require a kind of work that is input into the system gravitationally. Gravitation is the kind of natural work that the universe does to create systems of increasing order and complexity. The result of this work is the production of a great deal of heat energy, energy that is latent within the gravitational field itself.

Another way of stating the possible stratification of physical reality into different levels is to state that different properties and principles apply upon different levels of stratification, but do not apply to other levels of the system. Rules applying to thermodynamic energy, for instance, do not apply in the same way to gravitational forces of attraction. It is apparent that each level represents to some unknown extent a highly stable plateau in the organization of basic forces in the universe, such that the forms created at each level are quite permanent and long-lasting. It is this sense of permanence of form and property that is attributable to light and matter and possibly to the forces behind gravitational phenomena that define the basic boundaries of each level.

If we see that concentration of forces is equivalent to amassing of matter, then perhaps we might also see a more basic sense of equivalence, that both matter and energy are but alternate forms of a more basic kind of process or thing that occurs upon such a diminutive but all pervasive level, that it is difficult to know what even to call it. It has basic complementarities in that it shares properties of both energy and matter, and yet it is neither one nor the other very clearly.

Size is all important in this consideration--if we reach a scale of smallness, then the properties that occur at that scale are different and to some extent independent of the larger framework. At the same time, it appears that as things become tinier and tinier, they cease being things at all, but rather become more like little "events" that recur and that have a possibility of occurring at more places than one at the same time. To call them entities or things is to give a sense of solidity and permanence to them that does not in fact happen. When we refer to the fundamental structure of space-time, or of the gravitational field, we are referring really to its basic event structure that defines how it happens and why. If we see that basic emergent forms and properties no longer apply on a very tiny size scale, then the difference between a solid or dense object of matter and empty space becomes more a difference of relative density of events, or the relative probabilities that the events will occur within the matter or outside of it in some remote distance. What appears to be solid at our own human-sized scale, begins appearing fuzzy and even fairly hollow at a very small scale. On a diminutive subatomic scale, the distinctions and contrasts between a thing and its surroundings, or an object and the space around it, become less and less a matter of physical property, and more a more a matter of colligative and concentrative likelihood, or density of event-structure. This tears down the figure-frame reference of the conventional sense of reality, and posits a fundamental atomic unity of figure-ground on a very tiny scale. At this small scale, the number of events likely to occur within a concentrated area of space-time will be greater than the occurrence of events within a broader, more dispersed area. The event-structure of empty space lacks the physical properties attributed to solid objects of matter, and the event-structure of the latter objects are much greater in frequency and concentrative in distribution than the former empty container. That light propagates in this apparently empty event-structure, as does gravitational force, implies that this otherwise empty container may not really in essence be empty.

The relative spatial-temporal distortions of things in motion may have a great deal to do with the fact of the motion itself, that this motion is by definition always unidirectional and therefore it is the directional setting of the space-time clock, versus any other possible directions in an omnidirectional space, that becomes important. If an object is accelerated toward lightspeed, it can be done so only in one direction and this is in lieu of all possible alternative directions that the object can travel in. The faster an object travels, the more directionally determined that object becomes, as the greater amount of energy would be required to either deflect or decelerate that object in any other direction. The more directionally determined an object becomes, then the slower its relative temporal clock becomes, known as periodic dilation, and the smaller the size scale of the object becomes, known as spatial contraction.

Another way of approaching this problem is to say that the likelihood of the event structure along a single path becomes greater than the likelihood in any other direction. It requires a tremendous amount of energy input into the system to maintain such a high determination of event structure in a single direction.

Objects set in a steady motion in empty space in a specific direction, without perturbation, have translated to the object a set directional event structure, or likelihood of determination along that path. If no other energy is input into the system, this likelihood will remain the same, a relative constant that is the function of the structure of the system. The event structure for the occurrence of the object will be translational along the direct line of the path, and along no other.

Directional acceleration has the effect of increasing the likelihood of event-structure forward along the state-path trajectory than in any other direction. This forward projection of event structure is equivalent to a differential density or forward concentration of space-time in relation to other possible directions.

In understanding this aspect of gravitational-motional systems, we must understand that there is an isomorphism of structure on a fundamental level between matter and empty space, and between a thing and its surroundings. The thing or object thus continuously interacts with its surroundings in discrete and definite ways. This interaction is probabilistic, predicting the likely frequencies of occurrence of the same entities either within the object or within the objects larger surroundings. This is a process of continuous exchange between object and its environment. What is exchanged is not heat energy, but gravitational mass. Unlike heat energy that always escapes into its thermal background, gravitational mass always seeks a level of relative rest or equilibrium with its environment, or what can be called a zero-balance.

A system always includes some set of events of identifiable things and their relations, within a surrounding context.

Chaos theory, particularly Mandelbrot sets, is the only way to understand the emergent event structure of the gravitational field. The essential event structures of physical reality are self-composing systems that continuously arise out of nothingness.

If we fit the problem of gravitation within this kind of grand stochastic framework, then we can say that gravitational events are more likely to occur in concentrated areas than in dispersed areas, and that areas of greatest concentration will have the greatest likelihood of events occurring. We can say that all things tend to the greatest likelihood of event structure. We can then speculate on something like the following--areas with high likelihoods of events happening, tend to probabilistically attract other events at higher frequencies. If we translate this into what we normally experience in gravity fields, apples fall from the tree to the ground because the event-structure for the occurrence of the apple on the ground is greater than the event-structure for the apple that is 10 feet above the ground. Only latent energy in the form of the structure of the limbs of the tree that hold the apple up counteracts this differential of event-structures between its resting place on the ground and its elevated position in the tree. Eventually, entropy tells us that the tree must yield its apples to the earth.

A large mass object has a large enveloping gravitational field because its potential event structure is equivalent to the energy of inertia required to accelerate an object in a particular direction. It is in a sense inward motion that has already been achieved. Whereas the accleration of an object in space in an arbitrary direction requires the input of energy of inertia, the acceleration of an object within a gravitational field can be said to represent a lessening of inertia of the system--inertia of the object is removed in the direction of its fall to the surface of the large object.

Inertia can be defined as the space-time resistance of a change of motion of an object in any specific direction, versus its rest state in all possible directions. In empty space, this is assumed to be omnidirectional, which in the large implies an infinite number of different directions.

It takes as much energy to slow an object down as it does to speed it up--slowing an object down suddenly often entails the realization of potential energy of momentum of the object in other forms, as in heat. An object that by its motion acquires kinetic energy, which is the energy of momentum greater than its rest mass, exists at a higher level of potential energy than does an object at relative rest. The rate of forward gravitational displacement, in the that direction, is greater than the rate in any other direction.

An object set in motion in empty space stays in motion not because it encounters no resistance, but because empty space flows synchronously with the object. The forward displacement occurs not just with the object itself, but with the surrounding manifold of the object, and it is the distortion of this manifold that results in the inertia of resistance in the first place.

At each level that we refer to, we can speak also of a kind of natural stock-piling of forms common to each level, that basic serves as a sink to remove these things from significant interaction in the larger universe. We can see the stockpiling of large quantities of matter more easily, and when we realize the tremendous amount of debris and asteroidal matter that may be adrift in space, it is difficult to understand that in an infinite universe, an infinite amount of energy or matter may be stockpiled without significantly affecting the basic processes occurring in the larger system. Though this stockpiling is most readily evident with matter, it is not so apparent but inferentially plausible that light energy is also being stockpiled in the universe, though this energy appears to be forever escaping to the perimeters of the larger order, which is its nature to do.

This thesis rests upon the hypothesis that both matter and energy are being created in regular and continuous amounts, and this rate of creation of matter and energy is greater than the rate of destruction.

It is possible that with relative densities of nucleonic matter in space time, there occurs a continuum of state-properties, and this is part of a larger continuum of relative densities of positive energy and gravitational field in space time.

Nuclear matter can be referred to as super-matter, or the aggregation of high atomic number elements in relatively high densities.

The increasing gravitational potential of a system is positively proportional to the increasing density of the system and to the increasing total energy of the system. The challenge of understanding the total energy of a system is to understand the equivalence of energy to mass, as related by

E = mc²

And that mass in such an equation is relative to the gravitational field it occurs within. We can understand this in terms of a nucleonic pair as the basic mass-bearing object that exhibits classical gravitational properties. A great amount of energy is confined in a very small volume within a nucleonic pair, and this energy is achieved by a great amount of binding force within this unit. The total energy of the system will increase exponentially in relation to the increasing gravitational potential of the system, and this will be inversely proportional to the speed of light squared.

