Physical systems theory has been based on the elaboration of the paradigm of universal relativity of alternative state-trajectories of physically occurring phenomena in the total, dynamic state universe.
A realistic worldview without illusion or delusion is the right and responsibility of every citizen of a democratic world. A basic and inseparable part of this worldview is a fundamental cosmology of the physical universe, and a realistic, indeed scientific, understanding of the basic structure of physical reality. But these components of a realistic worldview are controlled by privileged people who teach us conventional wisdom about the world. Conventional wisdom now teaches us that the universe is a closed structure that has a definite age of beginning in a hot-big bang. Evidence of this structure is found theoretically by extension of general relativity, and also corroborated empirically by observations of red-shifts of distant light and of a background microwave field. But the interpretation of this evidence is usually left in little doubt, and the possibility for alternative interpretation of what we see and understand does not depart very far from the received viewpoint of things in the world. It is difficult to look out in the night sky upon countless galaxies that extend everywhere "as far as the eye can see " and to imagine how all of this can be contained at a single point in a single instant. Such a viewpoint invites critical questions like what came before, and what did this thing exist within, or how could it have been totally self-containing and spontaneously popping into existence. All the hydrogen that the visible universe encompasses was created in an instant, long, long ago, without change of fundamental state except through processes of elemental fusion and fission.
The dynamic state model rests upon certain basic presuppositions about the fundamental structure of the universe. According to this theory, the universe is:
a. infinite in extent.
b. stratified along a single infinite continuum of size and scale.
c. is composed of interchangeable forces & states that are fundamentally of the same basic ground state.
d. the entire universe can be said to be gravitationally dynamic.
There will always be more regions of the total universe than we can readily observe or indirectly infer. In all regions and at all levels of structural stratification, a certain consistency of structure and dimension are assumed to exist, such that we can state that the universe is everywhere at the same time of the same basic kind of physical composition and structure of reality. We can never directly comprehend or even indirectly infer the total universe, especially the entire contemporaneous universe all at once. We can only apply and attune our cosmological principle to the understanding of the larger structure of physical reality. Ultimately we do so on the basis of logic and inductive inference alone. We assume that for the total universe, the patterning of structure is in the largest sense non-isotropic and ultimately random. We do not assume an overarching order of the metastate universe beyond that which is observable within our own small region of it. This is not to say that a larger sense of order might not exist that remains essentially beyond our observation, but we might never come to clearly define this larger structure except hypothetically. The claim of a big bang model is really one for an isotrophic distribution of galaxies and clusters in space relative to one another.
If we could see "instantaneously"--if we could conduct observations that occurred at an infinite speed, then we would be capable of comprehending the total universe at the same time, in a single scan of the heavens so to speak. It is possible that if we could create and fine tune instruments that allowed us to scan the heavens gravitationally, then we may push the resolution of the heavens to far greater depths than we have by relying on light transmission alone. It would not only reveal a universe far deeper, but far more different, as we would be reviewing a near contemporaneous state system.
What we are really observing with redshift is summarized by the following kind of statement:
The further in depth we peer, the greater the red-shift. The further back in time we look, the more light appears to have become red-shifted. Another way of saying this is that old light appears red-shifted. If the doppler theory is correct, the universe was expanding at a much greater rate of speed 15 billion years ago than we notice today. Based on this, it is impossible to say if it is still expanding in a similar manner, has stopped expanding, or may be reversed in its direction of general motion. It is more plausible to suggest that as light gets very old in its sojourn through the space-time of the universe, it tends to shift toward the red end of the spectrum, and this shifting would represent a general loss of energy of the light. This loss may be due to the cumulative gravitational lense, or Einstein effect of the larger universe upon light, or just to some intrinsic quality of light in otherwise 'empty' space-time, or to some combination of factors.
The point is not to say that there is no expansion occurring in the contemporaneous state universe, but to say that there is no seeing what is happening in the contemporaneous state universe or inferring at any significant distance, and therefore it is impossible to say exactly what is happening at this moment everywhere else other than the earth. The logic of this argument is inescapable, and this alone is enough to overturn the plausibility of the big-bang as the dominant model of universal cosmology.
A point that can travel at an infinite speed can essentially be everywhere at the same time. We might refer to it either as an eternally vanishing or forever appearing point. For a system of infinitely small size, it appears that directionality of motion of the system becomes decreasingly important as a constraint. An infinitely small point that was universally instantaneous could exist anywhere at the same time. The directionality of light appears to be important for instance, but the field effects of light cannot be ignored. It appears that light forms an instantaneous field during its transmission. This field seems to unite all light occurring in that instant, if the light comes from the same discrete source. The directionality of light suggests for instance, according to our theory of motion, that light is a composite entity that composes a heterogeneous system. The components of this system remain together, and travel in the same exact direction. At some point, it appears, that even the Einsteinian probability that is associated with quantum mechanics may become increasingly uncertain until we can only evoke a model of universal possibility--a particular energy-event may occur anywhere, regardless of the structure of the system, at the same time. This range of unlimited possibility embraces what can be called a unified field. The probability of such a point occurring in any particular place will correspond exactly to the relative space-time density achieved at that point. The greater the density, the greater the gravitational effect that is associated with increased probability of occurrence across a differential gradient.
We may say that the universe appears to hold itself together in some mysterious manner. We understand this mechanical coherence of the universe gravitationally. We see how the planets are held to the sun, the moon to the earth, and the sun to a trajectory in a larger galaxy. We cannot really tell if there is some larger gravitational framework that occurs in the universe, although there does not seem to be beyond the scale of the super-cluster, which is itself an incredibly large scale.
I would argue that there is a larger "holding together coherence" of the universe, even if this is directionally non-isotropic. This holding together accounts for the consistence of the cosmological principle, and for the continuity of space-time and its gravitational effects wherever we may go. To understand this cosmological coherence, we must understand the structure of space-time itself.
Physical systems theory forms the basis for a universal worldview and an understanding of the fundamental structure of reality in a physical and scientific sense. Physical systems theory and method comprehends the physical sciences, embracing all areas of physics, chemistry and geology. It would include as well fields like metereology, astronomy, and oceanography. Physical systems theory is concerned centrally with the understanding of the natural patterning of physical reality, its structure and underlying processes, as part of a larger explanatory scientific framework. How we label knowledge and partition the methods and approaches to knowledge acquisition is largely a matter of convention, tradition, culture and the natural stratification of scientific knowledge.
In the development of physical systems theory, I have been focused primarily upon central theoretical problems that can be defined as the problem of the unified field, the fundamental integration of the physical structure of reality, and the larger cosmological implications that are forthcoming from alternative answers to these kinds of questions. I have developed a broadened paradigm of physical dynamics that encompasses the basic rules of thermodynamics to embrace a wider range of possible gravitational dynamic properties. This has lead to the development of an area that I have referred to as gravitational dynamics and mechanics. It is apparent to me now as I seek to extend this line of inquiry, that there are probably fundamental phenomena, and grand-scale phenomena, that are simply beyond the purview of our normal observational capacities as human beings. Conventional or even quantum mechanical models of how things work may no longer apply beyond certain ranges of size and certain periodicities of temporal measure. Attempting to go to this level may require somewhat more than building a super-particle accelerator. It may require even more importantly entirely rethinking the foundations of our physical world.I have sought further to extend the range of the mathematical languages and methods that are pertinent to this form of inquiry. Especially, I have attempted to apply new operational procedures, and to develop hybrid forms of mathematical theory and method that represent extensions of various kinds of mathematical problem sets, for instance set theory, control theory, game theory, and even basic number theory. This development has been consonant with earlier work that led in a similar direction in dealing with anthropological data sets and problems, and that provided the basis for a form of cross-correlational analysis that enabled the prediction and demonstration of implicit or emergent structural patterns that can be said to be consistently complementary, rather than causally determinative, structures. Thus I have attempted to give systematic operational procedures to what has been a distinction between complementarity on one hand and causality on the other.Furthermore, it has become clear to me that what has been lacking and downplayed in the development of physical systems theory are the philosophical metaphysical and logical underpinnings of such theory as well as the symbolic language that is used to define such theory. Ancient philosophers were among the first significant contributors to both mathematics and to scientific theory, and though they obviously were wrong on many points, their ideas also showed profound insights that stretched far beyond their limited capacity for observation. Theory must depend upon denotative language in a precise way, and this denotative capacity of language underlies the concept of parsimony or the application OccamTuesday, April 22, 2003s razor in scientific explanation. Physical systems theory also leads into applied forms of engineering and knowledge articulation, and it has been my interest to explore as systematically as possible the foundations for a form of gravitational and light engineering that extends beyond the understanding of conventional mechanical systems that we are familiar with today. There are many spinoffs of this line of applied interests, and it has suggested the development of hybrid space-based systems that would permit us to extend our energy platform on earth and to conduct much greater exploration and discovery in space than hitherto imagined possible. The central concern of physical systems theory comes to focus upon the basic and central questions of the elementary structure and dynamics of the physical structure of reality, as well as the question of the overall integration of the universe as a total system of our reality. The correct answers to these questions provide for physical systems theory the framework for the articulation of all other areas of knowledge about physical reality. It may not be obvious to very many people the manner in which the solution to one of these problems provides a framework for understanding and solving the other. Until we understand the physical structure of reality, upon a level far smaller than that of the atom or even of its particulate components, we will not gain a realistic cosmological view of the entire universe. If we could gain a realistic view of the universe, such a view might as well contain for us the seeds to the understanding of the basic warp and weft of physical reality. Furthermore, the correct answers to these questions would permit us to conduct successful experiments that serve to substantiate the general claims to truth, and to make predictions about phenomena in either a natural or experimental context that prove to be correct in a precise manner. A further constraint that helps to define and shape the structure of physical systems theory is that such knowledge in application should lead to the invention and design of entirely new technologies and methodologies that extend the compass of our knowledge about the world. This is true of course in all areas of metascience, but its demonstration is particularly evident in physical systems theory.Precision is important in physical systems theory and method in a way and to a degree that is unparalleled in other areas of knowledge. This is largely because nature tends to behave in a mathematically definable manner. Even its random patterning often reveals an underlying simplicity of structural determination and iteration that can be elegantly described in mathematical functions and equations. Being precise is important to all fields of science, but none so much as in the fields of the physical sciences. We expect high levels of precision in biological systems theory and also in human systems theory, but we do not have the same degree of mathematical reductionism and elegance of algorithmic solution that can be obtained in the physical sciences. Mathematical models of biological systems quickly grow into astronomical complexity and hence represent invariably oversimplifications of reality. It is apparent, that the order of determination for physical systems theory, that underlies all other naturally occurring systems, is perhaps more fully determined and less inherently undetermined and chaotically complex, by several orders of magnitude, than are biological or human-type psychological or social systems.Why nature is so mathematically describable and definable is perhaps beyond the capacity of science to satisfactorily answer. It appears that nature organizes itself into different componential units at different orders or scales of size and magnitude, and from at least a human observational point of view or a theoretical perspective, these units appear to be fully describable and discrete. But even in the physical structure of things we find a level at which the apparent order breaks down and entities begin bluring observationally and theoretically into relativistic kinds of phenomena. We have invoked notions of complementarity of process and structure in place of ideas of causal determination of these event-entities because straight-line, Newtonian type mechanism does not account for all the observational phenomena. We thus describe quanta in field relations and "fuzzy " particle processes that are locked in uncertain trajectories of time and place. If we extend this uncertain ground to a broader cosmological scale, the certainty of our observations and logical conclusions also begins to give way upon the furthest edges of our observational compass, especially when we begin taking special and general relativity of space-time and the speed of light into account. It appears to us, at least at this stage of our sciences, that we are bound by certain physical horizons of both the very largest and the very smallest that we cannot see beyond. And because we cannot see over these horizons of scale, our knowledge appears to become increasingly conjectural and uncertain in what may lie beyond.It is usually at this stage that we are prone to want to close our worldviews in a manner that says "reality " stops here. Thus, we can posit a fundamental "atomic " structure that is the smallest structure, and a closed "cosmic egg " that is the largest structure, beyond which we do not have to peer because there is nothing more than this. And as long as we lack reasonable evidence either for or against, we cannot safely argue against such a conclusion about reality.At this stage, our only reasonable recourse is to understand the basic structural pattern of reality we can see, and to try to extend this patterning in a logical way to the possible structure of reality we cannot see. What is most evident to myself at least is that nature is consistent in some ways and not in others. There is no reason therefore that this sense of consistency of structural pattern should not be extended to other levels. This is so especially if these patterns are ones of structural design, or systematic function and articulation, rather than just that of appearance and synergistic properties that we assign to the descriptive observation of an entity or an event in a larger context. I refer to this as the principle of systematic inference—observations of fundamental design pattern that appears consistent at many levels, indicate patterns consistent at all levels. From the standpoint of physical systems theory writ large, the cosmological principle, refined somewhat by relativistic considerations, is an example of this kind of systematic inference.