In understanding the gravitational relativity of mass, there appears to be only two sets of constants that can be known in a non-relative way--the first is an absolute zero-gravity or zero-mass, and the second is the relative atomic unit number, which would be the total number of nucleonic pairs within a nucleus, plus the number of unpaired neutrons, with the relative mass rations of protons/neutrons. Whatever the relative mass of the system, we can determine its total nucleonic number of the system, or what I would call its atomic size. The gravitational potential of the system would be a non-linear function of its atomic size, and the relative mass of the system or any component of the system would be relative to this potential.

The mass of an object-based system, whether this is a single nucleonic pair or it is a massive star, is a relative measure of the density relation of that object-based system within its surrounding space-time manifold, and this is a measure of its gravitational field potential. Change in motion or energy in the system can be seen to alter this relationship which is otherwise in a state of dynamic equilibrium.

The paradox of motion to mass relations is that, given the example of the earth, the motion of the earth about the sun, which is by any earthly standards a fairly fast speed, there is apparently no measurable effect of this motion upon the gravitational fields that surround the earth at all times. This field in essence appears to be in synchronous motion with the earth, even though both can be said to be flowing directionally through space-time. The motion of the earth and its gravitational manifold about the sun appears therefore to be independent of the question of the flow of space-time through and around such a system upon its orbit. In a sense, the entire orbit of the earth about the sun entails the synchronous motion of the entire space-time disk upon which the earth is in equilibrium. The momentum of the earth about the sun is independent of its gravitational potential, and this is the measure of the amount of energy that would be required as a counterforce to bring the earth to a complete stop, or else the energy that would be realized from the earth if it were suddenly blocked by another object upon its path.

A paradox of motion is that any solid object can be in motion in only one direction at one time--it appears as if the intrinsic motion of space-time may occur in an infininte number of directions through the same space at the same time, unless these motions are defined by relations of gravitational mass of a proximate or remote object. The motion of space-time affected by a gravitational object appears to occur on a level separate and completely independently of the motion of space-time around the object as it travels through space. We can understand this paradox if we realize that gravitational energy is "realized" about a gravitating body from a field background of apparent or relative nothingness.

It is by this means that we can demonstrate the relative independence of gravitational fields to the kinetics and relativistic dynamics of motion. Gravitational fields and potentials give rise to motions, and respond in ways equivalent to motion, but they are intrinsic associative properties of the objects that give rise to them, and are independent of the motion of these objects.

This potential kinetic energy that is attributable to the motion of the object is the energy derived from the relationship of the object to its surrounding space-time matrix, in relation to the direction and speed of the object. Momentum is greatest in the direction of the objects travel, and it can be said to have negative momentum in the opposite direction. Lateral momentum of such an accelerated object is about equal to its momentum at rest, and the momentum of the opposite side can be said to equally counterbalance this momentum.

A key to understanding the paradoxes of motion in space is understanding a basic continuity of structure of otherwise empty space. There can be no discontinuous jumps or hiatuses of acceleration or movement in the universe, at least not on a recognizable scale. This demand of continuity of space-time structure entails that the structure of the surrounding manifold is never disrupted. Fast rates of acceleration demand a rapid transition between beginning and end states, and this high rate of acceleration creates relatively permanent relativistic effects that are associated with the object at its end state--these can be said to be:

1. A discrete momentum of energy.

2. A discrete direction of motion.

3. A discrete scale of size.

4. A discrete periodicity of time.

5. A discrete rate of speed, or distance over time

All of these associative properties are simultaneously and synchronously influenced by the changing acceleration of an object in space. We must ask whether, in a complex sense, these properties are attributable to the fact of motion of an object in physical reality, or whether motion is the consequence of these properties and their changes within a mass object. If we can learn to see motion as the consequence of basic physical state changes and properties, then it is easier to reconcile motion that is the result of gravitational influence, as with free-falling bodies in a uniform field, and motion that is the result of some action or energy, such as an explosion that propels a rocket forward into space. It is possible that the gravitational field affects the properties of the object as does the explosion, the result of either of which is the motion or spatio-temporal translation of the object. In this regard, the gravitational influence can be seen as precisely the opposite kind of influence upon an object in a gravitational field as an energetic explosion. The former yields positive energy and transmits this energy to the object, resulting in motion, while the latter may actually require positive energy to be absorbed from the surroundings of the object into the object to provide it the source of its motion.

The notion of speed is not a strictly linear conception, if we assume that relativistic properties of time dilation and spatial contraction hold for accelerated objects.

Before we can fully understand the physical relationship between relative mass and relative motion, we must distinguish between what can be called classical mechanical motion that is determined by cause and effect relationships, and non-classical quantum motion that is underdetermined by relativistic field complementarity. It is important to understand that these two different kinds of motion do not occur independently of one another in the universe. Similarly, what at one level of size appears dense and solid, may at another level appear rarefied and gaseous. If we took a very large scale of measurement, relative to that large scale something would appear very small, though that object may be huge on a very small scale of measurement.

Like conventional measures of mass, motion has always been conventionally construed in a classical and deterministic sense, as a solid object moving in space at definite speeds, although Einsteinian relativity has demonstrated that motion may be entirely relative to the point of view of the observer or the frame of reference in which such motion occurs. At the same time, motion as a distributed and uncertain system has been largely overlooked except when applied to a quantum level of analysis of electrons in their orbital spheres. To apply a fundamental complementarity of the measure of motion, and hence its underlying indeterminancy in some larger frame of reference, defies the common sense structure of our basic language used to describe such motion. The idea that an object may become increasingly indeterminant in both a spatial and temporal sense as it accelerates to ever increasing velocities may be implicit to the relativity of motion, but it is nowhere obvious. The faster an object travels, the more difficult it is to say that such an object exists at any definite point of time or space, and as such motion or acceleration is continuous, it would be difficult to ascribe discontinuous dimensions to such an object in any nonrelative sense.

We might conclude something like the following:

The faster an object travels, the greater the amount of space crossed per unit time.

The faster an object travels, the smaller the amount of time passed per unit space.

This seems obvious, but its relativistic implications appear to be contradictory until we consider the point of view of the observer who remains at a relatively stationary reference. These implications emerge with the understanding of the interdependency of space and time within the same continuum.

In other words, if we decrease the amount of time passed per unit space, we are increasing the relative interval size of time passed in any amount of space we cross. In other words, time slows down relative to our fixed point of reference.

Likewise, if we increase the amount of space crossed per unit time, we are decreasing the relative interval size of space crossed per amount of time we pass. In other words, space shrinks relative to our fixed point of reference.

From a relativistic standpoint, though it requires proportionately more energy to accelerate a very massive object compared to a very small object, the faster the object's velocity, the proportionately more energy that is required to reach that velocity, such that by the time both objects reach the speed of light, it requires almost an equally infinite amount of energy to attain this degree of acceleration.

There is another sense that an object in motion exists in a complementary state--intrinsically it retains its own dimensional size and reference points, while extrinsically its dimensional size and reference points are altered relative to the frame of reference within which such motion is expressed.

Smaller entities and forces exist in naturally less dense surroundings, or in open fields in which mass is simultaneously distributed over increasing large areas. Larger entities and forces exist in naturally more dense surroundings, or in closed fields in which mass is simultaneously concentrated.

Smaller and less dense entities and forces compose larger and denser entities, and larger denser entities are surrounded by and constrained by the smaller entities of which they are composed.

Composition of large and dense entities require a tremendous amount of working energy input into the system--this is achieved gravitationally through spime induction and replacement. Decomposition of large and dense entities back into their surrounding substrate entails a degree of thermodynamic and gravitational energy output from the system back into the surrounding field, which serves as an infinite energy sink to the system.

This model implies that gravitational systems exist in a kind of continuous and dynamic equilibrium, such that the amount of gravitational energy input into the system at specific rates, is removed from the system in equivalent rates and amounts along different pathways. The net difference between inputs and outputs from the system plus the amount of replacement work done in maintaining the system, is always equal to zero.

This entails that if spime is the composition of empty space, then it exists in a kind of potential energy state which energy is released as it interacts with matter. This interaction with matter is expressed as gravitation and measured as relative mass. I refer to this potential energy contained in the composition of spime in empty space as negative energy that requires the dynamics of the strong forces of the nucleonic pair to be unleashed and realized in its alternative states. Its potential energy confers the energy of inertia or resistance to transitions of motion that we experience and that must be overcome for motional changes to be realized.

All motion is relative to the gravitational frame of reference in which it occurs.

No motion can occur outside of a gravitational frame of reference.

An object of matter will have a gravitational field defining its surrounding its space-time manifold.

An object in motional transition will result in a distortion of the gravitational field surrounding it relative to change in the direction and the speed of the motion.

An object that achieves motional stability relative to direction and speed will have a restored gravitational field that surrounds it as if it were at rest.

Increasing the motion of an object is equivalent to increasing the rate of flow of the surrounding space-time manifold, hence it is equivalent to increasing the relative density and mass of the system. If we accelerate an object, we must put kinetic energy into the system, if we decelerate an object, we must remove kinetic energy from the system. Putting energy into the system or removing energy from the system is equivalent to altering the relative density of the space-time manifold flowing through and about the system. We can see that such a system, within its manifold, exists in a kind of pressurized and semi-closed equilibrium state. Gravitational attraction accomplishes the same thing as putting energy into a system to achieve its acceleration--the difference is that energy is not directly applied to the system, rather the relative densities of the surrounding manifold are altered instead--regardless, the results are exactly the same.

We can say therefore that gravitation works on the surrounding size of the system and hence alters its relative density, while motion works on the relative mass of the system, and hence alters its relative density.

Motion exhibits an interesting relationship to mass. We can say that motion is relative in a manner similar to the relativity of mass. The speed of an object in space-time is a measure of the momentum or energy of inertia of the system, representing an increased relative mass.

If we let an object fall to earth from outer space, the object will acclerate, regardless of its mass, at the same rate until it collides with the surface of the earth. The object moves from a low-mass state to a relative high mass state, which maximum it achieves at the point of impact upon the earth. This mass will be the relative gravitational mass of the object times its motional mass. We can describe the state-path trajectory of the accelerating object as the relative increase of the mass of the object from its starting point to its final end-point.

If we could suddenly stop the object without damage at the surface of the earth, the relative mass of the object would return to the rest mass of the object on the surface of the earth. The extra energy of inertia that was acquired by the momentum of the object in its acceleration to earth would have to be released or channeled somehow. Once the object achieves gravitational unification with the earth, then the object achieves a state of relative rest--its motions will be consonant and coordinate with the motion of the earth as a whole.

Motion of a single, gravitationally unified object is always instantaneously unidirectional and of a discrete velocity. In empty space, this motion will continue indefinitely at the same velocity. With nothing to stop it, slow it, change its direction or make it faster, the object will continue forever at the same speed. This unidirectionality of an unperturbed object in motion in hypothetically empty space will be in the long run non-linear or curvilinear.

The more dense the matter in space, the greater the gravitational force of attraction between objects.

The greater the density of free matter in space, the greater the motional energy occurring between them.

Gravitational frames of reference define gravitationally pressurized systems that are semi-closed.

In an infinite space, an infinite amount of matter would have zero density.

If the total universe is infinitely open, its total gravitational potential is zero, which defines a gravitational sink.

All motions seek relative gravitational equilibrium, which can be defined as a state of minimal rest. This can be defined furthermore as a state of

A zero-state universe can only be defined as a empty, infinitely open system. In a single object system, the gravitational potential of the system is defined by the size of the object relative to the size of the surroundings containing the system. If a universe had only one object, no matter how large, its total gravitational potential would in the large and the long run fall to relative zero by diminishing degrees, though it would never obtain absolute zero. A very small sized object in a very large space would be the equivalent of relative zero. If follows that by some unknown measure:

The further from an object system, the proportionately less and shorter the gravitational field.

The larger the size-density of the object system, the stronger and further the gravitational field reaches.

This relationship again appears to be colligative--we have a multi-object system that exists in relative gravitational equilibrium about a common point of reference, then we have a measure of the gravitational potential of such a system:

Total atomic size of the system/Total size of the surrounding space of the system.

The total size of any open system is relatively infinite, and its effective size can be said to be the limit at which the relative gravitational potential of the system falls to relative zero.

The gravitational potential of the system will increase with the increasing atomic size of the system and the decreasing size of the surrounding space of the system per unit time. It will decrease with the relative decreasing size of the system and the increasing size of the surrounding space of the system. It will remain the same if the size of the system increases along with an increasing size of its surrounding space.

An object in motion will have a decreasing gravitational potential because its surrounding area per unit time will increase in relation to its atomic size. If we move an object faster and faster, its relative density will appear to decrease, and it will appear to shrink, relative to our original frame of reference.

There are two kinds of basic classical motion: intrinsic or constrained motion and extrinsic or free motion. Intrinsic motion may take one of several kinds, but essentially relate to some aspect of isotropic spin or rotation. Extrinsic or free motion is the unconstrained motion of an object in relative empty space. There are two kinds of this motion depending on its source. It can be caused by the application of a propulsive force or counterforce, or it can be caused by the application of an attractive force or counterforce.

There is a third kind of distributed motion that may be found to occur in two ways: quantum motion at a subatomic scale, and a relative motion at an open field scale, and it affects our understanding of gravitation and the distribution of different forms of energy in the universe. It is relative density or the complementarity of distributed simultaneous densities in a shared field. Such a field may be very small or very large.

The gravitational field in an empty state universe that is open and infinite can be said to be uniformly flat and at zero potential or rest state. The distribution of spime in such a universe could be said to be even. Such a universe would be static, and there would be no occasion for the spontaneous rise of energy and matter in such a system. Therefore it is plausible that the gravitational field, even in an empty state universe, exists independent of the objects of matter and energy, and also that this field exists in a turbulent and randomly isotropic manner. Spime as the stuff of gravitation therefore is in continuous flow in empty space, and this flow occurs in currents and tidal patterns. This flow is a kind of field flow, so it cannot be described in a classical or deterministic manner. Such flow occurs regardless of the gravitational fields that surround objects--it might cause minor fluctuations in the gravitational fields of objects, but on average this flow appears to be very miniscule and widespread in its effects. Gravitational fields of mass-object systems appear to affect the flow of larger gravitational fields that it pass through. Flow becomes concentrative and directional, and adds its mass to the total mass of the system. As the rate of flow increases, the mass of the system also increases proportionate to its total mass. Thus it is apparent that empty space appears to exist in differential densities that depend upon its relative rates of flow. The concentric laminar organization of this flow about a common center of gravity is the basis of the gravitational unification of a system and its sharing of mass.

Relative motion of an object system in space can be thought of in a sense as the change in rate of flow of the gravitational field surrounding the object and defining the mass of the object, in some direction. In other words, an object itself may not be moving, so much as it is at rest in a moving stream of space-time. The energy of inertia then is the energy required to overcome the resistance of this four dimensional stream to a basic change in its motional direction or velocity.

Increased density of mass objects, or increased gravitational potential of a system, increases the density and rate of flow of the surrounding system.

As we add to this universe more and more matter, the possible motions and relative gravitational fields will increase in an increasingly dynamic manner.

The red shift seems to demonstrate that with increasing depths of observational space-time, there are increasing recessional velocities of galaxies. This is the conventional explanation of a so-called expanding universe. If the most distant objects are moving away from us at the greatest speeds, we must conclude that because these objects are the earliest objects we can see in the universe, the universe was expanding more rapidly in its earlier phases than it is at present. This would imply that the current universe is not expanding faster, but slowing down in a possible expansion.

But red shift may actually tell us more about the long-term state-path trajectory through "empty" space than about the actual disposition or original motion of its source of origin. It may tell us for instance that light may lose its own energy to its background field over very long stretches of space-time. Very old and well traveled light may be intrinsically weaker than when it started out. Such a transition would be gradual and relatively consistent in ratio to the distances implied in the observation. Because light cannot shift in its velocity, the transition can only be experienced in terms of its wave-length and frequency. It may be that such shifting may be variable depending upon different sources and different intervening gravitational fields that light must traverse, bending it here and stretching it there.

Electrons exhibit complementary quantized states because they normally exist as non-discrete entities within energy fields. The relative mass of electrons is so negligible, and their proportional energy so great, that they behave more like a quanta of light in a field than they do like a ball in a solar system model.

All energy exists within a quantized field within which its particulate entities are distributed in a complex statistical manner. The size and shape of these fields is determined by the type and source of the energy unit that is involved. The kind of energy fields accompanying, for instance, sunlight that is radiating from the corona of the sun is far different than the kind of energy field associated with the light of a laser beam scanner that reads item numbers in a modern supermarket. The gravitational fields associated with black holes in the center of galaxies is probably far different from the kind of gravitational field that may surround the nucleus of a hydrogen atom or that may exist in the deepest depths of intergalactic space. The fields associated with weak forces associated with neutrinos are probably far different than the intra-nuclear fields associated with strong forces. Regardless of the kind of energy we are considering, we must assume and take into account the associated field pattern that such energy produces. Different kinds of fields appear to occur in an overlapping and to some unknown extent a mutually non-interfering manner.

*****

In the consideration of time and mass and energy relations, there is a sense that time is critically related to gravitational fields and hence also to mass and energy relations. The understanding of time is central to a theory of the integration of the universal gravitational field, as well as to all the dynamic change processes that occur in the physical universe. The challenge of understanding time is that it is relative, and from a relativistic standpoint, our clocks that are used to measure time are part of the relativistic frame of reference of which time is intrinsic. Clocks are influenced by the properties they purport to measure, and we are in a similar kind of dilemma that exists in the consideration of any non-relative frame of reference for mass. We cannot have a measurement of mass that exists outside of a gravitational system of which the scale is a part.