The key patterns that I would base systematic inference about the larger and smaller structure of reality are that of the systematic infinitesimal reducibility of scale, on one hand, and the systematically infinite enlargability of scale on the other hand. In no direction that we appear through our best telescopes, do we find a sense of an edge. If we want to relativistically enclose the light sphere of the universe, then we should consider the non-isotropic curvature of space-time that would make such a closed sphere impossible from an extension of the cosmological principle alone. At the other end of the size scale, every entity we can identify appears to be composite and only self-consistent in the sense of the holistic properties that serve to demarcate it as an entity in the first place. Thus we can speak of the inherent reducibility of such entities into their constituent parts or processes, and there is possibly no end to this.In other words, I have taken as basic heuristic models of physical reality certain implicit constructs, based upon the systematic implications and inference structures that are logically and naturally forthcoming from these models. For instance, we can hypothesize what I refer to as an "end state " or "zero state " universe. The implication of this model is that there is some fundamental and final state of physical reality, upon which all other forms and patterns of physical reality are based. This would lead to a conception of a "closed state " universe and also what can be referred to as a "finite state " universe. This can be contrasted with an alternative cosmological hypothesis of a "non-zero state " universe that the physical structure of reality is infinitesimally reducible and this would lead to an "open and infinite " state model of the total structure of physical reality. In other words, in this alternative conception, we cannot talk of the structure of physical reality in any final sense as being finite and basically limited. Systematic extension of the cosmological principle, both to the very largest and the very smallest scales that are available to us, suggests strongly that the latter alternative is the most realistic manner in which to understand the consistent patterning of physical reality. From a logical point of view, the former "zero-state " universe leads to the logical conundrum of asking what exists beyond the limited structure, or what composes the fundamental structure, of physical reality. From a natural or observationally deductive point of view, we have so far found no limits, either to the very large or the very small, and there is no reason to arbitarily impose such limits just because of our own relativistic and observational limitations.The model of physical reality that I have developed I have referred to as the dynamic-state universe. It rests upon several key principles:1. Universal non-observational relativity of physical field-event structure.2. Universal simultaneity of field-event structure.3. Universal dynamics of a unified field-event structure.4. The Universal equivalence of energy in the field-event structure.5. The Universal complementarity and symmetry of phenomena in the field-event structure.Before explicating these principles, it is important to explain the central role that gravitation and the structure of space-time play in this model, and to explain how this system of reality may be articulated upon elementary levels in a consistent manner. In considering the role of gravitation, I have broadened the laws of thermodynamics to take into account the energetics and force of gravity, which patterns appear to violate the rules of thermdynamics in basic ways. I have therefore developed principles of gravitational dynamics that are in basic ways complementary to conventional thermodynamics and that serve as the basis for a new field of gravitational dynamics, mechanics and engineering. Essentially, mass is the property of the measure of gravitational attraction or force. Mass differentials and variability, upon however a discrete level, become the basis for the development of systematic observations of gravitational phenomena. Thus, the precise and discrete measurement of mass perturbations in theory constitute the basis for the experimental observation of gravitational events. Mass is not an inherent property of matter, so much as it is the measure of the inertia or potential energy of a mass-based system. It is also a measure of the relative density of space-time that is associated with the size and shape of a given system of matter. We may say that space-time has self-mass that is equivalent to its intrinsic gravitational integrity. When we refer to space-time as being fundamentally isomorphic with matter in an elementary manner, I refer to it as "spime " and one of the qualities of spime is its gravitational integrity.Gravitation as a form of radiation has the contradictory property of working in the direction precisely opposite to its effects upon the structure of space-time, for space-time, as a dynamic consistency, appears to flow in a direction exactly opposite to that of the flow of gravitational radiation. We may thus conjecture that gravitation as it is observed comes in at least two, and possibly three, alternative forms or states. Otherwise, gravitation may be a general range of phenomena that encompasses several different processes and patterns under a common label, indicating a confused category and also indicating the lack of realistic knowledge about gravitation. The first alternative is that gravitation exists in at least two or more forms. In the simplest model, this would be in bound and unbound states. The bound state is the normal structure of space-time, or spime, that exhibits self-mass, or self-gravity, and hence gravitational integrity. This would be describable as a state of potential gravitational force and may be the basis for understanding the effects of entropy in thermodynamic systems and inertial constraints in mechanical or motive systems. This integrity of bound gravitation is exhibited best in classical Newtonian gravity systems such as the attraction of objects that fall to the earth. In this we can describe geodesic trajectories to the dynamic flow of space-time into the core or gravitational center of the earth, as well as the uniform acceleration of objects in a uniform gravitational field. The acceleration of objects may be more an effect than a cause, the consequence of the effect of crossing a gravitational gradient from diffuse to strong, a direction of travel that is precisely the opposite of that predicted by the conventional principles of thermodynamics. This gradient may furthermore be a function of, or at least a correlation of, the changing temporal scales that are associated with gravitational differentials. Change the scale of the clock of a system—making it smaller or larger, and one will accelerate or alternatively decelerate the motion of a system. From this theory, the universal gravitational constant may in fact be a variable, not only just universally variable, but universally relative to the gravitational system that it occurs within. This constitutes the basis of the first principle of universal relativity. The gravitational constant is replaced by a gravitational variable that is the product of a function of the relative gravitational size of a system that is being observed or measured. The problem with the natural field of gravitational systems in the universe is that gravitational systems occur upon multiple levels and form enormously complex structures of patterning. In understanding the order of this self-organizing patterning we may invoke a few rules:1. The strongest gravitational field is the most proximate focus.2. Stronger, local fields are subsumed by weaker non-local fields.3. Intermediate regions occur in which weaker fields from different origins are omnidirectionally self-cancelling.4. The gravitational dynamics of the strong local system occur independently of the gravitational frame of reference of the larger system of which it is a part.5. Gravitational systems tend in the long run to be self-organizing, and to seek a degree of maximum equilibrium that can be considered to be equivalent to a state of maximum entropy of the system. I would define such a state of gravitational equlibrium as one of dynamic rest. I define a state of absolute rest as a state of equivalent to absolute zero, or an infinitely empty system.a. Objects that occur within a dynamic gravity system tend to fall into permanent motional trajectories that optimize their gravitational equilibrium in relation to one another. In other words, in space-time objects are self-organizing in relation to one another, such that:1. The gravitationally dominant object tends to become the gravitational focus of the system.2. Systems tend toward total gravitational unification as a single mass-based system _ i.e., a black hole).3. More complex systems form of multiple mass-objects as a result of motional trajectories and other perturbing forces that may act upon such systems.4. All such systems tend in the long run towards self-perpetuating gravitational stability that tends to optimize the dynamic equilibrium of the system.b. A gravitationally unified system behaves, in relation to a larger and weaker background field as if a single system even if such a system is internally composed of multiple objects that may be in complex gravitational relations within the subsystem.c. There may be an infinite number of nested gravitational systems, each with a different reference point for the overall systems, and this describes the total gravitational field as a well system.1. Gravitational integration appears to occur simultaneously upon a range or continuum of levels of strength within a common field. We do not clearly understand the basis for this continuum, except to note with interest that it appears that different "gravitational clocks " apply to the same system at multiple levels. It is comparable to a quantum electromagnetic field in the sense that light from many different sources may pass through the same region of space-time with minimal interference, and remain equally resolvable in terms of its sources, as is commonly the observational occurrence astronomically. I would speculate therefore that as gravitation occurs as discrete quanta of radiation, in its unbound or active form, it occurs within a range of frequencies and wavelengths that are equivalent to the frequencies and wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, with the simplified formula that frequency = wavelength/speed of gravity. The speed of gravitational radiation in this case may not be the same as the speed of light, and I suspect that gravitation as an unbound form of radiation normally occurs at a constant that is far greater than the speed of light. Even high frequency or stronger gravitational radiation is comparably weaker than any equivalent or parallel form of electromagnetic radiation because the speed of gravitation may be essentially greater and hence the wavelength correspondingly greater by several orders of magnitude.We may further speculate about a periodicity of mass-bound phenomena that would be associated with the emission of gravitational radiation at different frequences/wavelengths. The changing clock of a system, either due to its atomic size or to its accelerative properties, will result in the emission of different spectra of gravitation. This phenomenon therefore explains the non-observational relativity of differential gravitational systems and the relative independence of such systems—essentially, they are functioning at different levels of frequency/wavelength and therefore with differential mass-clocks. These mass-clocks are therefore the measure of all periodic processes in mass based systems, and it appears that gravitational radiation even results in consistent perturbations of electromagnetic periodicity, resulting in the gravitational lense phenomena and the Einstein shift of light spectra in stronger gravitational fields. It also suggests that in a gravitationally unified system, mass is shared ultimately as a form of gravitational energy that results in the integration of the system as a single whole. This gravitational sharing of mass may be related at least indirectly to the phenomenon in nuclear physics known as mass-defect.On a more basic level, mass is associated with the relative discreteness of an "entity "--the more discrete and stable an entity, the greater its mass. Thus, protons and neutrons are more stable entities of greater mass than an electron, which mass is miniscule. Greater relativistic properities of complementarity and uncertainty are associated with electronic motions than with the motions of protons or neutrons, though the motions of protons and neutrons appear to occur in orbital trajectories as well. If a proton is nothing but a positron captured in a tight orbit, or "mass bound " and a neutron is nothing but a proton-electron pair that is caught in a similiar complementary "mass-charge bound " orbit, then we can understand the greater mass of the proton or neutron as an extrinsic function of the mass bound state of either entity, and the resulting interactions and periodicities of such an orbital trajectory with its elementary space-time manifold. Such an entity would regularly and predictably emit gravitational radiation as a function of any shift or change in its state, and this gravitational radiation would be experienced as the relative weight characteristics, or mass, of the entity.Another way of considering this is to state that the greater the atomic density of a fundamental particle, as for instance a proton, the greater its gravitational effect and hence its mass. So strong are the local forces involved in the organization of nucleonic structures that it results in perturbations of the space-time manifold, releasing gravitational radiation and resulting in what I refer to as "spime induction " and displacement.The spime manifold is the source of not only gravitational energy and radiation that may be produced by a nucleonic mechanism, but ultimately it is the source for electromagnetic and other forms of energy as well. It is like a spinning electro-static wheel that generates electricity by rubbing off electrons from a contact material. In this case the wheel is the spinning subatomic particle, a proton in its most stable form, and the latent gravitational energy of spime is its electronic energy.Gravitational radiation in its bound form appears to interact with gravitation in its unbound or active form in a manner that suggests that "for every gravitational action, there is an opposite but equal gravity reaction. " Gravitational radiation appears to affect the space-time manifold of an object, collapsing this manifold in the direction that is opposite to the direction of gravitational radiation. What is evident as an enigma of universal relativity is that the space-time manifold may be collapsable upon multiple levels and in multiple directions at the same time, suggesting that the structure of space-time, or spime, is itself complex and composite in constitution.It is possible that the gravitational constant may not be a constant at all, or even a variable, so much as it is an index that is entirely relative to the gravitational system that it occurs within.How to Make Matter
The problem of the creation or should I say production of matter in the universe is made simpler if it is realized first that all things are essentially forms of energy locked in different states, and all forms of energy are essentially equivalent to one another. If the basic principles of thermodynamics have been modified and expanded to embrace spime-gravitational dynamics, then it is clear that there is one principle that has been immutable, and that is that energy in its essential form cannot be made or destroyed, but only changed into some other state. There is complete conservation of energy in spite of the entropic losses to the environment. Gravitational radiation represents a form of entropy, but one that has the opposite results than would be expected of a form of energy. Its consequence is the seeming creation of greater order, rather than disorder. This is true when it is realized that gravitationally speaking chaotic patterns are high energy consuming patterns that exist in disequilibrium. Something imbalanced upon a scale is in a higher potential energy state than something that is balanced.Understanding the normal pathways to the production of matter in the universe therefore comes from understanding the principle of Einsteinian equivalence, and how otherwise fleeting forms of energy can become trapped and transformed into alternate forms of matter. All elementary particles therefore represent relatively stable states of transformed and entrapped energy in a feedback system that maintains its state-path trajectory in a dynamic and nonlinear manner. The other aspect of understanding the production of matter in the Universe is to realize that nature has made new matter from pure forms of energy probably forever, and appears always to have followed the same basic recipes. These methods, or should I say, pathways of production of new matter _ read creation) are stochastically determined as the natural consequence of the chance concatenation of the appropriate forces and agencies of the natural world. There is no reason not to suppose that the entire universe did not have its origin and take shape in the same basic processes that can be found to be continuing today. Just because we do not fully understand the exact mechanisms of this production does not mean that we must surmise or invoke processes or patterns to occur _ read creation events) that themselves have no natural explanation or that remain undefined within the larger scheme of natural processes.As a starting point in the creation of matter, I would claim that we start with the most basic form of potential energy that we know of. This would be gravitational energy that is bound within the fabric of spime, or contained within the structure of space-time itself. It can be demonstrated for instance that gravitational radiation is released as a process of spime-induction in large gravitating bodies. It can be demonstrated as well that this is the only known route for the production of light energy in the form of heat, and for the production of new matter as well. At the core of this mechanism is the explanation for how matter might have been originally forged in very large quantities in the total absence of large, centrally defined gravitating bodies. We realize that the only known sources for both gravitation radiation and electromagnetic radiation are the result of the action and interaction of electrons, protons and neutrons. Then we must explain the origin of both forms of gravitational and electromagnetic energy and stable elementary forms of matter in a hypothetically empty-state universe, or a non-Machian universe that is only composed of the fundamental substrate of space-time, and no matter.The most logical explanation is a kind of butterfly effect in the growing perturbations in the otherwise flat and evenly distributed fabric of empty space-time. Rather than a big-bang, hot cosmic egg model, the model I invoke of the empty-state universe is one of a process of cold fusion that does not occur over a millesecond, but over what would amount to eternal eons in our own time-frame that might yet be but a millesecond upon some grander cosmic scale. I can picture the fabric of empty space-time in continuous movement and flow, which flow becomes, for some reason, increasingly restless and perturbing of itself. I can imagine tremendous tidal surges and ripples of space-time forming, as well as cyclonic space-time systems in which waves flowing in one direction would come into contact with and interact dynamically with waves flowing in the opposite direction. I can imagine that in the vast intergallactic spaces, these same spime surges are occurring even as we speak. Because they are invisible to the naked eye, because we might only experience them if we were in their midst as sudden changes of time or even of relativistic spontaneous accelerations.As a consequence of these otherwise invisible but cosmic scale processes, I believe sufficient amounts of both gravitational radiation and electromagnetic radiation would be produced, either at the same time, or successively, depending on how we finally define the relationship between gravitational and electromagnetic energy. Energy would become quantized at different levels, speeds, wavelengths and frequencies, and this energy would radiate and dissipate into the universal sink of the empty universe. Perhaps this energy eventually becomes caught again and transformed back into the original substance of space-time in the first place. Space-time as the already unified field upon which quantized energy forms are configured must itself exist as a form of minimal energy. We can speculate that in its most basic and original form it had no state of absolute rest, but always had an essential restlessness about it. If we imagine the plucking of a taught string on one end, and the traveling of the vibration the entire length of the string, then we can see that the string is the space-time of the unified field of the universe, and the vibrations are the different active forms of light or gravitational energy that travel along its course. If we furthermore imagine that this string is in cross-section an infinite number of points stretching high and low across the vastness of the otherwise empty universe, then we can imagine the strings unwinding forever forward in time. We can imagine further more that one string that gets plucked, will reverberate with the strings next to it, and so on and so forth in a vast chain reaction that spreads from a point of origin, in time, like a cone of light spreading out from a distant light-house beacon. If we can imagine furthermore that the speed of gravitational relation is universally instantaneous, then the cone of light is not a cone but a instantly widespread fan that reaches all points at the same time. It is the integrity of time that is of consequence in the unwinding of these strings from moment to moment, and their reverberations across the field of relations.In contexts of gravitational vortices that are produced by cyclonic systems of space-time, light energy and free gravitational energy may be a standard by-product that is released. It is possible for instance that the widespread microwave background may in fact be a red-shifted field of light energy produced spontaneously, something like Cerenkov radiation. As a function of this light energy, the collision of light photons may be productive at low frequencies of electron-positron pairs, which pairs may then collide at even lower frequencies to produce neutron and stable proton nucleons. It is apparent that positrons are the building block of protons, though this process has never been observed experimentally or physically to happen, though it can be inferred from a reversal of the natural processes of radioactive decay of atomic nuclei. In other words, we observe positronic emission and the corresponding loss of an atomic number of an atomic nucleus. How a positron can be captured and rendered as the most stable of known subatomic particles remains unanswered. It is possible that in interactions with electrons that there is not mutual annihilation, but rather the formation of a neutron that is the result of the interaction at close quarters of the two anti-particles. This interaction might be explained in terms of a very strong magnetic force that bind oppositely charged entities. The decay then of a neutron into a proton-electron pair would explain indirectly the formation of a proton from an electro-positron pair formation, though this is not the only possible pathway.In understanding these processes, as with the formation of electron-positron pairs from the collision of light photons, it is apparent that energy vectors somehow become focused circullarly upon a stable node, indicating a new spin potential that, in unbound form, would have a linear vector form. If we can explain the emergence of new properties associated with discrete subatomic states and entities in terms of characteristic spins associated with these states at different levels, then we can understand more clearly how new particles may be formed by the capture of particles and energy forces in tight spinning trajectories. Characteristic of protons and neutrons is that they are so close in formation that they affect locally the structure of the space-time manifold such that they are able to break apart this manifold and realize the gravitational energy that is latent to the spime matrix. Mass is the product of this focused spin-momentum. If something like a predicted Higgs boson exists, then it must do so as a kind of "nth particulate " that composes the fabric of space-time itself. We are inclined to invoke a revised form of string theory to explain the kinetic patterns of subatomic particles and event-entities, except that it strikes me that even so called strings must be composed of some small components that constitute a system upon which the string resonance or motion would be based. There is no reason to hypothesize the a-priori and otherwise unexplained existence of basic strings unless they can be futher accounted for in some systematic manner.Protons and their associated electrons would pile up in equal numbers in the Universe as they would represent extremely stable energy forms upon which all matter would be built. This would accumulate in empty space over eons as hydrogen nuclei and free floating hydrogen atoms that would in time aggregate into large cloud formations, as are commonly observed in the world, and that would then subsequently coalesce as a function of relative density into gravitationally active and unified mass-based systems. In these systems we find the regular birth of new stars.It is clear that in this exposition on the production of new matter, that in the beginning our universe was an infinitely empty and relatively peaceful realm that went forever in any direction we may wish to look. Eventually, relatively small perturbations of the space-time manifold lead to titanic and probably cyclonic conditions that proved to be very productive of gravitational and themodynamic energy. This energy released, representing potential energy, would have had the effect of further perturbing the background field upon which it was based, which perturbences would then have increased in a positive feedback cycle. As increasing amounts of latent energy were released, and the background field grew increasingly turbulent, increasing amounts of new hydrogen nuclei would have been formed as the result of the increasing collision of spontaneous radiation.The only way to prove this experimentally would be to induce spontaneous light emission through the perturbation of gravitational fields on one hand, and to induce the spontaneous production of hydrogen nuclei through the intensive collision of light on the other hand. There may be a way of theoretically proving this to happen.It is evident that hydrogen nuclei, which appear ubiquitous in the background in every corner of the universe, has been formed steady as the result of explanable, natural and spontaneous processes that continue to occur. Hydrogen has gradually stockpiled in increasing quantities in the universe. In the original, empty state universe, there would have been no black holes and no stars. The first gallactic entities to appear would have been huge clouds of hydrogen gas and young bright stars. The formation of the first stars in the universe would have resulted in increasing gravitational perturbances, which would in turn have produced more hydrogen nuclei. Stars normally not only hold tremendous quantities of hydrogen gas, but throw out as solar wind vast quantities of hydrogen nuclei as plasma. This excess hydrogen is without a doubt originally created in the core furnace of the star itself, as the result of forces of gravitational and light fusion processes that occur there. The first stars were probably not overly large ones, but may have tended on average to be small and relatively long-lived entities. Formation of larger galaxies and of more exotic star formations would have taken considerable time to accomplish, but would be an inevitable outcome of an increasingly turbulent and dynamic universe.From this model, the only known mechanism for the production of elementary forms of matter is in solar furnaces, and the pathways of these productions have been identified. It stands to reason that planets like the earth were in fact once the parts of exhausted stars that possible blew apart or alternatively broke apart to litter the night sky. Alternatively, they may be amalgamations after the fact of larger meteroid or asteroidal bodies that were the byproducts of stars, coalescing in thick concentrations of dust and debris that are accumulated in the early formations of a star system. The earth itself may in fact be the exhausted core of a dead small star, long exhausted of its spent hydrogen, the remainder of which may have been trapped as water on the surface of the earth. It also stands to reason that the earth may in fact be far older in its rocks and substance than we imagine or think it to be, and that the original substance of the earth may have been far richer in heavier radioactive nuclei than we now think. Stellar explosions following collapse are a good candidate for throwing out into the emptiness of space the leftover materials that were the byproducts of the stellar furnace, especially in a relatively fine form that would invite reaggregation. Such explosions must be construed as gravitational events, as they would represent the sudden collapse and disintegration of a gravitational system that had been stable and unified for many billions of years. The relative distribution of elements in the earth may have at one phase of its life history been different than we now find it to be. The vast fields of debris that are known to exist in space suggest that all this debris is remnant of the stellar evolution and life-cyles of many stars, and the accumulation of the remains of many possibly violent episodes of collision, explosion, collapse and exhaustion of star systems. If this is so in our small corner of the universe, we should expect it to be more or less a similar condition prevailing in all other corners of the universe. Even so, we can imagine that however vast the total amount of matter accumulated in the universe may be, this in itself may yet be a finite amount or at least an infinite amount that is isotropically spread throughout the universe in uneven patches. Thus we should expect in the larger scheme of things vast "intergallactic " seas of space that are relative empty of matter and devoid of significant perturbance. Even in these regions though we should expect the intrusion of light and gravitational radiation, and hence possible consequences of this in such fields. We can guess the matter of the universe to be finite if its original formation occurred only in one region during one period of time, rather than occurring in many different, or even in all regions, at roughly the same timeline.The spontaneous formation of hydrogen nuclei in empty space as the result of light and gravitational interactions would result I believe in an expansive cloud of hydrogen that would diffuse infinitely into space. If hydrogen clouds form as gravitationally consistent or unified entities, then we should expect these formations to be the result of the gravitational forces that may have created such clouds in the first place. In other words, why would hydrogen accumulate in increasingly dense clouds, if they had a chance to form practically anywhere and to diffuse out forever into an open system. The accumulation of hydrogen gas clouds could be expected to be locally isotropic and cosmologially non-isotropic. It appears that such clouds form in an intricate interstitial network that can be described as nothing more or less than a four-dimensional hydrogen gas matrix.Such large clouds, in their original form, would be considered to be zones or hotspots for the birth of new young stars. Such star systems would be virginal in the sense that they would have been composed of relatively pure hydrogen without the accumulated debris of later star systems.If we are to push realistic size and age estimates on the inferrable universe, then we must become willing to entertain the astronomical possibility of trillions if not zillions of light-years of scale, and even these numbers may be but a cosmic second on the grander scale of the total universe.Blackhole formation and aggregation would be a natural outcome of this evolutionary process. It is yet unknown what the consequences of blackholes may be in the universe, but they appear increasingly to be a normal part of the current period of cosmic evolution and will become increasingly frequent in future epochs. It is evident that blackholes are serving the function of "cleaning up " the universe of matter, and it is my opinion at this time that most matter that is consumed within a blackhole, beyond the original supermatter of the blackhole itself, is largely disintegrated and returned to the universe entropically in the form of gravitational radiation of a very intense and strong form. This radiation must subsequently be absorbed back into the spime manifold from which it originated. Thus, unless we are willing to speculate upon the possibility of multiple universes, it appears that the blackhole represents the end-product of cosmological evolution that is based upon gravitational dynamics. It is possible that blackholes may accumulate in such numbers in the future that they result in the consumption of all existing matter in the universe, and even of themselves—at which point, we can imagine that the universe would end up as a single dominant blackhole or set of dominant blackholes that existed in stable and permanent gravitational equilibrium with one another, and around which all matter would accumulate. Fortunately, this is not a likely outcome as there appear to be natural size limits to the formation of blackholes, guaranteeing that enormous blackholes are unlikely to form in the near distant future at least. Whatever the outcome, blackholes should play an increasing role in the larger scale organization of the universe in the distant future. Hydrogen gas will still form in intergallactic regions, and new stars will still form in these stellar birth fields. It is unknown if two blackholes come into contact, and the larger or denser one consumes the less powerful one, if the less powerful one will be simply amalgamated to an enlarged dominant, or whether its mass will be further disintegrated, like that of other normal matter and energy.What is evident in this understanding of the cosmological ordering of the universe is that the universe is becoming increasingly gravitationally dynamic and therefore deterministic in its patterns of organized relations of matter. We cannot claim that in the far distant future the same cosmological principle that we impute now to the universe will still have the same validity or import of significance. It is expected for instance, that larger and larger Tuesday, April 22, 2003super clusterTuesday, April 22, 2003 formations will develop that are gravitationally unified around single dominant giant blackholes or else are the the product of the gravitational organization of blackhole systems or clusters in relation to one another. Similar, in the far distant pass we should not assume that the same cosmological order and distribution of matter existed as is observed today, even though our observations may take us back to at least 12 or 15 billion years previously. It should be expected that in the remote past, there were fewer if any well formed galaxies, and the galaxies that may have existed may have been smaller and further inbetween that observed now, in spite of conjectures and hypothesis of red shift and intergallactic expansion. If intergallactic expansion occurs, this must be considered to be a consequence of several things occurring simultaneously. First, it must be considered to be the result of the lack of gravitational unification between gallaxies, and hence any such expansion must be considered to be cosmologically non-isotropic in nature—more or less the product of random drift. This expansion may be the result of the natural expansion or growth of the space-time manifold itself, if we hypothesize feedback processes that may return radiative energy to the ground of space and time, or the natural creation of new space-time from either the expansion of matrix or else the "flooding " out of new spime from unknown sources. Afterall, if we are to speculate on the beginnings of the universe based upon the spontaneous production of energy and matter from preexisting spime, then we must also carry this argument to its logical extreme to speculate on the possible spontaneous production of spime, the stuff of space-time, from unexplained forces in the natural background manifold itself.If it is true that energy cannot be created nor destroyed, but only transformed into some other kind or form with different state-properties, then it is a consequence that a componential and non-zero model of the universe prevails, and that we must seek causal explanations of creation and origination of different energy states in the universe in terms of component precursors upon another, more basic level of integration, and that ultimately, this process of reduction towards the infinitesimal small in size is without possible end. It is evident also therefore that the universe of the very small appears far different from the universe of the very large, but the universe of the very large is founded upon and indirectly depends upon the conformational structures and underlying patterns of the universe of the very small. It is also the case that what we are capable of observing or even of infering about the universe, is only a small section of a much vaster and more complicated "meta-state " universe that combines different modalities or dimensions of reality than we know to exist in our own "present-state " universe. For instance, a multi-modal or a multi-dimensional universe may imply the existence of multiple parallel universe systems that otherwise are separate from one another except in terms of the dimensionalities and presence of the very smallest of the smallest processes that are shared in both.It also becomes true at this stage that we cannot presuppose the a priori existence of some zero or original state system that is itself without causal explanation or historical determination in a natural or stochastic manner. We cannot say that the ground of space-time is absolute and a-priori, and always existed and has no other explanation for its occurrence than this. If we presuppose an original, empty-state universe, then the original universe must have been empty even of space-time itself at least in terms that we understand it now. Neither time nor space would have had any relevance or consequence, and an eternity might be but a brief cosmic second, and infinity may have been but a singularity or an infinitely small origin point. Time is without distinction or even periodicity in an instantaneous state universe, and neither has space any sense of dimensional significance in such a universe.*****A basic principle in physical systems theory concerns what I would call the natural order, or what might be referred to as the "central dogma " of physical systems. This central dogma is based upon the principles of universal entropy—that all things tend in the long run toward the minimally ordered state.A second principle that is complementary to the notion of universal entropy is the principle of stochastic differentiation of natural systems, or the idea that natural systems arise as working systems through what can be called completely blind processes of chance determination. Another way of looking at this is to state that if we wish to create and maintain an ordered system in nature, of which there are many wonderful examples, then this system is achieved by a probabilistic combination of factors that are self-organizing. Such a system will be inherently underdetermined in structure, and this structure can be considered to be both dynamic in its possible alternative articulation and nonlinear in terms of the complex patterning of its state-path trajectory. A third principle that I would state for all real natural systems is the concept of systemic contextuality of any particular finite system. This principle is that all systems that can be delineated in a finite, real way, which encompasses a set over all real systems, exists within some larger context that serves to delimit and characterize that system in a constraining way in terms of certain extrinsic variables. Physically, we can say that all systems that are real exist in some framework that we can call spatiotemporal, and have the variables of time and size _ i.e., 3 space) that defines its pattern. According to this principle, we cannot have a system that is completely self-contained, or that is self-constitutive of its own context, just as we cannot have any real system that is without some sense of time and 3 space. Another way of imagining this is to try to see a system that is its own container, but that is not "contained " within any external set of relations or larger system of order. Any container we may think about is by definite a finite and limited container—hence any such system is always enclosed by and contained within a larger and more open background system that serves to constrain the properties of this container in basic ways.The only system that we may imagine as being self-containing in a complete way may be what we call the total universe, and this is problematic if we conceptualize the universe as an infinite-state model. As a total system, the universe then becomes a metasystem that is self-defining of its own context. If we adopt this third principle of the physical contextuality of all systems, then we can imagine no universe that is not contained within some larger physical system, and therefore we can conclude that the universe is probably infinite. This conclusion does not necessarily help simplify our understanding of the universe as it rather compounds our understanding with an inherent form of dilemma that are particularly troubling in our conventional scientific thought.The only other alternate system that we might imagine as being self-containing in some final or absolute manner might be some fundamental particle or physical "event-entity " that can be considered irreducible, atomistic, unbreakable. I have speculated that if we can relate the very large to the very small, implicitly, then if we can identify the ultimately fundamental event-entity or "particulate presence " of the universe, then this knowledge should reveal profound understanding of the largest cosmological scale of the universe. Invoke the notion of universal contextuality, or what I have termed universal relativity, it is physically impossible to imagine a basic fundamental entity that is totally self containing and that is not constituted by some finer and even more infinitesimal subset of "event entities " or "particle presences. "The model of the big bang or the cosmic egg as an explanation of cosmogenesis is in light of these principles problematic. First, it imposes a basic sense of ordered state preexisting a subsequent disordering event. Secondly, it imposes a model of how such an ordered state preexisted but was not in itself constructed. Thirdly, it imposes a self-contained model, that, even if it admitted a larger but "empty " space-time continuum within which it originally arose, would still beg the question of the articulation of this orginal structure, whatever its state, within a larger spatio-temporal context. It is for these kinds of reasons primarily that I have been led to a rejection of the model of the cosmic big bang as a satisfactory answer to the problem of cosmogenesis, or the origin of the physical universe as we know it.The alternative cosmology by which I have sought to explain the origin of the current state of the known physical universe is based upon the observation of common cosmological processes of solar systems involving the elementary creation of elements. It is easy enough to explain even the origination of hydrogen gas in preformed gravitational mass-systems, but it is impossible by this model alone to explain the origination of protons and hydrogen nuclei in the universe in hypothetically empty-space time. According to the above-mentioned principles of the central dogma of universal relativity, we should expect that, as we find, heavier elements are built up from the organization of lighter elements under special circumstances. We do not claim the magical prexistence of heavier elements from which lighter elements may have been fissioned or created. This reverses the natural order of stochastic self-organization.I have sought to invoke the processes of the fusion of light to the creation of hydrogen nuclei, which may in fact be captured positrons and positron-electron pairs _ i. neutrons) that may be mediated by neutrinos, and I have sought to demonstrate the possible spontaneous production of light-energy within apparently empty-space time as the result of gravitational surges and distortions of the structure of space-time leading to a kind of space-time cyclonic system. Space time is not viewed as empty in this model, but is construed as a dynamic, indeed turbulent background field the integrity of which harbors a great deal of potential gravitational energy, and hence, of latent mass. Our understanding of empty space-time is the result of its inherent invisibility and lack of interaction with electro-magnetic radiation, upon which our models of cosmology are based, and which constitutes what I consider to be a relatively free form of energy that is released normally in the universe according to basic principles of thermodynamics. Another way of seeing this is to state that if space-time is in fact a non-empty physical presence, then this physical presence cannot exist at the state of absolute zero, or what I would call alternatively as a state of absolute rest. Turbulence is the equivalence of proceses of vibration and basic kinetic motion, the by-product of which would be the release of thermodynamic radiation. This model therefore predicts the continuous spontaneous release of infrared radiation in the