It is possible that the full structure of time may only be understood if it is construed as a dimensional continuum within which all change events are ordered in the universe in a consistent and coordinate manner. This continuum may have some degree of variability, as is evident for instance in the dilation of time as a function of velocity. I would be inclined to relate time on a fundamental level to the basic periodicities that occur in nature, and, in this regard, especially to the property and function of "spin" as an intrinsic motion of elemental constituent entities.

Time implies a kind of duration in the universe. It moves in one direction and one direction only. The tricky and interesting part about time is that all things and events in the universe appear to happen at the same time in an instantaneous sense of "now." We assume this to be the case though we may never be able to know this for certain based upon our observations that always bring the past into view but always hides the present from us.

The continuity of the structure of time assures us that the same event cannot happen more than once and that two things cannot occur in the same place at the same time, unless perhaps they are possible fundamental entities or energies. The same thing cannot be in more than one place at one time.

We will find that we cannot fully separate sense of time from sense of space as we develop our understanding of time. Einstein pointed this out in powerfully eloquent ways. Time and space appear to be a part of the same basic phenomena, and this appears to be universally consistent whichever direction we turn in. Sense of time and space unites everything in the physical universe together.

First, we must speculate about the nature of energy to gravitational relations that involve a degree of complementarity and possible reciprocal equivalence in their expression. If we divide energy generally into positive and negative forms (positive being electromagnetic energy and negative being gravitational energy) then we can see that as potential positive energy increases in a system, so also does its negative gravitational energy increase. On the other hand, as positive energy is expressed and decreases within a system, the negative gravitational energy to which this is related also decreases in some proportionate manner.

- E(x) = -G(n)

+ E(p) = +G(n)

We must also consider the consequences of the rates of expression in such situations, especially when it comes to an understanding of gravitational energy. We can see that the equivalence of matter to energy expressed as the product of the speed of light resembles what can be referred to as a second order rate equation. The concern I have in this affair is attaching the concept of time as an instantaneous variable to the measurement of rates--rates of things change when things change energy systems. It is possible that gravitational displacement and replacement within systems occurs at certain specific and possibly discrete rates that are tied to the relative mass of such systems in a gravitational fields. These rates appear to be effected furthermore by the relative gravitational-mass density of systems.

Motion relates to mass and to energy in the form of pressure as a matter of rate in time interval. We cannot in a sense have an absolutely instantaneous measure of mass--mass may in fact occur as a relative measure at a certain constant rate. This rate would change with acceleration of the motion, altering fundamentally the mass-differential of the system. Instantaneous energy may also be an expression of a rate--this would be different from the total energy in a system, which would never be instantaneously realizable.

All positive energy systems naturally seek a distributed, low energy state.

All negative energy systems (concentrative) naturally seek a concentrated, high energy state.

A high energy negative system is equivalent to a low energy positive system.

The measure of gravitational inertia of a system to change is a measure of the realizable entropy of the system.

Spime is not gravitation, but its relationship to matter gives rise to gravitational energies. Spime is the substance of space-time, it is a continuous energy-event that has no particularistic structure except when realized within the structure of the nucleon. Spime has negative mass and negative energy that is inversely equivalent to positive energy and mass.

We can only account for gravitation in the universe in terms of a complementary positive/negative structure in basic energy and mass relations between empty space-time and the energies and forms of matter that it contains.

Space as a variable may also be related, if we realize that all mass must be expressed and experienced in spatial terms, and that if this rate is truly simultaneous or instantaneous, then spatial terms are the only form of expression for these properties. These relate to the notion of the relative density of spaces, either within a nucleus, or within the solid/liquid mass of gravitationally unified objects, or in empty space. Space may have both negative and positive densities--positive density is equivalent to a tangible or sensible material form, and negative densities would be equivalent to an intangible and invisible, insensible form that would nevertheless express differentials of gravitional fields.

It is possible that time is purely a function of volume, or of space, or size that is comprehended in an instantaneous sense. Time upon a very microscopic size constitutes a kind of vector that traverses space at an average density. There is less space to traverse at an atomic scale, hence time speeds by much, much more quickly than on a very large scale, for instance, if we traverse the galaxy and consider the relationship of time to such a vast space--the galaxy as a gravitationally unified system may be experiencing the passage of time at much much slower rate than at the rate of the molecules that compose the galaxy. Periodic processes would occur at much faster frequencies on an atomic scale than they would upon a gallactic or intergallactic scale. Perhaps the red shift may be seen as the function of temporal expansion due to the vast space that light traverses. Light itself speeds so quickly because its fundamental photonic structure is so tiny. Space in this sense, upon a subatomic level, may essentially "fall apart" or dissolve in terms of its temporal and spatial integrity.

Similarly, the effect of locational uncertainty for small particles may essentially be evidence for the loss of spatial structure at such a small scale. Space on a very large, expansive scale must exhibit a different kind of structure that may be nonlinear in its magnitude and effects. We might expect either a stretching or a ripple or folding effect upon spatial structure on very large scales, especially when we traverse between distant gravitational sources between gallactic systems. A stretching effect may be similar to a ripple or folding effect in results, or it may in fact be similar to a kind of squashing effect--how stretching might be equivalent to squashing is dependent upon the point of view of the observer. Things traveling at light speed would seem to be traveling at a snails pace, and indeed, from the standpoint of the very large, it might as well be slow.

At the subatomic scale at which spatial coordinates become uncertain, temporal effects become asynchronous, or rather simultaneously alternate--in other words we may employ a Bose-Einstein statistics to the description of temporal states, or the event structure of temporal states at this level.

The instantaneous event structure on a large scale would simultaneously comprehend many many times more instantaneous event structures in a unified sense than upon an atomic scale--in such a case, the overall periodic event structure, the integrated temporal structure, must be concomittantly slower.

This relative scale relates directly to the size of the gravitational frame of reference that serves to define unified processes on a certain level or scale. Larger scales imply increasingly larger and stronger gravitational fields, implying as well a increase in the concentrative or density effects of fundamental space. This would imply a squashing or stretching of space, and slowing of periodic processes. The same space upon a very small small scale, may have gravitational fields that are locally more powerful, but which are only local in effect--at this scale, even within the same system, clocks tick faster.

In this kind of model, it can be seen that the same time period would occur at different periodicities in terms of its effects upon spatial structure, or rather, the effects of spatial structure upon the time period. I have defined time period as a natural cyclic or periodic unit, though the value of this unit I have not yet determined. If we can imagine that the same unit were to exist on a galactic scale, then its structure would comprehend a density of an almost infinite number of atomic points simultaneously.

We can see that time would be the same, or all things occur simultaneously, along the instantaneous wave front. This wave front would actually be a curve that is infinitely open on both ends, rather than a line. In relation to the subatomic size, the gallactic scale would seem infinitely long, while vice versa, the subatomic scale would seem infinitely brief upon a gallactic scale, though in essence both were occurring at the same time.

We can see that this is how the universe maintains its spatial-temporal integrity of structure at all scales in an instantaneous and simultaneous sense. Furthermore, we can relate this integrity of structure directly to the gravitational structure and unification of the universal field of reality. Gravitation from this standpoint is nothing more than the dynamic effects of the structure of space-time upon the objects contained within its field.

We can understand gravitational concentration as a function of a kind of equilibrium that is established in forward-backward transitions in time upon a subatomic scale. It entails an increased density of units (gravitoids or spime) within a given space and time. The pressure effects that are a consequence of this increased density is equivalent directly to the pressure effects of a perfect gas, except that the structure and mechanical causes of these effects are fundamentally different. The relationship is more of an analogy than a homology, as in essence there cannot be said to be discrete mass-entities, so much as mass-moment events occurring upon a given rate. These mass-entities would exhibit what can be thought of as momentary mass moments, at which point they would be as if little lead balls flying about, but they would be of a size that they would have a quantum structure and uncertainty attached to their occurrence. These mass-entities would have a composite structure, and they would exist within a background field that was constituted by its component substrate--in essence they would be instantaneously, momentously formed from the backgrond itself, like little blinking points of invisible mass.

The isomorphic direction of such entities in space-time structure is a function of the energy dynamics and the fields that are expressed within it. Normally it may be omnidirectional simultaneously. Furthermore, as far as we know, there is no "edge" upon which its effects are felt, only limited internalized boundaries around mass objects, spherical in large proportions, in which its relativistic effects are felt towards a common origin or source. We only experience its effects under conditions of creating such a boundary event or layer, through solid matter and its motion.

The spiral effect of light in space-time may be a consequence of a twisting of light in its traverse due to the differential influence of gravitational fields--this twisting would yield a spiral or helical state path trajectory if the source were continued through time over very long distances.