universe, which may become shifted toward the microwave range through a gravitational or Einsteinian lense effect. Most of this radiation is lost into the empty depths of space-time, as it is "unrealized " through interaction with any mass object. But a certain percentage of this radiation will interact through collisions of photons to produce basic electron-positron pairs and electro-static background fields within which hydrogen nuclei will be the secondary by-product. Thus, in such electro-statis fields, clouds of hydrogen will amass and will also begin interacting with one another to form what is more visibly observed as solar systems.The general trend of the universe therefore in terms of its cosmogenesis was logically the gradual emergence of matter from a space-time/light field background, and the gradual gravitational accumulation of this matter into heavier and heavier systems which, depending upon their size, had different outcomes and state-path trajectories. The original-state universe was probably one that was fairly empty and smooth and without a sense of time, if time we understand as the process of change. Turbulence increased in this empty and infinite system, with turbulence causing more turbulence, if we understand turbulence as an expression of a basic form of energy that would be equivalent to all other forms of energy, and if we understand that this basic form of energy is indestructable but tranferrable and transformable. If we are to take one step further back and question the origin of the original empty universe itself, then we must inquire about processes we can scarcely imagine that may involve the creation or at least conversion of the latent energy of space-time from some other form or source. It is possible to speculate about anything, and in this we can find reason for wondering whether or not new space-time, as potential energy, might not continue to be created in an unnoticed manner even at this passing moment as we speak. We can only imagine therefore a larger metasystem of which all space-time as we know it is contained within. Cyclonic systems of space-time flow that might develop on a grand scale may have a consequence of releasing tremendous amounts of gravitational radiation, or free gravitational energy, from the potential sink of space-time. As is everywhere apparent, the release of electromagnetic radiation may have been a natural side-effect of this gravitational generator. There is no reason not to consider that these processes are not continuing today somewhere in the vast emptiness of the universe. An infinite system cannot be a subset of a finite system, but any finite system is always a subset of some larger containing infinite or finite system. An infinite system can only be contained by another infinite system that is larger _ in terms of its class membership) It follows that if we specify a certain subsystem to be infinite in extent, such as the class of all physical matter in the universe, or the class of all light energy in the universe, then we must logically conclude that the larger system that contains these classes of phenomena must also be infinite in extent.If we logically carry our original principles to their extreme, then we must conclude that indeed the potential energy of the background field, if it indeed exists, must be part of a larger encompassing field of relations of which it is itself but a single class of expressions that we are aware of at this time. New space-time must be the by-product of processes or mysterious forces we are at present unaware of. We can only wonder if the consequences of the addition of new space-time, except to speculate that the universe may be in a sense literally growing or expanding at its seams, so to speak, but we who live within the fold of its seems do not normally experience this process of expansion. Is it possible that something that is infinite can still be increasing in its size. If it is increasingly in its size, this size is relative and proportionate to alternate size-states, and hence this rate of expansion, if it is a steady rate at all, must be expressed as either a dimensional constant or else as a dimensionless value. If the original universe were infinite to begin with in extent, then it is likely that it could have undergone infinite expansion and yet its total size would remain essentially the same. In this model, we could not imagine a non-infinite original cosmic egg.I would speculate that the total proportion of matter to space-time will remain the same in all phases of the expansion of the universe, even though the relative distribution of this matter will change gradually over time. The expectation is that the number of blackholes of sufficient size should increase with time, and eventually blackholes will grow numerous enough to interact with one another in more interesting ways. The amount of heavy matter will stockpile in the universe, especially in relatively stable forms like iron, and even in spite of this stockpiling, the total universe may remain as proportionately empty as the "day " before there was in noticeable matter or its gravitational effects at all. The differential distributions or the various ratios of different forms of matter and energy will change gradually over time, but the overall proportions of these forms, or the total content in relation to the total "volume " of space-time, will not have essentially changed. There is another paradox involved in this understanding, as time in any absolute sense does not exist. There is a sense that the sense of time in an originally empty but infinite universe was in a sense "timeless " or alternatively, if as a second by our own standards. Time if we understand this as a on going sequence of events, or alternatively as a periodic cycle, would have had little significance or value in an empty universe in which there were no events in the first place. Space, as we conventionally understand this in a Newtonian manner as 3-space, may have not had any sense or non-relative significance as well in an empty-state universe. It could be infinite, or it could as well be the space-confined to the size of a pin-head. It would have been essentially "space-less ".One conclusion, if these speculations have any validity, would be that space and time are becoming, with an increasingly differentiated universe, more and more "determined " and pronounced in their effects. These effects would be entirely relativistic, but in a sense we could see time as either "slowing down " or "speeding up " depending upon the point of view we adopt.Whatever the case may be, the picture of the total universe as a probably infinite metasystem and of its cosmogenesis from a hypothetical "empty-state " paints a very different picture of our shared natural history than the one in which we are told that everything formed in an instant in a big-bang. It is a picture of the gradual accumulation and stockpiling and differentiation of forms of energy and alternative states of matter, and the resulting dynamics that are the consequences of these variations of pattern. If we go back to our original dogma of conversion of physical systems, we see that more non-basic systems were created from more basic systems, and that probably, light energy came before and ultimately formed the first matter, which matter subsequently coalesced gravitationally to form subsequent phases and more dense distributions of heavier matter. Going backwards, we can imagine that all light energy is ultimately produced or an alternate form of gravitational energy, and all gravitational energy this is released as a force or form of radiation is originally a latent energy in the fabric of space-time itself. Another way of saying this is to state that all matter is derivative of basic energy, and all energy is convertible and equivalent to one another. Derivative energy is based upon more fundamental forms of energy. The same dogma of creation or origination holds for the creation of elements, for we can see clearly that derivative atomic nuclei are built up from more basic components, and upon another subatomic level, the same dogma accounts for the construction of heavier baryons from lighter leptons and classons, and that ultimately, we have light and gravitational energy that constitutes the basic forms for the creation of all other forms of subatomic particle. I will assert that this is the central dogma to explain the origin of all matter, of the stars, and of the entire universe itself, and this dogma applied to all phases and to all corners of our universe.The central dogma of universal relativity invokes a model in which more differentiated systems are stochastically derived from more basic and undifferentiated forms, and these differentiated systems are always constrained and tie back to these undifferentiated forms via the laws of universal entropy, of which thermodynamics and gravitational dynamics corrollary subsets. Natural systems, however undetermined in any absolute way, are nevertheless working systems that require energy to maintain order over time and space. This work is achieved through complex self-organization in natural systems.The space-time field itself is without time or space, therefore it can be infinite and eternal and simultaneously as if a moment in a single event-space. Gravitational energy that is not directly related to forms of matter may be a composite heterogeneous form of energy and this energy may have a velocity that is instantaneous or near instantaneous. We might understand the background field of space-time in the universe not only as an infinite energy sink, but as an energy reservoir or well that is infinite, and also as a perfect black-body radiator that continuously and spontaneously generates low levels of a form of energy, of which standard thermodynamic energy may be a component or an indirect consequence.*****The other interesting consideration of our alternative cosmology of the universe and physical reality is to understand time as an ongoing process. We speculate upon the importance of a principle of universal simultaneity, that all periodic events occur simultaneously in the physical universe at the same time, though the rates of these events are relative to the size and energy of the system of which they are a part. Another way of seeing this is to understand that in reality, nowhere in the universe, is there a yesterday or a tomorrow. There is only and always a "now " that is always unfolding. Light that reaches us from across lightyears of space-time are not yesterday visiting us now, but merely old light in the now that retains the patterning of yesterday in its own manifestation. The same "now " that is happening as I write this or as you read this, is the now that can by hypothetical inference be said to be happening in the most distant corners of the universe. The now that unfolds here is in many ways independent of the now hypothetically unfolding elsewhere, but in another sense, the multiple "nows " may in fact not be independent of one another fully. The universe in other words appears to have a way of "hanging " together even if it would appear in a bigger picture that everything should be "falling apart. " It hangs together in terms of the structured order of principles that appear to govern the same patterning of the structure of physical reality everywhere in the same way, guaranteeing that the light that reaches us has the same form and function as it did 10 billion or 20 billion years hence where and when it was first originated. In a hypothetically simultaneous state universe, the same now could be infinite "x " size, or 10 times "x " size, or even "x " by "x " size, and yet still be equivalent of only the size of a dime. In other words, in a simultaneous state universe, size would not matter, and infinite distances are equal to no distances at all. The size and shape of the space-time interval we experience would be entirely relative to the conditions under which we experience this interval, relatively to some larger frame of reference. Phenomenal time as the on-going "now " of every new and changing event, does not start in one place or have an origin or source and then travel outwardly—it occurs everywhere all at once at the same time, or what I call it simultaneously in a universal sense.The fallacy of the big bang model based upon the observed red shift of distant starlight is the fact that we cannot by this starlight judge the contemporanous disposition of the systems that originally produced this light, and thus our observational universe is confined to a cone of observation that is governed by our relative position near earth in the solar system and the constant of the speed of light in empty space. Because we cannot judge the current disposition of the universe, we cannot judge if the contemporaneous state of the universe is the same as the state we appear to see through our telescopes. In a local and even regional sense of our own galaxy and solar system, these discrepancies are probably not very significant, but this sense of discrepancy increases exponentially with the depth of space-time that we comprehend.We must deal with the paradox in the big bang model that the light from 15 billion years ago, in all directions, appears to be uniformly red-shifted. We encompass a sphere of 30 billion lightyears across that existed 15 billion years ago, and this sphere is supposed to provide us evidence of a contracted state, not of an expansive state. The way theoreticianTuesday, April 22, 2003s have sought to solve this dilemma is to interpret EinsteinTuesday, April 22, 2003s general theory of relativity in terms of a uniform curvature of space-time, and hence of light, such that if we had a telescope with clear resolution of 20 billion years hence, what we would be seen from that depth in space-time is not a 40 billion light-year optical diameter of early space, but a single point beyond which we could not see. Everywhere we look, we would see the same point, and if we looked from any vantage point, we still could see nothing more than this single point. I find this kind of reasoning not only unparsimonious, but lacking in the common sense of what we are actually observing, regardless of the red shift. The simpler and more reasonable model is that light from 15 or 20 billion light-years hence is in fact what it appears to be, an expansive light cone radiating from the origins of multiple stars. What we would expect at a level of 20 or even 30 billion light-years depth would be a comparatively younger and probably more empty universe, but one that probably spans at least 20 or 30 billion light-years of space-time in compass, and probably, by logical deduction and extension of the cosmological principle, a much greater region than this. This is not to say that the red shift doesnTuesday, April 22, 2003t provide some kind of evidence for an expansion process occurring, which I believe it does, but of an expansion of the space-time manifold itself through which the light proceeds itself, and not of any hypothesized big-bang event at the other end of every tendril of light that reaches the earth from every direction. The red shift would also be interpretable as a universal gravitational lense effect, or an Einsteinian shift of cosmic proportions, which would imply that the larger the field of space-time that light crosses, the greater the net gravitational forces that affect that light. Both kinds of answers may be alternate explanations of the same underlying cause, if we see the universal expansion of space-time as the general augmentation or increase of gravitational potential implied by added space-time. Still, I see no logical necessicity for invoking an exotic model of a big bang event. The only equivalent of a big bang kind of event that may have occurred in the remote universe or periodically in the total universe would be some kind of cosmic explosion event, perhaps resulting from the destabilization of a very massive blackhole system.It follows from this line of argumentation that the further afield we consider, the less we are able to either predict or tell of the current disposition of event structures over the large and long run of the inferrable universe, even if we must conclude that such event structures are occurring regardless of our ability to observe them or not. It also follows therefore that this contemporaneous disposition of the universe is probably not inconsistent with the observations we are capable of making in relatively short distances, and therefore the proper application of the cosmological principle to the inferrable universe would be that the remote disposition of stars and processes is practically like it is in our own galaxy and small corner of the universe. If we could perchance transport ourselves instantaneously to some planet in some other remote galaxy of the universe, the observations we conduct from there would probably yield a very different cosmography than we ourselves are capable of seeing from earth, but we would probably reach the same conclusions concerning the basic disposition, composition and processes occurring in the universe.I do not wish to belabor this point, but I believe our predominant models of cosmology and cosmogeny have been hung up on the observational relativity of our own vantage point of earth, and also from a kind of observational "geocentrism " of understanding the overall configuration of the universe. If every direction, or opposite directions of observation, ultimately reach the same origin point, or all become the same direction, then there is no longer any need to observe the entire universe or the vast stretches of the nighttime sky to render a valid model of cosmogenesis, but only to focus upon one specific point, any specific point with enough resolution. The absurdity of this is more than just its lack of logic or its twisted logic, but its incommensurability of the observations that we are making. The alternative possibility immediately strikes me that the light reaching us from opposite directions, say a perpendicular from the north pole and from the south pole, are in fact actually coming from opposite directions, and do not intersect at any other point than at the point of our own observations on earth. Therefore, if this is ultimately the case, it follows that light emitted from any single source omnidirectionally, will travel in opposite directions at the same rate and, unless somehow intercepted, will continue to travel in different directions without convergence or eventual interception. Light that has traveled a certain distance of space-time in any one direction, could hypothetically have traveled in any other unimpeded direction for the same distance of space-time, and from omnidirectional light-sources like stars, probably did travel in multiple directions simultaneously without intersection. Thus, light emitted from such stars from 15 billion lightyears distance, probably had the opportunity to travel in every direction 15 billion lightyears, and hence describes a sphere of light distribution that is at least 30 billion lightyears in diameter. We can push this argument logically to conclude that the empty universe is basically an infinte universe and eternal, and 30 billion lightyears circumference would become 60 billion, which wold become a sphere 120 billion, and thus 240, and so forth without limit. So it goes, without any uniform closure of space-time.However large and old we might speculate the universe to actually be, we must speculate that in its current disposition it is always in a simultaneous state of unfolding. This hypothesis of universal simultaneity is necessary for the universal coordination of event structures and for the hypothesis of the general or special relativity of such structures. The universe might be expanding in space-time in precisely those regions in which local gravitational unification does not occur, relatively speaking.