There occur four different forms of physical energy. Of these forms, electromagnetic radiation is by far the most available and best understood. It is my claim that these forms of energy form a complementary system, that attractive energies like gravitation and the strong force are forms of negative or "potential energy" that has effects opposite than the thermodynamic consequences of positive or "realized energy." There may occur other discrete forms of energy, for instance gravitational radiation, that we have not yet accounted for or understand very well. It is also my claim that these various forms of energy reveal the understanding of the underlying structure of the space-time manifold in which they occur and through which they propagate--it suggests that this space-time is of a unique constituent structure, such that larger event-entities are composed of smaller and smaller event-entities, and these entity events exhibit classical quantum effects, uncertainty, Einsteinian probabilities, and form what can be considered discrete classes of phenomena at several different levels of analysis. It is difficult to apply a "size" to such energy-events, as the ability to localize them as discrete points requires an enormous amount of energy. It is my argument that these entities are used in the composition of all forms of matter and energy, that differences in these forms can be accounted for only in terms of a constituent structure model, and that complementarity of structure suggests that we cannot clearly distinguish at this level between what is constituent and what self-consistent and spontaneously organized.

I see energy that is formed and released, in the core of the earth, or by an atom, or in processes of radioactive decay, to be essentially the build up of local concentrations of these composite energy-entities in differential fields, and the propagation of energy in some direction is not so much a release of these concentrations, so much as it is a pattern of informational disturbance to the spime field itself that becomes transmitted across the field in highly specific and informationally loaded ways. Space-time is like a huge continuous signaling system that branches out in all directions at the same time. Photons of light are essentially ripple signals of a certain kind propagated across the background field. They result in instantaneous and continuous realization of energy events across the entire length of its trajectory, and when it achieves some target, it becomes realized, much as kinetic energy is realized from the momentum of a ball or a rock, upon the object that it intercepts.

If the structure of nucleons consists of bound electrons and positrons, then differential rates of radioactive decay that appears to follow no normal obvious correlation with molecular weight, may be explained in terms of an internal stability or exchange equilibrium achieved by different isotopes, possibly due to the conformational structure of their nuclei. Rates of radioactive decay, as measured by the half-lives of radioactive nuclei, may be related to the overall amount of radioactive matter released from the nuclei. The total amount of radioactive energy released would be a function of the total number of nucleons, or rather, the fraction of the number of neutrons to the total number of nucleons, of a given species of nuclei. The variability of the rate of this release may refer to the stability of these neutrons within the nuclear structure, and possibly to the capacity of nucleons to exchange or hybridize their restrictive energy fields with one another. The rate of loss would be considered therefore to be the inverse of the achieved equilibrium of any particular conformational structure of an atomic nucleus. Because rates of decay of atomic nuclei are specific, it is possible that they represent rather discrete sets of variables relating to this conformational structure.

The rate of radioactive decay would be considered to be a function of the rate of loss of nucleons within a given sample of an element, with an average of one decay event occurring per atomic nucleon within the sample. If we have for instance, one mole of uranium-238, we can expect its half-life to be a function of the average rate of decay per nucleon of U-238 in the sample. This in turn would be a function of the average conformational stability the nucleonic structure of U-238 had in the sample. If the half-live of U-238 were 4.5 million years, and by Alvogardo's number we know that a mole of U-238 atoms consisted of 16 e^-23 atoms, and we know the number of nucleons in U-238 nucleus was 238, then we can estimate the average rate of decay as the following:

((6.34 e²³ atoms per mole)1/2)/(4.5e^{+6 years}) ((365 x 24 x 60 x60) seconds/year) (238 nucleons/atoms U-238)

= 9.386 e⁷ unitary decay events per second per mole

This is a high rate of radioactive decay, and it must be construed logarithmically as a function of the half-life of U-238 and the relative changing equilibrium of the nuclear structure over time as it tends towards greater entropic stability as an energy system.

The actual number of decay events per second predicted by this model would be modified possibly by the ratio of unstable to stable isotopic configuration of a Uranium nucleus, which may be a function of atomic mass to atomic number of the system, or

Atomic mass/(2(atomic) number

If the actual radioactivity of a sample of U-238 were less than this number, then we might invoke a model of nuclear equilibrium to explain this discrepancy, as a relatively high level of equilibrium stability would entail that the actual rate of decay would be less than this rate. The variability of half-lives of different isotopes cannot be explained as function of the size of the system itself, and I believe some kind of equilibrium model must be defined to account for these differences.

Nuclear equilibrium can be defined as the degree to which a given nucleonic configuration is stable, given that there is continuous exchange or sharing of structural elements of subcomponents in such a system, and that there is therefore operative a kind of heisenbergian uncertainty as to the nodal points of such a structure. The following kind of rule paradigm may apply to such systems:

1. In general, larger nuclear structures are more unstable (more entropic) than smaller ones.

2. In general, nuclear structures with a higher ratio of neutrons to protons are more unstable (entropic) than structures that are more balanced.

3. There may be operating some kind of consistent conformational or geometrical model governing the nuclear configuration for any given atomic weight/number that may be more or less stable.

4. Relative stability/instability may be also related to the relative gravitational mass of the system, if we understand this mass to be a function of the degree to which electronic-positronic energy is somehow concentrated and probabilistically focused in a given area, and if we understand this relationship by means of the principle of equivalence, or:

e = mc²

If our model holds, we can calculate the energy associated with a given radioactive decay event if we define such an event as the loss of one nucleon in atomic number and a reconfiguration of the nuclear structure of the atom. It is understood that many radioactive decay events do not alter the atomic weight associated with an sample of element, but only the atomic number--a new isotope is created with a new configuration of radioactivity. The atomic nucleus becomes reorganized or reconfigured without substantial loss of weight.

The complex pattern of nuclear equilibrium must therefore be related to the types of decay events which may occur, with the only kind of event capable of inducing a change in mass being the loss of an alpha particle, and the emission of a beta particle representing the nucleonic transformation of a neutron into a proton-electron pair and a capture of a positron representing the transformation of a proton into a neutron.

From this model, a neutron must be a captured electron-positronic pair, and a proton must represent a captured or bound positron. Gravitational energy is in a sense therefore positronic energy, or the field associated with positronic localization or concentration in space. In this model, neutrons cannot therefore exist in a non-nuclear or free state, and only arise within a nuclear lattice structure. It follows that in a nucleus, the nuclear structure becomes something of an orbital or cloud structure similar to that of the external structure of electron orbitals. In a probabilistic sense, nucleons become vertices of some lattice configuration as estimates of the likelihood of occurrence at some particular point within the structure. The layering of the nucleonic lattice structure of a nucleus must be related to orbital layering of the electronic structure about the nucleus, suggesting that the nuclear lattice structure occurs somewhat as layers of an onion, and that positrons tend to orbit in pairs. Larger structures would have weaker positronic forces with greater numbers of positrons embedded in the interior of the structure.

We might imagine two alternative possibilities for such a model, but based upon the following pattern replicating orbital strucure:

(-5(-7(6(5d(4(3p + 1s)-(1s=0=1s)-(1s + 3p)4)5d)6)-7)-5)

Is it possible that as nucleons become attached to the nucleus, the configuration results in a concentration of energy towards the center of the configuration, with a gradient of discrete energy levels occurring such that the strongest forces are in the center but have the shortest range, and the weakest forces are at the periphery but have the greatest electromagnetic range. This tremendous concentration of energy towards the center of the configurational structure would result in a gravitational effect that would confer to the nucleonic structure the property of mass.

Such a configuration may be arrived at by a simple "string of pearls" coiling of an alternate proton-neutron-proton-neutron structure, with additional neutrons being added especially at higher levels. What would result is a sphere of orbiting protons and neutrons, with each proton shell being intermediated by a neutron shell surrounding it. The result would be an atomic nucleus very much layered like an onion.

The concentration of protons and the gravitational forces associated with this can only be accomplished by means of mediation of neutrons that would permit the indirect binding of protonic spheres within a closing packing configuration

Mass defect would be related to the degree of sharing of energy that occurs by nucleons in the structure of the nucleus. We might also guess something of the structure of a nucleon by means of its relationship to the electron/positron pair and the relative ratio of mass between an average nucleon and an electron/positron, which would be 2/(1800 x the mass of an electron). The dissolution of a nucleon therefore would require a specific number of events of gamma and electron-capture/positron-emission before would totally disappear. The degree to which conformational structure would promote the sharing and exchange of energy between nucleons, the slower the rate of release of such particles. It follows that nucleons that are not as tightly bound to the nucleus, or that exist in a conformationally unstable state within the nucleus, will be more likely to release radioactive decay products than otherwise. It follows as well that atomic nuclei have some rest mass structure, some conformation at which there is near-zero radioactive decay. This would be seen as the most stable structure an element can achieve, and would probably be at a point where the number of neutrons is approximately equal to the number of protons within a nucleus. It follows as well that any conformational structure that approaches this optimal nuclear arrangement, should have a longer half-life than some other alternative conformational structure in which the overall difference between neutrons and protons is greater.

This suggests as well that protons and neutrons must also be interacting in more complex ways within the structure of the nucleus than we understand, and that they tend to seek to arrange themselves in time in the most stable mutual configurations that can be achieved. Radioactive decay therefore must be seen as a naturally entropic process of a structure or arrangement of nucleons (and their electron-positronic subcomponents) into some most stable or least entropic conformation.

Alternative conformational patterns or dynamic structures of the same species of element may be relative to the same mass size of the system, and hence the gravitational framework of the system would be the determinant of the degree of excess nuclear energy contained within the system that could be released by radioactive decay.

Half-life can be seen therefore as a function of the difference between the nuclear size and shape of a system and some hypothetical standard size for that system, times the total amount of "free radioactive energy" within the system above its most stable level,

The effects of gravity may be related to this process, if we understand that gravitational unification somehow entails the mass binding of atomic structures as a function of the relative density of these mass structures.

Observing the isotope pattern of the periodic table of the elements reveals that for every two proton-neutron pairs added to the configuration, there will be an extra neutron added as well. This suggests that this third neutron is the least stable component and provides a means of appending alpha-particle configurations into a larger structural configuration. The neutrons most likely to decay would be from this set of third neutrons. This makes sense if we understand the nucleonic structure to be paired in successive and alternate orbitals, suggesting that the intermediate neutronic orbitals may be capable of accommodating one or more extra neutrons per level.

This model suggests that the most likely candidates for radioactive decay are the neutron-proton configurations in the penultimate shells of the structure, especially for higher order structures, and that this decay will mostly come from the intermediate neutronic levels that contain extra neutrons. It suggests that the overall structure tends to reduce itself consistently to fewer and fewer orbitals at a lower and more stable level.

It is evident that it is not the great stability or permanency of nuclear structures that require explanation, so much as the relative instability and impermanence over the longer frame of time that is the function of radioactive decay processes. The relationship of mass defect in the atomic nucleus in relation to the total nucleonic energy and its relative entropy as a system is entirely analogous to the relationship of Gibb's free energy in a chemical system. I would predict that in such a comparison that gravitational energy that occurs in association to a larger system has a comparable function as the relative temperature term in the Gibb's-Helmholtz equation:

D G = D H - T(K) D S

Thus we can state:

D Nm_{(Nuclear Mass)} = D E_{(total nucleonic energy)} - B_{(Mass Defect)}

where

B_{(Mass Defect)} = G_{T(relative gravitational energy)} D R_{(radioactive entropy)}

Furthermore, in this equation, it is apparent that the gravitational energy that is associated with the total system is a function of the total atomic size of the gravitationally unified system. This relationship also resembles a regression equation for a line with a slope defined by the gravitational energy of the total system. In this model, the total nuclear mass of a system will be a function of the total gravitational potential of the system.

Several predictions are forthcoming from this model regarding the patterning and formation of nuclear structures.

1. Two protons cannot be joined but by the intermediate conjunction of a neutron pair.

2. An additional odd proton cannot be added to a nucleonic structure but by the addition of a virtual neutron pair, making possible the addition of a fourth even proton to the configuration.

3. Neutrons form spontaneously in the fusion of atomic nuclei and exist independently only within an atomic nuclei.

a. A neutron is a captured hydrogen atom that contains an electron within the orbital sphere of the nucleus--it is an "imploded" hydrogen atom that has captured its own electron.

4. An independent neutron perforce becomes a hydrogen atom.

5. A proton is nothing more than a stable-state or captured positron.

6. The most simplest and straight-forward model of nuclear fusion is the sequential addition of hydrogen atoms to a nuclear structure, which, depending upon their sequence order, will be integrated either as a proton or a neutron to the nuclear structure.

7. Whereas only two protons may occupy any nuclear orbital structure at any one time, more than two neutrons may occupy the intermediate nuclear orbital structures.

8. Excess neutrons in such systems render such systems more highly radioactive.

9. A neutron that spontaneously decays into a proton from an intermediate orbital will allow an adjacent proton to decay into a neutron, resulting in electron capture.

10. An intermediate orbital that contains only one neutron will be highly unstable, either decaying into a proton, forcing the shedding of an alpha particle from the level above, or the capture of a proton.

11. Electrostatically, the proton orbitals will exist at distinct, discrete energy levels.

12. Neutron and Proton orbitals will hybridize into "alpha spheres".

13. Alpha spheres will hybridize into "super-orbitals" that reflect the structure of the periodic table of the elements.

14. Isotopic variation of elements is a function of the nuclear entropy associated with such systems.

15. Nuclear decays is based primarily upon the nucleonic instability of neutrons and their tendency towards charge dissociation in the formation of hydrogen, and their role therefore in the packing and possible layering structure of the nucleus.

A complex equilibrium exists in the spheres between neutrons and protons, such that decay from a proton to a neutron will be balanced by decay from a neutron to a proton.

Trends of radioactive decay of elements suggest that there is more likely to occur a loss of neutrons than a loss of protons. All other things being equal, two isotopes of equal atomic weight but of different atomic number, the isotope with the lower atomic number will be considered to be the least entropic system.

For every electron in the universe, there is a corresponding positron.

An electron may be distinguished from a positron as the right hand is distinguishable from the left hand. Both are mirror isomers of one another. In relation to one another they create an electrostatic field that is dipolar. The simplest configuration of this electron-positronic system is a hydrogen atom:

The localization space of the positron appears to be much smaller than for the electron. This is associated with the greater mass of the positron, and these qualities have to be accounted for systematically compared to the opposite qualities of the electron. We might say that a positron is more evenly spread out, in terms of its Einsteinian probabilities of occurrence, but over a much shorter radius. The radius of the electron-sphere is defined by its relationship to the radius of the positron sphere. A way of understanding this is to see the positronic sphere, or proton, as being a more condensed and more evenly but narrowly focused distribution of potential positive energies.

The focus of a positronic particle in a protonic sphere produces the qualities we associate with protons, which are a distinct mass that relates it gravitationally to the space-time manifold in which it occurs in an instantaneous sense.

From this model, we may deduce the following hypothesis:

The tighter the positronic orbital, the denser the mass and the stronger the electro-static charge associated with the field it produces.

A total of two positrons of opposite secondary spin can occupy any single orbital at any given point in time.

The packing of positronic orbitals within a nucleus creates an uneven distribution of charge potential associated with that packing structure.

The strong forces that bind together nucleons within a nucleus represent a form of very powerful but very local form of gravitational energy. These strong forces are a consequence of the fusion of mass that results in the associated nucleonic particles occupying a cumulative space less than the total space of all nuclei if added individually. Mass defect is the measure of "shared" energy within the nucleus due to the overlapping and sharing of orbital structures of the different nucleonic particles.

Strong forces occur at short range, weak forces have an accumulative effect at long range.

B. Positrons can only exist in a stable protonic form.

C. Electrons may only exist in orbit around protonic structures.

D. Though there is universal symmetry, protons and electrons may exist in a range of instantaneously variable energy states, and this system is in overall equilibrium but local imbalance.

E. An electron (or a positron) is a quantum of light that is directionally folded upon itself. It is in a sense a photon that is forever chasing its own tail and that has no where else to go. As a consequence, an electron represents a instantaneous point that violates certain fundamental properties concerning the continuity of the structure of space and time and movement. For instance, the existence of an electron, so defined, would violate the principle of thermodynamics that suggests that all light energy must forever escape from whatever system that contains it, including an electron system. The light energy contained within an electron has nowhere to escape to, but appears to be permenantly trapped within itself. It is a single point that cannot exist simultaneously at one discrete point during one discrete period of time. We cannot therefore consider an electron to be an object of matter as it cannot be discretely localized or counted or even weighed, so much as it represents a probabilistic distribution of a certain kind of energy phenomena that becomes locally distributed in space-time.

All electron/positron pairs will orbit in their spheres at a variable rate that is a function of the speed of light and the frequency of spin.

Nucleonic formation entails a change in th

This model of electron-positronic interactions as the basis for matter begs the question of why the basic differences of interaction between the behavior of electrons and that of positrons. Why is it that electrons do not concentrate within nuclei in the same manner that positrons seem to? Why would so much greater gravitational mass be associated with positrons than we electrons?