*****In attempting to define the problem of the integration of reality and its relationship to a unified background field of the universe as a larger, metastate system, I have posited the following paradigm:1. If all things, events, and relationships are fundamentally composed of energy, and if all forms of energy are interchangeable _ universal equivalence), and if energy cannot be fundamentally made or destroyed but only transformed into some other form _ universal conservation), then there are two conclusions forthcoming: a. The total amount of energy, in all forms contained within the universe, is the same for all periods that the universe has existed. b. We may hypothesize a fundamental energy form, the "z-force " _ or zeroth force) that exists as the fundamental constituent process of all physical reality. In reference to "a " above, I speculate that the universe may be infinite or finite, but if it is infinite, then there is in a sense no "total amount " of energy, only an unlimited amount of energy. I am of the opinion that the universe is basically open and infinite, because, for myself at least, the paradox of an infinite universe is easier to reconcile with basic observations and logical relations, than the hypothesis of a closed system that leaves unanswered basic contextual questions that would explain such a system in the first place. At least in an infinite system, one that in my model of the dynamic state universe is infinite in more ways than one, the question of ultimate origins, or ultimate contexts, can be forever deferred or perpetually "framed " upon the margins of our knowledge. Science ultimately cannot answer these kinds of questions, and therefore science seems better served by the former than the latter kind of model.In reference to "b " above, this "z-force " must have properties that enable it to be transformable into all known forms of energy or particle states. I will speculate that these properties must probably include the following attributes: basic symmetry of structural patterning; a hypothesis of infinite speed, which is equivalent to an infinitely slow _ or fast) temporal process; the characteristic of infinite dimensionality, or what I will call omnidirectionality. Understanding these relationships must be fit within a paradigm of universal relativity and simultaneity that I have devised. The fourth dimension of time must be seen as an open structure. The conceptualization of time as a dimensional or spatial characteristic, as in the "curvature " of space-time, is erroneous if we consider that time lacks any structural continuity from the past to the future, but always exists as an ever emergent present moment. Because the known universe appears to lack the temporal dimensionality or continuity, it can be hypothesized to be fundamentally open and infinite because it is eternal, or without the basic constraint of time. The ordering of time is always one-directional, at least in the known universe. Time always unfolds in one direction, which I will designate as forward, and unfolds in the same direction everywhere in the same manner. It is evident to me that this ordering may be a key to understanding the possible multidimensionality of physical reality beyond the four dimensions that we are familiar. It underlies the basic laws of mechanics as we observe these at least upon a conventional or classical level. Any one thing may move in only one explicit direction at a time. Discrete directionality is a property that we associate, for instance, with a photon of light. We cannot say if a photon travels as a single entity in a straight-line or geodesic trajectory through space-time, or if it is actually like a blinking, unfolding string that unfolds in an explicit direction at any given point in time. We do not know how explicit this fundamental sense of direction may be, though we may assume that it is not infinitely explicit in the sense that, over the trajectory of the long run, a photon of light will have a "cone of dispersion " or a specific area of a focal front, that it can be expected to occur within. How large or small this cone of dispersion may be over the long run is unknown, but, if it is large, then light would become at some distance from its source, even in empty space-time, fundamentally unpredictable as a precise directional indicator. Fortunately for us, light almost never occurs only in single or discrete photonic emissions, but almost always occurs in multiple photonic emissions that appears to create a field or wave-front that unfolds through time and that acts in a simultaneous manner within its range.It is the nature of this interaction in a common field that provides evidence, I believe, for the hypothesis that space-time has characteristics, or a fundamental structure, that needs to be taken into our account of the universe as a whole, or its fundamental texture. It might make ulimately little difference to view light as a perturbation of a common background field or as a particle or event-entity that travels as a unit through space-time.The simultaneous structure of time is what is of interest to me. As in one way it appears that from one moment to the next there is no real connection, but in another manner, there is. In a sense, the inertia of acceleration or change of direction or motion represents a shift in the local structure of the temporal continuum. Things, structures, systems, "hang " together physically in time because of basic forces, in spite of the motional characteristics of such systems. This hanging together is a characteristic of certain forces, especially of gravitation, but also of the strong nuclear forces and the electro-static forces of molecules and atoms. I must wonder, on a different level of electromagnetic radiation, whether light in light fields, that can be considered concurrent, simultaneous wave fronts, do not hang together in a similar kind of way. We can understand this hanging together gravitationally, and see something of the underlying structure of gravitational fields in space-time, when we realize that local stronger fields hang together on different levels than more dispersed and weaker fields, and when we see that there is little or no gravitational relationship between systems, as for instance, distantly separated galaxies, that appear to have no shared gravitational field, or gravitational unification, at all. In this case, the non-isotropic structure of the background field as necessitated by the cosmological principle holds. We can find evidence of very large gravitationally unified systems, large spiral galaxies, or even clusters, that appear to hang together over considerably vast distances. The hanging together on a certain discrete gravitational level demands that such systems, as unified systems, share a certain property of temporal coordination or simultaneity of event structure that is relative gravitationally to the system as a whole. Part of this is seen as a coordination of motions, which pattern tends to achieve stable trajectories. Part of this is seen as a basic freedom of motion within a commmon gravitational framework, if a common gravitational ground is shared. The only restriction is that objects cannot collide with one another, which they frequently do, as collision would result in a form of destructive perturbation within the system.Space-time _ or spime) may not be evenly distributed throughout the universe, but may be thicker in stronger gravitational fields, and thinner, or more rarefied in weaker fields. There is a continuum of spime that ranges along a gradient of extremely rarefied, on one end, to extreme dense on the other end. We may find extremely dense states of spime not only, I believe, in a black-hole, but also, less perceptibly but more common, in the nucleus of an atom that may from a certain gravitational standpoint constitute a kind of mini-blackhole of matter. The spime continuum suggests that spime may take on various alternative states depending upon the contexts of its occurrence. This continuum also accounts I believe for the fluid dynamic properties that appear to be characteristic of spime—space-time flows much as water appears to flow in the ocean. This flow may be the proximate cause of the motion of things in space-time. The object may not be in motion so much as it is like a passenger of a space-time vehicle or bubble that is in motion and that carries it with it. If this is true, then the inertia of motion is the energy required to displace the manifold connected to an object in a certain direction. If this is equivalent to the reseting of the clocks associated with the objects, then the clock and the time it represents consist of nothing more than the relationship of the spime manifold embodying an object to the rest of the maniforld in the universe.The temporality of any object is therefore set by and equivalent to the gravitational field that serves to embed that object within a larger spime manifold and that links that object in its characteristics to the surrounding world. As is now well known, these linkages can be demonstrated to be entirely relative.If a blackhole is a entity composed of almost pure nucleonic mass, then we must speculate that such an entity is by definition almost entirely positive electro-statically. Such a entity may have enough gravitational force to accomplish the annihilation of electrons that may be pulled into its core, which annihilation would involve the radioactive emission from its core of neutrinos and possibly of positrons that would also be annihilated, resulting in the spontaneous emission of very intense photons of light.*****Space-time can be accounted for in terms of differential gravitational fields, and it follows that size and periodicity, motion, direction and inertia, are characteristics of such fields, or the properties that are differentially affected as dependent variables as a consequence of such fields. Change is the basis for understanding all dynamic processes of the universe, and the foundation for understanding change is to understand the basic forces that underlie all change. Change can be defined therefore as the dynamic energy processes that occur in the background field, as a function of the conversion and action of basic physical forces. The model of the dynamic state universe is one that is based upon the principle of change. We may state the following set of principles:1. All things real change.2. All real changes occur as the result of basic energy dynamics.3. Rates of change are relative to the dominant gravitation frame they occur within.Intrinsic change may be said to be the state change that all things undergo. It is inherent change we most closely associate with our concept of time. Extrinsic change is the change of relative position of anything. Intrinsic change is related to extrinsic change in an inverse manner through the principle of special relativity—periodic processes associated with intrinsic change slow down when motional processes associated with extrinsic change speed up.It is important to understand that the total universe, as a metastate system, may as a total and possibly infinite entity, may itself not be subject to change. If it is true that the smaller the entity the faster the rates of change, then the smallest entity imaginable, if it is infinitesimally small, will change at an infinitely fast rate. If it is true that the larger the entity in terms of its atomic size, then the slower the rate of change, then an infinitely large system will have an infinitely slow rate of change. An infinitely small entity that has an infinitely fast rate of change will be an instantaneous, or a universally simultaneous entity, as it will occur everywhere or anywhere at the same time. If this definition is true, it would be impossible to isolate such an entity as it could be anywhere at once. In this we can understand the fundamental structure of spime, or space-time, and the principle of universal simultaneity in the temporal dimension that it exhibits. Change occurs infinitely fast and infinitely everywhere at the same time in the most fundamental structure of spime.Time is the relative differentiation of rates of change based upon the relative size of a unified gravitational frame of reference. Universal relativity depends upon understanding the basic gravitational dynamics that govern the universe, and the fundamental change processes underlying these dynamics.I am of the opinion that the infinitely small may be the equivalent or identical to the infinitely large, such that if something is infinitely fast it is the same as being infinitely slow. Time has no meaning in either an infinitely fast or an infinitely slow system.The z state is the fundamental state and is an unchanging state. It can be said to be the original and ultimate state, the most fundamental and most universal state. It is categorically and absolutely an empty state, and thus its relationship to what in thermodynamics would be called absolute zero and in gravitational dynamics absolute rest. We may imagine the z state as similar to the principle of singularity, and these may in fact be synnonymous.The z force is the fundamental differentiation of the z-state, and is the fundamental form of change of physical reality. All other forms of energy relations and dynamics in the universe are based upon subsequent and higher order integrations of the z force. The challenge of physical systems theory, if this hypothesis is correct, then would be to explain in a systematic manner the differentiations of the z force that results in the observable matter and forces that compose physical reality. It may be possible that the differentiations that we observe are only a narrow band or spectrum in a much larger continuum of alternative differentiations, which would imply that the total universe as a multistate system is a multidimensional system.In order to understand this, we need to understand that time in our known universe travels in only one direction, or forward. In an infinitely empty universe, that is undifferentiated, the dimension of time would be flat and infinitely open. In a dynamic state universe in that is gravitationally differentiated within a continuum, all time travels forward, but in a curvilinear manner. The curvilinearity of time therefore in a dynamic state universe is variable relative to the predominant gravitational field that it occurs within, resulting in convolutions of this surface, like a sheet of rubber that is twisted and bent in many different ways, but on its surface still remaining a sheet. This sheet cannot be closed in the spatial dimensions, because if it were then time could not travel in a forward direction.It is possible, in this scenario, that alternative state universes that are in a sense "parallel " to our own, or non-intersecting, occur in a way that time is traveling in another direction than "forward " in our universe. The forward direction of time in our universe is the same for all event-structures contained within this universe. Alternate state universes would be unfolding at the same time, but they would be unfolding in directions basically unobservable to our selves. Alternative state universes would in a sense interpenetrate one another in the same space-time framework, but not intersect one another.It is possible that the metastate universe is in fact a closed ball in which time is the surface. Any one direction of time on the surface would represent the expansion of the ball. The total observable universe would be like our standing on the surface of the earth, trying to see over the horizon of the earthTuesday, April 22, 2003s curvature. Our telescopes our our towers that allow us to stand taller to see further, expanding our compass. Whereever we travel in our universe, we in a sense would be carrying our own time with us, or any mechanism of transport that we may adopt would entail being permanently encapsulated in our own temporal framework. It would be as if being confined to the north pole of the earth, and every direction we move, the earth shifts its poles in the direction that we move. Only if we could travel at an infinitely fast speed, in which case we would be infinitely small, at least in the direction we are traveling, could we hope to overcome the relative limitations of our own temporality. Only then could we shift dimensions of the universe. It follows that the universe that we are capable of observing is not the universe that we currently exist within in a simultaneous state. It is a universe of infinite yester-years that reaches further back in time the further we reach with our telescopes.Light fields cannot close upon themselves because they are not infinitely fast, or are non-instantaneous. Only instantaneous event structures may be said to exist within a closed-state system. Light-fields do curve dramatically as a result of their finite speed, but this curvature is not self-enclosing in the temporal dimension.The infinity of space has nothing to do with the possible self-enclosed simultaneous state universe—this enclosing is a purely temporal and simultaneous process. If we travel through space, we cannot know what the temporal curvature of our surrounding manifold is, unless there occurs deceleration or acceleration that we have not otherwise predicted. The universe may be said to be unconstrained and totally open in the first three dimensions. It is only constrained in the fourth dimension, and this temporal constraint limits our motions and directions in 3 space. If we could travel instantaneously, we could travel through the total universe and would return back to where we were, in less than a blink of an eye—in fact, we could go in any direction and return to the exact same position without an lapse of time whatsoever. We would circumnavigate the total universe and reach back to where we are in the same instant. Who knows, may be our z-forces are doing this very thing without our realization. This would be a I suspect that the redshift of light over vast differences is a measure of the curvature of time that the light has passed through to get to us. The faster the event structure, the greater the curvature of space-time associated with that structure, and the greater the degree of quantum effects, or what I would call intrinsic non-specificity, associated with that event structure. The universe that light travels through will be a far more curved structure than the universe that we ourselves are capable of traveling in if we cannot obtain light speeds.If it is true that the shortest distance between two points is a straight line, and in an instantaneous universe this straight line becomes a single point, then we can see that the faster an event structure travels, the shorter the distance, and in a sense, the straighter the line.The constraint of real systems in space-time is that they can only exist in one temporal direction at any given instant, and they can exist in only one 3 space coordinate reference frame at any one time. This is true for systems exhibiting mass, in that such systems can be said to be gravitationally constrained. But there are systems that can be said to be gravitationally unconstrained, and it is apparent that they may exist at more than one set of coordinate reference points at any given instant, in other words, they may be said to exist with a set of multiple temporal directionalities. We refer to this as the quantum uncertainty principle. The larger the system the slower the associated rate of change and the greater the gravitational constraints upon that system and the more focused the gravitational coordinate reference frame associated with that system. Larger systems subsume smaller systems they contain with greater degrees of certainty within the framework of the larger system. We cannot be sure, for instance, where the next photon may land, but we can be reasonably sure that the photon will occur somewhere in the vicinity of our solar system and our earth. The quantum uncertainty principle is directly related to the size and the associated speed of the system, or its intrinsic rate of change. In the total universe, an infinitely large universe is the same as an infinitely small universe, and one composed of infinite dimensions would be equivalent to one of only one set of dimensions or no significant dimensions at all. The simultaneous distance between two points in space may be said to be exact zero. This describes a closed curve that is infinitely large and yet which leads directly back to itself. This curve is omnidirectional, and this omnidirectionality describes three space.Nonrelative or absolute distances between different points in 3 space can be said to be instantaneously fixed in the sense that these distances measured by straight line trajectories connecting the two points, are the same regardless of the speed of any force or object occurring between them. Because all things in the universe, as things, are in motion both intrinsically and extrinsically, there occur no permanent non-relative relational states except in an instantaneous manner. If we could take an instantaneous snapshot of the z-forces of the universe at a infinitely short instance, then all points in the universe would be absolute in terms of their straight-line distances. In a sense, our observational universe is defined by light speed, and light speed becomes the standard of measure of distance between any two points in temporal terms. Anything slower than the speed of light would travel a curvilinear line relative to the line of sight evidenced by the speed of light, and would take a longer period of time to reach the other point from the origin. But light itself must be seen as curvilinear relative to anything capable of traveling faster than the speed of light.There is a paradox in all of this, if we consider that an instantaneous universe may be a perfectly closed and spherical universe in a spatial sense that is nonetheless infinite in size and temporally flat, and that any non-instantaneous or relative motion within the universe experiences a temporal trajectory that is relatively curved in a temporal sense and spatially flattened. The slower the rate of change, the flatter the universe in a spatial dimensionally, and the faster the rate of change, the more curvilinear the universe in a spatial sense. It follows from this therefore that an eternal universe is not necessarily an infinite universe, and that the mutual coexistence of an eternal-state and infinite-state universe implies a paradox of universal relativity that is difficult to imagine or deal with in terms of any rational calculus of motion and change. An eternal state universe is temporally open but spatially closed, in one sense, and an infinite state universe is spatially open but temporally closed, in another sense.The curvature of motion in spatial reference is inversely proportional to the curvature of the same motion in temporal reference. Instantaneous motion that is temporally flat is spatially curved to the extreme, and non-instantaneous motion that is temporally curved is spatially flattened. This kind of paradox of space and time is only reconciliable if we imagine an instantaneous state universe such that neither distance nor time are relevant. Space and time, as measures of distance and change, are relevant only to the extent that they are relative to the differentiated structures that occur within the universe.The argument whether the universe is flat or curved, open or closed, is really a hen or egg kind of dilemma, because the universe may in fact be both sets of things at the same time, relative to the point of view or frame of reference that we adopt. The point of view that we have adopted in terms of general relativity is the point of view of light and an observational universe, but this is not the only point of view we need to adopt in either an inferential or a metastate universe. If we could travel forever very slowly _ assuming we lived forever), then we might find that we are traveling in a relatively flat and infinitely open universe. If we could travel extremely fast, then we might find that we are traveling in a universe that was increasingly closed the faster we traveled. We might find that if we traveled infinitely fast, we could not escape or move ever from our own original starting point, even if we traveled forever _ space-wise) in any direction. If we traveled infinitely slowly and "imperceptibly " as one might say, we might find that we never could return to a place that we could never leave. What is most scientifically interesting are all the possible relationships occurring between these two extremes, as this defines the realm of universal dynamics as we experience this.For an object traveling at the speed of light to return to the place from whence it originated, it strikes me that it would have to travel in multiple directions at the same time, or alternatively, in multiple temporal directions simultaneously. Nothing that is non-instantaneous can achieve this, as it would entail traveling through multiple universes simultaneously. This is impossible unless we can hypothesize enlarged quantum uncertainties for things like z-forces. If we can imagine "near-instantaneous " event-entities, then we might imagine these event-entities being capable of such multi-directional or simultaneous state travel. The more differentiated a structure, the more bound by space-time constraints a structure, as a complementary system of relations, is, and the more gravitationally unified and greater gravitational disequilibrium associated with that structure.Up to at least the speed of light, all event structures must obey the basic temporal constraints of the observable universe, and all motions must be constrained by traveling instantaneously in only a single direction. At a very fundamental level, all things may be composed of forces and event-entities that may in fact accomplish this near-instantaneous or instantaneous multi-dimensionally of change. Upon a certain very basic level, the fundamental components of our atomic structures may in fact exist in multiple universes at the same time. We are gravitationally unified within this observable universe, but this observable universe is obviously and by inference part of a much grander structure of reality that we scarcely as yet comprehend.We cannot really predict, therefore, the structure of the total universe, and this structure may not ultimately make any difference. It may be both open and closed, flat and curved, depending upon the relative frame of reference that we adopt.The flow of gravitational entropy, or radiation, is inverse of the flow of space-time. In other words, all motions of things that are gravitationally constrained within some spatial-temporal coordinant reference system, is in the direction opposite the direction of the flow of gravitational energy. Light flows in the same direction of space-time.
If redshift of light omnidirectionally from all compass points is evidence of the motion of objects in space-time, then it is perhaps impossible to tell if this evidence points towards the motion away of the original source, which must have been moving at close to light speeds at the time of the original emission of light, or if it is evidence of the expansion or curvature (or warpage) of the intervening space-time manifold, or it is evidence that our own earth is in a strange motion, attached as it is to its sun and milky way galaxy, that is leading us further and further away from those distant points of light we see in the night sky. To me, an expanding universe is corroborated by the hypothesis of a weakening gravitational constant, but what does this mean after all?
All motion appears relative. If everything is in some kind of motion, which it all seems to be, then what fixed reference point can we designate by which to compare all other states of motion of objects. Something relative to ourselves could be traveling at close to the speed of light, and we could duly note the relativistic differentials that would be the result of this difference in speed, but we are also aware that though we seem to be relatively stationary as we stand on one point of the earth, peering through a telescope, we are in fact hurling with the earth as it rotates at a period of about 24 hours, and as it speeds its way in an orbital trajectory around the sun, and the entire solar system is obviously caught in some kind of motional trajectory relative to the other stars of the Milky Way, and who knows how the Milky Way galaxy may be moving in relation to other galaxies, though universal expansion has been suggested as a standard theory.
The paradox is that relative to ourselves, some object might be traveling the speed of light in one direction, but we ourselves and our object may be in motion in another set of directions at a speed even closer to light, without our knowing it. In fact, given enough dimensions, we may be be traveling instantaneously in an uncountable number of different directions at different speeds without realizing it. We never notice our motion as the earth turns, except by observing the shadows cast by the suns changing position. It does not appear to make us motion sick at any time. It appears to be a fairly constant speed so we do not notice any effects of sudden acceleration or deceleration. So where in fact are our fixed points of reference?
The universe as a function of very great time appears to hang together fairly well, it appears on several levels fairly well organized, but at least upon a intergallactic and supercluster level, less and less well organized. It becomes difficult therefore to conjecture one way or another about universal motions, or to interpret evidence from general relativity or red shift as evidence of isotropic effects that run counter to the cosmological principle.
The universe may well be expanding in one set of dimensions, but possibly contracting in other dimensions, and we may never come to realize this, even if we could live forever.
We can infer indirectly by observational evidence and by logic that the contemporaneous universe exists simultaneously, or every point in the universe exists instantaneously at the same time, even if we cannot directly observe this.
The instantaneous distances between any two or more real points in space-time is absolute and non-relative in the same coordinate reference system. Therefore, the instantaneous distances of all contemporaneous points of the entire universe are non-relative within the same coordinate reference system.
Science in fact depends upon these facts for the accuracy and reliability of the measurements it makes. In normal human-sized space-time, no one can argue the exact linear distance between myself and the centerpoint of my car in the driveway at this time. One cannot argue that, in terms of kilometers, at any given instant the center of the earth will be an exact distance from the center of Mars or Pluto, though these measures will be constantly changing as a function of time. Similarly, we can argue logically that if we had an instantaneous and long-enough tape-measure, we could measure the distance from the center of the sun to the center of a distant star, more or less. We estimate these distances fairly precisely in terms of the speed of light, or the time it takes light to travel a certain distance, or the distance light travels in a certain amount of time. And these measures, at least in comparatively short-range, appear fairly reliable.
Coordinate reference systems can be defined by the size scale of the event structure that we observe, as well as gravitationally by the gravitational frame of reference that systems cooccur within. It can also be defined by the relative motions of things. In a fundamental way, all these coordinate reference systems are possibly interchangeable and equivalent to one another.
There is a critical sense that at a certain depth of space-time, relative motion becomes virtually undetectable, and things past this point will appear as motionless and stationary except perhaps over very long periods of time. It is like watching a very distant ship on the horizon plug along at a rate much slower than the hour hand of a slow clock, or a train that seems to take forever to reach us, but once it gets a hundred feet away, it appears to zoom right past us in the rush of a headlong moment. It follows that things very distant become increasingly unreliable in our measurements and capacity for observation terms of estimations of distances and relative motions.
The cosmological model based upon the extensions of general relativity that lead to an expanding and closed model of the universe appear unrealistic in consideration that the kind of model this implies is a non-instantaneous state model based upon primarily observations and measures relating to the speed of light. In the consideration of the shape of space-time there is no accounting made for instantaneous states of the universe, or of the contemporaneous universe in an instantaneous state. The patterning, trajectory and dimensionally of the fourth dimension is a non-spatial process of periodic change and transformation that is articulated continuously in 3 space. It is difficult to speak of homogeneous or isotropic curvature of such a fourth dimension, if in a sense there is no forward time continuity between the past and the future. All transformations that occur in the fourth dimension are constrained by 3 dimensional factors, and must obey the mechanics that operate in three space for a given level and scale of articulation. The projection of the universe through time as an artifact of light that travels for millions of years is a an epiphenomenal patterning of the light-fields that we can see from our vantage point, however remotely and dimly the true image. In other words, we should not confuse the observable universe that is available to our vision with the actual universe as it exists that remains unavailable to our observations. To say that the light that carried the signals of a by-gone age of a universe from the furthest corners of the universe, up to our front-door, exhibits a degree of closedness or curvature is to suggest a model of transformation of light energy in the universe but it tells us little either about the current contemporaneous disposition of the entire universe nor about the actual size or original disposition of the universe in its first periods of existence.
If light for a very remote source continues to reach us, then we can conclude that the source of the light is as far as it is old by light travel. Light emanating from ourselves, or from our source, should have taken an equivalent amount of time to reach the point where the source originated the light in the first place. If we could reflect, in a perfect reflector, light back to its source over very great distances, it is possible that by the time the light reaches the point at which its source emanated the projection, the object that was the source of light may no longer exist. In a sense, the light stream coming from an object becomes like an on-going movie stream that continues none-stop from the beginning to the end of the life of the object. Far enough away, the transmission of light would cease before the first wave-front of the light reaches its furthest destination. The entire life-span of the object, its history, would be recorded in that stream of light. There is a critical sense that the further objects are away from us, the more difficult it would be to judge their true distance from us, as the light we receive from them may be "mid-stream " but long since left the original source. In other words, for very distant objects, we cannot necessarily assume that the distance of the object from our point of observation is equal to the either the total length of the light transmission, or the remaining or recorded length of the transmission from our vantage point. If an object is 15 billion light years depth from us, but only has a life span of 5 billion years, it would take the light roughly three times longer than its life-span to reach the earth. Light from very great depths would not even reach us for billions of years more, and by the time it reached us, it would be difficult to record the true or actual distance of the source. We must hypothesize a deviance or variance factor associated with our distance-estimates that is a function of the time-depth we are considering. This error would be compounded by several factors--the inability to discern focal length at great distances, or to estimate relative positions and distances between what are apparent neighboring objects. Also, if we make our observations in mid-stream of the light projection of a star, we do not know how long the transmission has already been occurring for, or how much longer it might continue.
Space-time evidently has a structure to it. It has potential energy and harbors hidden mass. We can understand the gravitational effects of the earth, for instance, as the flow of space-time towards its center of gravity--this center of gravity is a virtual center, or possibly a "vanishing center". The gravitational field itself is conformable to the surface structure and heterogeneous composition of the earth and its uneven distribution of mass. In relation to everything else, the earth behaves as if a unified gravitational object in a unified gravitational field. The direction in which this gravitational force impels any object on its surface downwardly is always a single direction. We can understand this downward gravitational force as a flow of space-time across a gradient, and this gradient is one in which space-time becomes relatively denser or more rarefied. Space-time flows gravitationally from less dense to denser regions, the denser regions being constituted by a gradient of increasing gravitational force.
The mass and related gravitational force that is associated with a nucleonic particle is a function of the concentration of energy, and hence of space-time, within the immediate field of the nucleon. This active concentration serves to pull space-time into it, and is sufficient to cause the conversion of space-time into an alternate form. Gravitational radiation and electromagnetic radiation are typically the byproducts of this conversion of space-time.
Stronger sources of gravitation have a greater reach over greater distances. Alternative, multiple sources of gravitation have the effect of interfering and cancelling one another out. The strength of the gravitational source is a determined as a discrete frequency/wavelength of gravitational radiation. There is a continuum and spectrum of gravitational radiation, similar to the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation. Gravitational radiation interacts with space-time, resulting in its flow in the opposite direction of the radiation.
In the depths of intergallactic space, it can be expected that gravitational radiation for a great number of sources will be effectively cancelled out, resulting in a condition of near gravitational rest or equilibrium. Even in these regions though it is possible that space-time may flow in a non-isotropic manner.
The theory of the spontaneous generation of the universe is that there is a fundamental isomorphism of basic structure, or equivalence, between empty space-time and matter and energy. The isomorphism of energy and matter have already been established. The isomorphism of structure between energy and spime and matter and spime have yet to be established, though it is possible to do so in a logical and theoretical manner.
The equivalence of spime to matter and energy would then suggest that spime is in essence a basic form of energy from which all other forms of energy are but variant derivatives. Spime itself may be of a complex and fundamentally differentiated structure and composition, which I suspect it to be. It is nearly perfectly transparent to light energy, except for a lense effect and, I believe, the long-term red-shift effect. I suspect that it is even more perfectly transparent to gravitational radiation.
The spreading out, or expansion of the universe, is a consequence of the omnidirectional stretching of empty spime in the vast inter-gallactic regions. This spreading out creates, I believe, the opportunity of an open structure in the universe in which alternative forms of energy, such as light and gravitational radiation, may become partially captured.
The event structure of space-time determines that it is temporally constrained. On a fundamental level, any event may happen for only a brief period of time. The event structure is therefore like a continuous blinking of phenomenal reality. The smaller the scale that we refer to, the less even and contemporaneous is this blinking structure. In other words, the universe on a fundamental level, or the fabric of reality, does not blink all at the same time. At the zeroth level, all blinking becomes so spread apart that the interval between event structures becomes infinitely large. At the universal level, the blinking is so "packed" that the interval between event structures becomes infinitely small. The universe at the grandest level can be said to occur in an infinitely fast manner.
Evidence suggests that the smaller the scale, the more rapid the relative rate of event structure, compared to larger scale event structures, and the larger the scale, the smaller the rate of event structure, and this corresponds to the phenomenon of time dilation. We may hypothesis that the smaller the structure and scale, the faster the event structure associated with that scale. Space-time, or spime, may be said to be intensively infinite, in the sense that there are no upper or lower limit size boundaries to the scale of event structure. The true dimensionality of spime therefore is in terms of the dimension of size-event scale. The four dimensions of space-time are really the consequences of this differential range of scales that are a function of size. All gravitational and mechanical relations occurring in the universe, at any scale, are governed by this principle of the universal relativity of size-event scale.
Gravitational radiation and structure occurs differentially upon all levels and scale of event-structure, and this corresponds to the gravitational continuum.
The smaller the scale of reality, the less differentiated is reality, such that at the smallest, zeroth scale, reality is wholly undifferentiated, and this undifferentiated reality is equivalent to nothingness.
We cannot even begin to grasp the implications of an infinite structure of reality. There are regions of the universe that the light of our sun, or of our galaxy, will never reach. We can conclude that these regions exist contemporaneously and relatively independent of our own. In these "parallel" regions of the universe, there may be life forms wholly different or quite similar to our own, and we would have no way of knowing it one way or another. We can only conclude the universe is infinite through logical-deductive proof. We cannot prove it through direct observation.
Multidimensionality of the universe is only realizable through size-event scale. The size-event scale of gravitational radiation of a black hole at the center of a galaxy is far greater and slower than that for our own earth, or for the atoms and molecules of our bodies. We have no way of knowing if the cosmological principle, however revised and expanded, can apply to all areas of the universe in the same way, though we assume a certain minimum degree of consistency of pattern and structure to all reality. We assume, in other words, that reality is universally unified. The forces that hold the total universe together are of such a diminished scale, that we have no hope of ever being able to directly detect their action or consequences.
Motional constraints.
We assume, cosmologically, the following to hold at the scale of the infinite total universe because we can state the following: there can be no permanent, non-relative discontinuities of structure of the universe. In other words, we cannot fall off the edge of the universe or slip outside the framework of space-time that encompasses everything in reality.
There is continuity of size-event structure throughout the universe. Isotropism of structure is relative to the size-event level that we are referring to.
The same spime, energy and matter that exists in our observable universe, exists in all areas of the total universe.