I believe that part of the answer to this problem lies in the question of the degeneracy of matter as we understand this to occur, especially upon earth, and its probable history of formation. The only known source for the formation of higher order elements is through solar fusion processes that occur within stars. It is known as well that Iron is the most nuclear stable saddlepoint in both fusion and fission reactions. If we find for instance a predominantly Iron core within the earth, and we find Iron to be a ubiquitous metal element upon the earth, then we must ask ourselves serious questions about the origins of the earth and how these elements could have been formed in the first place. The point of this digression is to suggest that the original formation of matter within solar fusion furnaces leads first to a nucleonic structure that would probably have been enriched with neutronically loaded isotopes. Electrons would have been blown off from these early formations of matter, and the formation of chemical configurations would have come as a secondary phase. We would expect therefore the early formation during a period of the universe of stars that became strongly charge imbalanced in the positive, and the occurrence in space of thick and extensive electron cloud formations. I would wonder whether such a system by burst or break up under its pervasive charge imbalance, leading to the formation of dust clouds and debris fields that would then recoalesce back into planetary formations. I can imagine tremendous space-lightening storms occurring within which new chemical elements of a degenerate form of chemical matter would form. This matter would then have the structural properties and distributions that we are more or less familiar with, except that in its earliest phases it would be much more isotopically enriched towards neutronic imbalance and hence would have been much more highly radioactive.

The degenerate state of matter as we know it must be seen from an entropic standpoint as representing greater entropy of charge dissociation than the previous bound nucleonic states. The matter formation events that created the original matter in the first place would have in the long run undergone continuous entropic decay towards more disordered but more entropically stable states. More disordered states would be also more stable states, such that the time involved in the degeneration from the original events would increase logarithmically.

Another way of answering the initial question about the fundamental assymetries of properties between symmetrical electrons and positrons is to suggest that for some unknown reason positrons are much more gravitationally bound than electrons, due to their positivity of charge or possibly to their direction of spin, that may be somehow coordinate or interactive with the underlying structure of physical reality in a manner that leads to fundamentally different outcomes than with the behavior patterning of electrons. I would suggest that positive charge states are capable of possibly interacting with gravitational fields in a manner different than negative charge states. We can understand this difference possibly if we see a negative charge state as represented for instance as a kind of pimple or raised bump in space-time, with the consequence that there would be radiative and expansive forces that would tend to continuously flow away from and displace these "bumps," whereas positrons would constitute small "holes" or "divits" in the surface of space-time with the consequence that its forces tend to be attractive and concentrative rather than entropic in trying to always fill in the spaces, leading to their tendency to collect together. In this analogy we must see space-time as always trying to flow down hill, and to always tend to fill in the lowest areas. If space time is always trying to flow away from an electron bump, then the consequence would be that electrons would be in continuous motion and would never be localizable. If space time is always trying to flow toward a positronic "hole" then the consequence would be the collecting and localization of positrons within a common and stable formation. This model suggests that positrons would be much more gravitationally bound than electrons, and once formed in a spontaneous manner, should behave like hydrogen plasma or nuclei with similar fluid dynamics and to which we may apply the ideal gas law. If this is true, then we have a ready answer for the formation of new hydrogen nuclei in the universe as a product of light-energy collisions, and therefore a foundation for understanding an basic state of universal equilibrium. Hydrogen ions would accumulate in cloud formations in space as a consequence of repeated and continuous collisions of light from different sources, and due to their colligative and concentrative properties, these formations would tend to accumulate and coalesce into denser and denser formations.

Another spin off of this kind of model is the construction of a new design for an engine that would possibly utilize differential gravitational forces that could be built up between positive and negative terminals of an electro-dynamic system. We would also expect to be able to produce and accumulate hydrogen nuclei through the interaction of light systems within a vacuum. These remain uninvestigated experiments that would demonstrate the possible efficacy of this model of systematic energy-matter interactions.

This model also highlights something basic about the history of the universe, and that is that though this history appears to be as old as the universe is wide, (hence if it is of infinite expanse it will have been of eternal age), the universe may have undergone general phases of its evolutionary development in which the patterning and organization of energy relations were fundamentally different, and the distribution of matter may have been unlike what we see today. If we confine ourselves to a 16 or even 20 billion year time limit to the origin of a cosmic egg, we must ask if we cannot have a 32 or 32 trillion year history preceding this latest phase. A part of the problem lies in the cosmological principle and the issue of non-isotropic (random) patterning of the larger universe. A cosmic egg model would impose upon the universe an overall isotropism of structure that would violate the cosmic principle as it is stated, and hence would represent a contradiction. Similarly, if we hypothesize general state-phase changes for the entire universe, then this must also connote a general revision or contradiction to the cosmological principle. Either we would have to revise the cosmological principle to permit general isotropic structures, or else we would have to accept the possiblity that various galaxies and regions of the larger universe may be undergoing essentially separate phases of evolutionary historical development that may or may not be coevolutionary in some larger but still isotropically finite scale. If we could resolve our scale of telescopic visibility to a degree much greater than we are capable of today, then it might be possible to see the finer grained processes of evolutionary development in the universe that would allow us to have a better and more realistic accounting for the natural history and life-trajectory of matter and energy.

The hydrogen atom represents the most basic form of matter than occurs in the positive state universe. If our model of universal symmetry of electron-positron structures is correct, then we would not need to look for anti-matter or anti-state universes or regions of our universe. We can explain by this manner the formation and accumulation of so much hydrogen in the universe. Such a model must be reconciled sufficiently with with what is known of the fundamental structures of the atomic nucleus. It is possible to imagine the formation of a variety of alternative particle states from various combinations of positron-electron couples.

At the same time, the model contains what I believe may be a solution to the basic problem of the origination of positive state or thermodynamic energy in the universe and also an accounting of a unified field that connects thermodynamic or electromagnetic energy with gravitational energy. If we see a quantum or photon of light as being something that is fundamentally charge dissociated and dipolar, we might understand a graviton or a quantum of gravitation energy (or spime, as a fundamental physical unit of space-time) as being quadripolar and non-charge dissociated, as being something like a neutron that does not exist in a condensed formation but in an inherently diffuse state. Whatever events may result in a charge dissociation of spime might lead to a separation of gravitational and thermodynamic energy. The kinds of conditions necessary for such events to occur remain a mystery. It is possible that they are common background events of the mysterious structure of our current universe. New radiation at low levels may be continuously generated from apparent "nothingness" in the intergallactic depths of space. This would probably only be evident as a background "white noise" that existed omnidirectionally.

Everything in the universe, in physical reality, is upon a fundamental level interconnected--indeed, this is quite literally so.

The fusion of matter is the only known process by which new matter is made. Fusion entails the recombination of nucleons of more than one nuclei to produce new heavier elements. Fusion requires a great deal of activation energy, and also releases a tremendous amount of energy from the mass defect. All the matter that we can see and touch, the matter of the earth and the moon, the matter of meteorites and comets that frequently collide with the earth, all were formed at one time within the solar furnace of some now disintegrated star.

If the model of electronic-positronic symmetry holds true, then it is possible that there occurs another more basic form of fusion that leads to the production of hydrogen atoms, or rather, of unbound hydrogen nuclei and a complement of electrons. This process would be the product of the collision of light waves at certain angles and certain energies resulting in the transformation of light energy into hydrogen matter.

Hydrogen matter can be said to be the building blocks of all other matter that we know. If hydrogen is produced by the head-on collision of light, then hydrogen must be ubiquitous and commonly created in the universe, which it appears to be.

What has not been fully explained in this model is how protons, or hydrogen nuclei, will tend to become fused to form heavier nuclei. They have one property, apparently, that of atomic mass, that results in their gravitational attraction and accumulation in large and dense sets. The theory of gravitation that I have evoked is that gravitational energy is entirely equivalent to energy, as this is understood through the formula of equivalence, and yet mass of a system is relative to the size and relative density of a gravitationally unified system. We can define therefore the absolute mass of a single hydrogen nuclei as the mass of this nuclei in as an isolated entity in empty space-time that is not influenced by the gravitational field of any other object or entity of mass. It would be its mass of self-gravitation.

This suggests among other things that the equation of equivalence is gravitationally relative to the system that the mass is measured within, and that therefore a great deal of energy is derived from mass defect as a function of the gravitational field that is associated with the mass. The nuclear explosions we can realize on earth should in effect be much more powerful in stronger gravitational fields as for instance that occur on the sun, and much less powerful in weaker gravitational systems, as for instance occur on the moon. Small and weak gravitational systems can be said to be therefore systems that exists a much lower levels of net energy exchange than larger and stronger gravitational systems.

Gravitation drives energy exchange or transformation processes, and the equivalence of energy to mass is dependent upon the gravitational field that it occurs within. The greater the absolute mass of a system (as measured by the total number of hydrogen nuclei and neutrons contained within that system and their relative densities, less mass defect), the greater the degree to which gravitational energy is converted into energy within such a system.

Mass can be said to be the measure of gravitational energy in a system that is equivalent to the potential energy realizable from that system. Energy realizable from such a system is a function of the gravitation of the system, and such energy is a function of time. It is the rate at which energy may be yielded from the system which is important--all such systems can be said to be rate-dependent. All such systems can be said to "leak" energy, both radioactively and thermodynamically. The amount of energy being leaked from such a system is a function of the system's entropy and its gravitational size.