The total universe occurs simultaneously on the grandest scale
If size-event scale governs all relations within the universe, then it constitutes the basis for understanding the unified background field of energy relations that occur in the universe. The universe may be said to be infinitely large because we cannot specify an upper limit to its size-event scale. On an infinitely large scale, event structures occur so slowly that we may conclude that the total net sum of the dynamics of the universe is zero, and equivalent of absolute zero associated with a universal background sink, and that the rate of change at this time-event scale is infinitely slow, or eternal. In other words, the universe, as a total metastate system, is unchanging and permanent as a structure. It is infinitely reducible in size-event structure to virtual nothingness, or what I would call the zeroth scale. At this scale, size-event structure is infinitely fast. An infinitely fast structure occurs everywhere simultaneously.
The quantum effect is the built-in property of size-event structure. The smaller the scale, more relatively and less certain the exact event-structure. Simultaneous event structures may occur over a larger and larger region of size scale.
Seeing gravitation and the structure of space-time for human beings with our current means is somewhat like trying to see the individual frames of a film that we are watching. We have the illusion of a steady event structure.
There are some paradoxes associated with this model of universal size-event structure as a fundamental dimensionality of the universe. First, we may say that in an infinitesimal sense, a single isolated point, say the full stop at the end of this sentence, harbors, at a zeroth level, and infinite number of possible size-event points. Reality as we perceive it in a human sized world appears basic, solid and substantial. This appearance of reality, or any of the properties associated with it, essentially does not exist at an atomic or subatomic level. There is a sense that, as light cannot travel to all corners of the universe at the same time, that we cannot see the total or even part of the whole universe upon a cosmological scale of event-structure, and thus our human-scale event structure becomes relative only.
Rapid events can only occur over a wide range at a small scale.
Gravitational radiation occurs on a scale of reality far below that of electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic radiation, or photons, are composed therefore of differentiated gravitational structures. Electromagnetic radiation is the manner that gravitational radiation becomes organized at a higher level.
The structure and function of space-time is unlike that of the known forms of energy or of the components of matter, and yet it constitutes clearly a basic form of physical reality that interacts with the other forms, and that is in its basic state equivalent to the other forms. We may refer to the three phases of spime, energy and matter as the alternative forms that physical reality may take.
The infinity of the universe is a mind-boggling notion. There are corners of the universe that we have no hope of ever reaching--that we can never see or visit or ever know about, and yet, where ever we might be within the universe, we can safely assume that the basic cosmological principles that hold for our corner of reality hold for all other areas of reality as well. We can safely assume that if we could build a rocket ship that could travel at an infinite speed, that we would go in any direction forever and never leave the basic confines of the space-time continuum of which we ourselves are a part. Some might speculate that we would return instantly from the opposite direction to the spot that we just departed, such that we would see ourselves departing at the instance of our return. If we can hypothesize an infinitesimally small entity, an "infinitesimal" that could travel at an infinite speed, we can speculate that distance nor time becomes any longer a barrier of motion to that entity, and that we can find it going and returning instantly to the same spot in all directions at the same time. In a sense, Heisenbergian uncertainty may represent this loosening of the strictures of time and space for subatomic particles. No one has clocked the speed of an electron in its orbitals about the nucleus of an atom, but this speed may be incredibly fast, and may be related directly to the speed of light. It follows that such an entity has the capacity for being "in more than one place" at any one time and in its motion does not exist as a discrete isolatable entity, but as a phase phenomenon distributed over a small region of space-time. At a certain level, all things become phase-phenomena, or what I call "event entities" without distinctive character or isolatable properties except those that can be conferred to the field of which they are a part. Even what we construe as discrete particles with isolatable properties, such as nucleons, may in fact be very concentrated phase-phenomena that are so tightly bound in a specific region of space-time that they are treated as if they are singular and componentially whole, while in fact, upon further analysis, we might discover the componential characteristics of such entities and their tightly bound fields.
The theory of the dynamic state universe that rests upon the notion of the universal equivalence of spime, energy and matter in all its forms, also depends upon the notion that upon a small enough level of analysis, all "things" become essentially phase phenomena or event-entities that lack discrete and isolatable properties or characteristics but exist within some bound space-time framework. The motion of the system, of a subatomic particle for instance, is the motion that is possible with a system that is unified. The alternative form of motion of such a system, which can be construed as a stable, concentrated field, would be that of spontaneous disintegration of the field into its component structures or patterns. The extrinsic motion of all systems in the universe, because they represent composite space-time structures, must conform to certain constraints of mechanical motion that follows for the most part a classical model. Thus, the system, at whatever speed, moves as a single unified entity. The following rules apply
Two or more points that are organized into a stable set of relationships can only move in one direction at a instantaneous point in time. If all the points did not move in the same direction, then the event-structure would not be unified, and the event-entity would be disintegrated. The only alternative motion such a system is capable of, besides straight-line or geodesic linear motion, would be complex spin and possibly vibrational motion. If a unified event-entity exhibits some form of spin about an axis, as most natural systems seem to have some kind of spin characteristics, which itself provides evidence for the composite phase-componential structure of such entities, then the common direction of motion of such an entity must be defined by the center of the entire system. This center is equivalent to the center of gravity for the system.
We can understand gravity as a form of potential or negative motion that is associated with a componentially unified system. The characteristics of motion and acceleration of gravity systems are precisely the characteristics associated with the motion of such systems through space-time. This provides evidence for the common gravitational effects and interactions associated with space-time. All gravitational effects that are observable and known to occur are based upon the relationship of matter to what is apparently empty space-time. If there were no matter, we would assume that there would be no normal gravitational effects as these are generally observed. Gravitational effects associated with alternate forms of energy in space-time are more difficult to determine or observe, as are possible gravitational effects of otherwise empty space-time itself, though these may be hypothetically assumed to occur and exist in the universe.
Spin and vibration are two forms of intrinsic motion that can be expected of all unified systems, and these kinds of motions are expected to occur where ever gravitational interaction takes place between a unified componential system and the space-time manifold that contains the system.
It seems remarkable that the entire structure of the universe may hinge upon the idea of being clockwise or counterclockwise in the matter of basic spin characteristics of basic entities. The fate of a positron becoming permanently locked in positive charge state that has significant gravitational characteristics and that appears to be almost perfectly infinite and stable in a proton configuration, appears to be radically different from that of an electron that has no significant mass characteristics, remains unstable in an unending orbital trajectory. This idea suggests that the basic structure of space-time itself may be of a clockwise or counter-clockwise orientation, and that entities that have spin characteristics of one form or another will have different properties that are a product of its interaction with spime. That the universe may unfold in one direction, and not another, is suggested by the unidirectionality of time and motion as we experience these things normally. It also speaks of a possible componential structure of spime such that negative charge states result in electromagnetic transmissions or signals being produced in the spime manifold, directionally discrete and tied by field-lines to an expanding event horizon, and a positive charge may result in gravitational transmissions or signals being produced. If we see a negative charge as a hole in the normal fabric of space-time, as a kind of bump, we might see a positive charge as a little pimple or bump--the difference between these two would be the difference in the gravitational or electromagnetic effects that are produced upon the surrounding space-time manifold. Space-time would flow towards the bump, and away from the hole. Neutral neutrons, composed of electron-proton pairs, would consist of bumps the positive-charge of which would be masked or neutralized by the proximity of the electron. Such entities are prone to radioactive degeneration and are thus less stable than a pure proton state. We can picture a simple hydrogen atom in profile therefore as something like the following:
The suggestion in this model is that positive event structures flow in one "clockwise" direction, while negative event structures flow in the opposite, counterclockwise direction, and both flows are sustained omnidirectionally and simultaneously in the same time. We may refer to the spatio-temporal differentiation of spime according to clockwise and counterclockwise properties and the different consequences these properties may have. If this is true, then the 'blinking" structure of spime would represent the alternation of the flow-pattern--or its continuous rate of reversal, from one direction to the other, or what can be considered a non-reciprocal but bi-directional flow process. It is not gravitation that flows inwardly, but spime itself. Light itself induces no flow, but we can have no light in dissociation with gravitation. Gravitation can occur in dissociation of light, but not the other way around. Where light flows, so also does gravitational radiation flow, inducing flow in the opposite direction of spime.
Gravitational effect, or gravity, is precisely the opposite but equal effect of a positive force that accelerates an object from a stationary position. Gravitational effect results in the acceleration of the object by the changing spatial-temporal manifold that directionally surrounds the object. In this sense, gravitation is the opposite of the positive expression of energy that is radiative--the former pulls while the later pushes.
The blinking structure of spime can be explained in the following way: for every positive event-structure that happens in one direction, there is an opposite but equal negative event structure that happens in the reverse direction. Rate of blinking may not be constant for different forms of energy, but constant as a property for a given kind of energy. The rate of blinking of light or electromagnetic radiation, for instance, will control the speed of propagation of light through empty space-time. Since the speed of light is constant, we can assume that this rate of blinking is also constant and is a fraction of the speed of light. We can estimate this as the average length of a photon, which should in theory always be the same length, divided by the number of photons reiterated across a given space during a given duration of time. It is the blinking of the structure of spime and all energy-events occurring in spime that give to light its quantum characteristics that are once wave-like and at the same time particulate in characteristics. Intensity of light will be determined by the frequency/wavelength, which will always be a ration of the speed of light. The ration of frequency to wavelength is a constant, because the blinking is constant.
Gravitational radiation may blink at a different, much faster rate than is associated with light.
The blinking structure of spime suggests that time-space does not flow in a continuous manner, but upon a fundamental level in a discontinuous or reiterative way. There may occur periodic holes in the phase structure of spime. It is this blinking structure which permits the dynamics of the structure of reality and of the universe in a larger sense. What we "see" electromagnetically is only a negative or one side of the total fabric of reality.
According to this theory, electromagnetic radiation may represent perturbations of the space-time manifold that propagate from their source in an omnidirectionally specific manner. The moment of origination forms a disappearing field. The periodic nature of these perturbations, like the vibration of a stretched string, suggest that the normal structure blinks or alternates. If we assume the normal structure to be one that is gravitationally coherent and unified, then the instantaneous point of perturbation, and its rate of transmission, of light represents a momentary lapse of this structure, or rather its periodic phase alternation to a modified form. This is a consequence of the charge differentiation of the electron/positron pair that accounts for the original transmission of the photon. Any state transition of the charge differentiated field will result in a spontaneous emission of electromagnetic radiation.
This model of the unified field suggests that empty space-time is composed of a unified but dynamic gravitational field. Electromagnetic radiation is a result of a periodic charge perturbation of this background field that in its normal ground state is charge undifferentiated. This space-time manifold appears to be 99.9999 percent transparent to the effects of light. Another way of saying this is that light itself is mostly impervious to the effects of normal gravitational fields in space-time, unless gravitational density becomes so great that the normal lapse rate of light becomes infinitely slow. If this is correct, then light does not travel at a constant speed, but at a variable rate that is relative to the density of the gravitational field through which it travels. The normal rate of light-speed would thus become an indirect measure of the normal gravitational density of space-time. The faster the rate of speed of light, the straighter the trajectory and vector of the line or path it will follow through space-time. The ratio of the lapse rate of light and the gravitational density can be expected to remain a constant.
Gravitational events are invisible to light-effects because they compose the background field from which light-effects are configured, and they are below the size-scale and event structure of light events. We can only observe directly or indirectly those events that are of the scale or larger of light, which is a function of the size of a photon. Anything smaller than this scale would be invisible and unobservable. We can only observe therefore gravitational events indirectly by the side-effects or consequences of these events--we can only observe them, in other words, in an inferential manner.
If we hypothesize a perfectly uniform homogeneous matter, which would probably be a black hole, then we can conclude that the normal gravitational field surrounding this matter would be uniform in all directions, save for possible minor fluctuations of the gravitational field. If we seek to move this object in any given direction, requiring force that perturbs the gravitational field or space-time manifold in which it is situated, then the manifold will become permanently perturbed in the direction of the motional force. The space-time manifold would restore equilibrium to the gravitational field of the object as a consequence of the perturbing force. The consequence of this would be permanent motion in direction of the force of the entire object. Momentum can be defined as the direct opposite of the potential energy of motion of the object, or as the amount of energy that would be required to bring the object to its original state of rest. It would require a counterforce to restore the system to its original state of motion.
In the universe, there are no non-relative motional frames of reference. This can be taken as logical evidence of an open and infinite state universe, as we are unable to identify any non-relative or absolute frames of motional reference. We can conclude in the application of a revised cosmological principle that:
1. the motional frame of reference for the total universe that is infinite and open is non-isotropic.
2. the physical structure of reality that composes the universe is everywhere the same, such that the same mechanical rules apply to the total universe as they apply to any portion of the universe.
3. There is a zeroth-level of the universe of which all spime and all things, forces and events in the universe are similarly composed, and this zeroth-level defines the minimal physical structure of the total universe.
4. isotropic formations of motion in the universe that occur randomly as the result of stochastic process will in time increase in size and scale.
5. The original-state universe was an empty-state universe consisting of undifferentiated space-time within an infinitely even gravitational field.
The total universe is a gravitationally un-unified system except upon the zeroth-level of gravitational integration. At the zeroth level of gravitational integration that entire universe can be said to be infinite and eternal and unchanging. Space-time coordinates occur independently for independent gravitational frames of reference.
The non-isotropic structure of the total universe may be a relative set of motions of sub-systems of the universe that are gravitationally unified within the zeroth frame of gravitational reference. Within this zeroth-frame, the entire universe may be in motion in some unknown direction, as a single system, though we could never determine ultimately the direction or rate or nature of this motion. All other motional trajectories and frames would share this common frame of reference. The similar structure of space-time everywhere is indication of the zeroth gravitational frame of reference applicable to the total universe.
If we had one object only in the universe, we could assume that the object is motionless. The trouble is that we cannot tell if this object, within some larger frame of reference, may in fact be traveling at an infinitely great speed, or in multiple directions at different speeds simultaneously. Universal relativity stipulates that any and all motion in the universe, which can be defined as the instantaneous change in space-time coordinates of a system or object, is relative to the gravitational frame of reference in which such motion occurs. Another way of saying this is that the space-time manifold that contains any object or unified system in the universe, always exists at a level of gravitational equilibrium.
All mechanical motion in the universe is gravitationally determined and involves the systematic transformation of the space-time reference coordinates of the system. Non-mechanical, or quantum motions occur in physical reality that are not gravitationally determined, but are gravitationally independent depending upon the size of the system. Hybrid motions and states may occur between mechanical and quantum states that are a combination of both. A forth form of motion may be identified, and this is intrinsic motion (vibration and or spin-rotation). Mechanical or classical motion defines the behavior of gravitationally unified systems that are composite in nature and that move within a single or share reference frame.
A single object may move only in one discrete direction at one time in relation to a given gravitational frame of reference.
The object may move in any number of different directions simultaneously, if and only if that system is a part of a larger unified gravitational system.
The components of an object or system may move in any number of different directions simultaneously, as long as all the components are gravitationally unified within the same system.
Violation of these rules will result in the annihilation of the system, and can only be a function of the annihilation of a system as a gravitationally unified frame of reference.