The energy realizable from the nucleus of a hydrogen atom may not be intrinsic to the structure of the nucleus, but the outcome of the interaction of the nucleus within its gravitational field. The hydrogen nucleus becomes like a small gravitational generator that is capable of drawing-off energy from the gravitational field and converting this energy into either heat, kinetic motion or alternative radiation. The power of this generator is a function of the size of the system to which it is attached, the larger the size, the greater its power.

The total sum of the mass-energy available to a system (potential realizable energy) is a function of the size of the total system. The total energy may not be instantaneously realizable simultaneously, but only at some variable rate.

Protons appear to be virtually indestructable little entities, except that I will speculate that in fact they can be disintegrated within a black hole of sufficient gravitational pressure. The packing of protons in nuclei and the condensation of the nucleons within nuclei that leads to mass defect, may be the degree to which the intermediate spaces of the neutron structures are "squeezed" in a sandwich effect that minimizes the distance between the protons.

We might understand how this happens if we see that the collision of two photons of light head-on may result in a "rolling" up of light either in a clockwise or an anti-clockwise direction, with one of these two directions entailing an spin in an open direction and the other in a closed direction. The result would be a positron and an electron with fundamentally different properties. If a rolled up photon of light were spun up on itself in a manner that it turned in the direction towards its center, then we can imagine that this would always be drawing at the end of its opening gravitational fieldlines that would continue to fold to its center. It is like a vortex of space-time into which gravitational fieldlines would continuously flow.

This model leads to speculation that spime may be composed of photons of light that are connected in open loop structures which structures flow in circles and waves, rather than linearly as we associate the passage of light.

The spime-gravitational model of space-time that I have invoked understands normal space-time to be fluid dynamic. It appears to flow in certain directions, in a relative way. If we are seeking to leave the gravitational pull of the earth, we are essentially "going against the flow" of the gravitational field that would otherwise carry us in a smashing way back down to the earth.

The flow of gravitational space-time appears to be perfect flow, as it encounters no resistance normally. All things flow with it. Resistance is felt as the inertia of energy required to accelerate an object in a specific direction.

The flow of gravitation also appears to be coursing in multiple directions at the same time, suggesting that gravitation fields are "stratified" upon multiple layers that relate to the magnitude and extent of the gravitational field. Local motions are defined by fields that flow in systems that are bound by larger systems, where the fields of flow are in different directions. A unified gravitational system includes not only the objects of mass associated with that system, but the surrounding gravitational fields that are defined by that system. All of these will move as a single system within a larger gravitational frame of reference.

The inertia of acceleration is in effect the energy required to shift the motion of an object of mass in a finite and precise direction against the grain of gravitation. It is far easier and less energy requiring to accelerate across a flat plane of the earth's surface than up a steep incline. No external energy is necessary if the acceleration is in the direction of the flow of gravitation. Once motion in space is established, the flow of space-time around the object gains equilibrium, such that the motion of the object will be a fixed property of the object in space-time. It's own gravitational fields will be associated with that object.

We may understand the spontaneous generation of electrons and positrons from the collision of quanta of light energy. We can understand as well the spontaneous generation of matter from the interactions of electrons and positrons that produce hydrogen atoms. Once matter is formed, it is possible to explain the generation of light and energy from the interactions of matter within its environment. What is lacking is an explanation of the original spontaneous generation of energy that produces this kind of process. The spontaneous generation of energy in the universe may arise from what can be called a gravitational vortex in empty-space time in which the normal non-isotropic flow of space time creates a fold or ripple effect

It is possible that heat energy or the universal microwave background represents both a black-body phenomena of a universal energy sink, as well as the process of the continuous spontaneous generation of photons of light energy from apparent nothingness.

We must ask, according to the cosmological principle, whether or not time is the same everywhere. If time were universally unidirectional, then we can understand the consistency and order present in the universe. It is hard to imagine different regions of the universe operating upon different clocks, or unfolding in directions that were different than how we experience change transformations. The integration of physical reality is fundamentally temporal in nature, and I hypothesize that this temporal integration is an important structural aspect of our universe.

The claim that the universe is synchronized to a single clock, that we cannot conceptualize an ordered universe without such universal synchronization, is a profound leap of faith to make, and it appears to superimposed upon the cosmological principle a kind of isotrope structure that, according to convention, should not exist.

If we collapsed the entire universe into a two-dimensional pancake, we can imagine a projection of this pancake in a single direction of time. If this universe were static-state, we can imagine that as we took our time slices at periodic intervals, the conformational structure and disposition of the various elements contained within the universe would remain fundamentally the same or in very similar position.

If we took the model and imagined an expanding state universe, as is currently the accepted model, we might imagine that time itself is fundamentally "growing" as the universe gets older and older. This conceptualization of time, time is non-linear in its basic interval characteristics or units.

Space-time as a coordinate reference system can be said to be infinitely complex, and is composed of a complicated set of energy-event processes that at least appear to be heterogeneous in structure and composition. A level of analysis is reached in which it is impossible to distinguish between the same system that may be self-consistent or componential in structure. Space-time as this is normally experienced and understood appears to have a great consistency and homogeneity of structure, but this appearance belies possible underlying heterogeneity of pattern and process. The entire cosmological principle rests upon a built-in presupposition about the fundamental uniformity of space-time. It is entirely possible that the structure and order of the universe upon one level of scale or size is completely different from the sense of structure and patterning upon other levels. The dimensional variables operating at the scale of the smallest possible analysis may be very different and fundamentally incommensurable compared to those dimensional variables at a very large scale. Clocks, measures of distance, volume, and change, may vary considerably and be entirely relative to the level at which it is analysis.

The heterogeneity and complexity of space-time upon an elementary level may in part be due to the infinitesimally composite structure of reality and a host of nth-particulates that may be occurring in reality. We may think therefore that all gravitation is of one kind, or all electrons, for instance, are of the same basic conformation and identity. Both gravitation and electrons may in fact be complex constructions of even smaller kinds of entity-event processes, and these may occur with differential frequences that lead to a continuum of variations of electrons or gravitation, for instance.

For the sake of analytical convenience, I will roughly divide the scale of physical reality between: 1. The very large, or macroscopic, which is the scale of the total universe as a system; 2. The scale of the normal function of space-time and matter that we experience in our everyday lives and expect to find whereever we may travel in the universe; 3. The elementary scale of the smallest known entities and event processes that are observed or inferred to occur.

One basic principle I will put forward is the central dogma of the cosmological ordering of event structures in physical reality:

1. The larger the scale, the longer and slower the temporal interval regulating all change events, while the smaller the scale, the shorter and fater the temporal interval.

2. Upon the largest scale, which would be the total universe, the scale or interval of change events is so large that such change is infinitely slow.

3. Upon the smallest scale, which would be upon an elementary level, the scale and interval of change events is so small that it is infinitely fast.

Therefore,

4. We may risk the generalization that the phenomenal occurrence of space-time is relatively to the scale upon which it is observed.

Upon some basic level, normal space-time as we experience this may have a minimal size-duration scale, below which the structure of space and time as this is normally experienced will no longer hold, or will be different. Understanding the scale of event structures as these occur in physical reality, with the idea that all event structures occur simultaneously upon parallel (independent), stratified levels, leads to a relativistic comprehension of the systematic differences of these event structures at different levels and scales.

We may further specify the following kinds of rules governing our understanding of the very small:

1. All elementary particles can be said to be fundamentally non-particularistic in structure. Even particles having definite mass can be said to be relativistically uncertain about some origin of their normal trajectory. In other words, we can assign to a particularistic particle any exact distribution, shape or position at any specific point of time.

2. All elementary particles can be said to be, in a sense, probabilistic event structures that define pathways and regionalities at which certain properties can be predicted to occur with a given likelihood.

3. It is possible that if any componential entities or forces compose particulate entities, these componential entities may exist in equilibrium with their surrounding manifold and hence are fundamentally replaceable, while the particulate entity itself may be quite stable and long-lived as a composite or corporate structure.

4. Specific predictable properties or distinctive traits may be assigned to particularistic event-structures associated with such particulate entities, and these properties are used to identify the "particle" as unique and isolatable in the universe, and as related to the background structure.

5. All particulate event structures represent systematic and predictable perturbations of a common and fundamental field that I will call the spime-gravitational continuum. No known phenomenal event structures in reality or in the total universe may occur outside of this continuum, though we may speculate on the possible shapes and multidimensional structure such a continuum may have.

6. The properties and pathways attributed to any individual or unique particularity in reality is the result of the complex pattern of interaction the background field upon the structural trajectory of that particularity. Different elementary particles arise as