Space-time flows together in a relative manner within a gravitationally unified sub-system. Such flow of space-time is the direction/rate of change of the motional characteristics reference coordinates of the system, at a certain level within a larger gravitational continuum. This indicates that gravitational energy, as a form of negative, cohesive energy binding together space-time, may consist of a well-system of an infinite number of discrete gravitational levels or strengths. The rate of flow and size compression of the system is a function of the gravitational level at which that system is unified and within which it is operating. Space-time may flow omnidirectionally at the same time within a universal system.
The gravitational frame of reference appears to be density-dependent. The gravitational radiation originating from a very dense gravitational source will be of a higher frequency and shorter wavelength than the source originating from a very rarefied source. If we understand this radiation as a form of shadow perturbation of the spime-field in which it is situated.
Formation of matter requires a condensation of the space-time field and follows the charge dissociation of light. The charge dissociation of light and the subsequent interaction of light photons permits the formation of electron-positron pairs that acquire complementary properties.
Another form of electromagnetic radiation must be identified in the universe, and this is a function of spontaneous emission from space-time itself. It is assumed that gravitational surges and cyclones develop spontaneously in empty space-time as the result of the random movement of empty space-time. Charge differentiation may lead to spontaneous emission of light-fields as the result either of the collision of gravitational surges from opposite directions, or cyclonic systems, or from the "pulling" apart of space-time by contraposed directional motions. Such spontaneous emissions may carry a signature of certain wavelengths, and I believe they represent of a form of universal black-body radiation that may become shifted toward the microwave. This radiation would be unlike the radiation we normally see, as it would appear to lack any source or significant isotropism of structure.
A gravitationally unified object of matter represents a system that must move as a single translation with a center focal point, the vanishing point that constitutes the center of gravity. This point is directionally specific in an infinite manner. Upon a subatomic level, such a gravitationally unified system does not present a solid front to space-time, but rather a unified field in which dynamic transitions are occurring at the interface of space-time. Space-time in a sense flows through matter as if matter were completely transparent, but this flow is a function of the relative or absolute density of field relations that serve to define the object as a gravitationally unified system. The greater the density, the greater that the flow of space-time through the object is perturbed or slowed down.
Acceleration of an object in space-time that requires a motivating force is precisely the equivalent to the gravitational acceleration of an object in a gravity system or field. In fact, these are equal but opposite effects. Gravity as a negative force pulls an object in the direction of greater gravitational density. Positive force pushes an object away in the direction of decreasing resistance.
If the universe consisted of only two equal sized objects, very far distant to one another, then it is expected that in time these objects would attract one another through gravitational interaction, and eventually would collide at nearly the speed of light, resulting in their mutual annihilation.
The central dogma of physical systems is that gravitational vortices were the grand events that led to the spontaneous emission of light of sufficiently focused and concentrated intensities that it resulted in high rates of positron-electron formation and aggregation of large clouds of hydrogen-helium dust that coalesced into primeval stellar systems. Matter is not directly formed from spime, but interacts with spime gravitationally. Matter arises from the chance coalescence of light energy that is focused and concentrated gravitationally. This occurs today in star systems, as it occurred originally in large scale gravitational vortices. We must assume the rise of gravitational vortices because the incidental formation of spontaneous light in widespread regions of the universe would probably otherwise dissipate into the infinite background. Likelihood of high frequency and intense collisions of photons only becomes possible under unusual conditions of gravitational intensification.
This hypothesis of a central dogma of a dynamic state universe rests upon the presupposition of spime as consisting of latent energy-mass upon a fundamental and invisible level, and the interaction of spime with other property states of energy and matter that arise from its dynamic turbulence. This turbulence would be seen as a normal part of the background flux of space-time, and would create the contexts for light generation and matter-breeding in gravitational vortices. Certainly, after the original formation of matter in the universe, the breeding of new matter became a routine and expected outcome of the gravitational furnaces of all star systems. The hydrogen and helium nuclei and other stellar dust blown off from these systems on a daily basis would serve as the starting material for the formation of new star systems once this dust accumulated and coalesced into nebulous formations. Matter would thus collect in the universe as a result of stellar furnaces that would act as the forges for creating new matter, not just heavier atomic isotopes, but the formation of new isotopes of hydrogen from the gravitational vortex that would exist at their core.
The expansion of the universe in terms of the stockpiling and out-spreading of its matter would be an expected outcome of this process, and this lends credence to the idea that the universe is expanding infinitely within an infinite space-time context. This expansion would be a natural consequence of the explosive forces that would be attendant to the creation and expulsion of matter in the universe. This process would only in time be offset by the reaggregation of matter as a result of gravitational coalescence and unification of such matter into coherent and stable gravitational systems. Increasing reaggregation would be the result of the formation of larger and more gravitationally powerful systems. If we find evidence of two proximate galaxies in the throes of collision, we can suspect that large gravitational entities at their centers are in part responsible, and that this process will gradually continue to increase.
If the universe is infinite in extent, and also simultaneous in its unfolding structure, then we must expect that gravitational vortices may be occurring at this moment in regions remote from our own observational sphere, and that the stockpiling continues everywhere at the same time. The universe on a larger scale may in fact be very patchy, or like a patchwork of denser regions interspersed by relatively empty regions. Thus different regions of the universe, though all of the same age, may exhibit different ages in terms of their trajectory of the formation and processes of matter stockpiling. All regions of the universe would feed one another and at least indirectly interconnect by means of the exchange of light and the gradual diffusion and interaction of subatomic and atomic particles.
Universal simultaneity may only be possible to assume if we can assume a three-dimensional space and expression for all physical event structures, and a temporal unity of all such structures that is a product of their shared gravitational framework.
Universal simultaneity is deductively concluded from the presuppositions of the cosmological principle, and it entails possibly that at the level of zeroth gravitational integration, we are dealing with very fundamental phenomena that occur at an infinite or timeless rate of speed or lapse rate. An infinitely fast event is an event that would occur everywhere at the same time, and hence would constitute a fundamental event that would be considered pervasive and omnipresent in all of the universe.
The hypothesis of hydrogen-helium hybrids and cycles of hydrogen-helium transformation in intense contexts is based upon the notion of the interaction of protons and neutrons and the lack of stability of neutron and nucleonic pairs under primitive conditions. A proton may be the result of a collision of two positrons, or alternatively of the collision of a positron and an electron that may result in the formation of a neutron and its subsequent degeneration to a proton by the dissociation of an electron. Positrons may not immediately form protons, but may result in proton or hydrogen isotope formation as the result of collisions and interactions with other fundamental particles. I refer to this hypothesis as nucleonic degeneracy of basic matter. We can expect that Helium as a stable noble gas is a by-product of this cycle, and that the more usual end product is the formation of stable hydrogen nuclei . We can expect that intermediate states between hydrogen and helium end states would be radioactive and nuclearly degenerate, such that tritium may form a hybrid isotope of Helium-3, that may be degenerate back to an isotope of hydrogen or alternatively may result in the formation of a stable atom of Helium.
It is expected therefore that Helium or various intermediate hybrid forms of hydrogen-helium exist naturally in the great dust clouds that occur in the universe, and that these forms are in constant fluctuation and interaction.
The coalescence of these huge clouds into stars may be a function of the average density of hydrogen-helium formation in a region, and to the possible isotropic or patchwork distribution of these nuclei that results in gravitational coalescence of systems around a central area. As the density of a cloud increases as the result of accumulation, the likelihood of spontaneous stellar generation would increase. Gravitational shock waves or currents may propagate through such clouds and act as "gravitational hammers" to induce the formation of stellar systems and the coalescence of matter around these prototypical stars.
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The theory of cold fusion cosmogenesis depends ultimately upon the notion of the spontaneous emission of electromagnetic radiation from "empty" space-time. If we assume that space-time is nonempty, that it has hidden mass and constitutes itself an energy field, and we assume that, as with all energy systems, this field is dynamic and flows in a non-isotropic manner, then we can understand that electromagnetic radiation may occur spontaneously, similar to Cerenkov radiation, under certain anomalous conditions that stress this field. This is truly a universe built chaotically upon the butterfly effect. If we are to try to understand this, then we must approach it upon a fundamental level. Unfortunately, it appears to be a level that is fundamentally transparent and therefore observationally unavailable in any direct manner. I suspect this process is occurring all the time, but we do not notice it normally. The atom itself is a small and complicated dynamo system, and it is continually borrowing and producing energy from the space-time field in order to sustain its mechanical dynamics--its kinetic motion and its emissions are sustained through continuous inputs from the background fields.
Electromagnetic radiation can be considered to be the natural outcome of the temporary charge dissociation of a normally non-dissociated state. This instantaneous dissociation creates perturbations of the background field that has specific directional and frequency properties.
To search for conditions in empty space-time that might result in consequences such as the emission of electromagnetic radiation, we can conjecture that uneven flow patterns in this field can result in eddies and currents and in the formation of vortices and Von Karman trails in space-time. These patterns may in fact be relatively stable formations, at least from the standpoint of human time, and may be similar to what are referred to as "worm holes." It is within the context of these formations that we can understand the formation of two sets of things occurring at the same time--first is the framework of the charge dissociation of space-time and the spontaneous emission of electromagnetic energy. I would refer to such a process, especially in a relatively stable configuration, as a "white source." The second would be the formation within the astronomical vicinity of such white sources of large clouds of hydrogen-helium that would be the secondary by-product of the white-source and the active energy occurring within it. It is possible that this cloud would be gravitational drawn in by the "white source" like a vacuum cleaner that sucks up the dust in the area around it. The result would be a very active process of star formation in the regions immediately surrounding a white-source. The current and eddy patterns of such white source regions could be long-lasting enough to produce myriad stars before, as a system, it would disintegrate dynamically.
The basis of this theory suggests therefore that stars may form not by the mutual conglomeration of large clouds of hydrogen, which by themselves would lack the gravitational center to do the job, but that these clouds themselves may accrete and form about regions of space that can be said to be dynamically active as "white source" gravitational vortices.
We must distinguish between the external or extrinsic properties that become associated with an object of matter in space-time, which properties would be its direction and relative speed of motion and the conformation of the space-time manifold that contains the object at all times. These properties, once set, become unchanging unless affected by some external perturbing force. These properties are also unaffected by the intrinsic properties of the object, which relate to the atomic density and size of the system and to its structural organization and content.
We may say in summary that the dynamic state universe is a infinite energy system, and all energy has a basic or fundamental form that is non-particulate, simultaneous and instantaneous. We cannot make or destroy this basic energy, but one form of energy may be converted or transformed into alternative forms of energy, which forms are thus by virtue of the properties that are associated with their states or state-path trajectories. We may not define a boundary or limit to this energy system, because in its fundamental form it has properties which prevent it from being so circumscribed. It is in its very essence universal and instantaneous. We live with this energy everyday and experience its constraints on our life, in the form of gravity that makes all things fall to the ground. We cannot otherwise see, taste or observe this form of energy except for its consequences on the things that we drop or that fall to the earth.
In its fundamental form, this basic energy would be seen to defy even the contraints of temporal process and spatial dimensions itself--we can speculate that the same energy processes can occur with equal probability in any region of the universe simultaneously, but with greater probability in regions of greater density. The dynamics and flow of space-time follow from the uneven probability distribution of space-time. Both time and space as properties we can measure become relative to the distribution of spime. The denser or larger the size of the distribution, the slower the clock and longer the measure. The smaller and more rarefied the distribution, the faster the clock and shorter the measure.
We may deduce from this theory a fundamental instantaneous rate of change of space-time that is a function of the relative density distribution of space-time. In other words, there is a fundamental constant rate of change that is a function of the distribution of space-time. I would assume this to be a natural log or base 10 log function. Speed of an object becomes equivalent to the density distribution of space-time that the object crosses, and this accounts for the inertia of acceleration of an object to that speed. A very large or dense object is equivalent to a much smaller object that is accelerated in a direction to a given speed. These are very fundamental laws of physics that govern all aspects of physical reality. The larger the region, the slower the clock, until, in an infinite system, the clock stops completely. Anything less than an infinite system, and the clock would not be zero.
The paradox of understanding the motion of an object in space-time is to realize that the same object may in fact be traveling in an infinite number of directions within an infinite number of gravitational frames of reference, or coordinate-reference systems. This would assume that the universe is gravitationally organized in a complex manner, though it may not be. If the universe follows a perfect cosmological principle, then at some level we would expect non-isotropic organization and a lack of gravitational unification--this is what we appear to get at a super-gallactic scale of size. Therefore, the number of motions that an object may have may not be infinite, but limited to the number of non-isotropic systems of which that object is a part. We know this to be true deductively from observation of systems we can observe. The question then becomes what time does a given system follow if that system is involved in multiple motions? Is the time a composite consequence of all motions combined, a vector, or does the system exist in multiple time-frames simultaneously, or what can be considered parallel time frames. My feeling is that the both cases are true--time becomes a vector that is the composite of all the directions and speeds of motion that an object follows in all its gravitational frames of reference, on the other hand, the clock that is followed by the atom is much faster than the clock that is followed by a star, which is a very large collection of atoms, and this is much faster than the clock followed by a collection of stars, or a galaxy, that is gravitationally unified. The clock followed by a photon can be said to be much faster than the clock followed by an atom even. This is evident for example in cellular process in which very complex chains of events occur at a very rapid rate.
Inputting energy into any system increases the rate of the event-cycle, or time. Output of energy from a system would correspondingly slow the event-cycle. The basic event-cycle that we are talking about would constitute the structure of space-time, and the flow of time relative to the density of space-time. In order for an event cycle to happen very slowly, it would have to occur on a very large scale or in a very dense system. This should correspond to what I would call a "possibility" distribution of the total number of possible events that can happen within a specified frame of reference over a given period.
The total universe, if it is indeed an infinite system, would consist of an infinite number of energy-event cycles, and would thus, as a total system, occur at an infinitely slow or zero-rate of change. Components of this system would occur at a much faster rate of change. The clock is a function of the gravitational unification of such a system, and we can have multiple clocks occurring at multiple levels. If this is so, then is the universe gravitationally unified in a total sense--it may be even if we cannot observe its effects. If it is not, then does this mean that there is not single clock system that governs all event-cycles of the universe. The paradox of an infinitely slow system is that there really is no clock that controls its event-cycles, as a clock is based upon some rate of change or time. The universe, if it is infinite, which it probably is, would therefore be timeless and without a unified framework.
If there has been such a thing as a big-bang event and a cosmic egg, then this must be seen as evidence of a regional isotropic structure or system that occurs on a supergallactic scale. We would predict the cooccurrence of multiple such structures in the larger framework of the universe, and a regional partitioning of the larger framework of the universe according to such cooccurrence of grand scale event structures. If the universe is expanding in one set of directions isotrophically, then we can speculate that it must be simultaneously contracting in another set of contraposed or complementary directions.
The infinite size of the universe is really too great a concept to conceptualize or apprehend in any logical manner, for it suggests something without beginning and without end. And yet, we understand all things real to have some beginning and some end, and to have some physical limit to its size and duration. It suggests that there are infinite numbers of stars and gallaxies that extend forever in all directions. It suggests that no matter how many more new stars we may add to such a pot, the pot will never become full, but will be a bottomless pot that will seem forever empty. In our human experience, constrained as we are by gravity and by death, it is almost impossible go get firm hold of such a fish.
The model of a dynamic state universe is one of a universe that is evolving upon the grand scale, and that has always been evolving, and that enters from one period and region into another over the long-term. It is really a Hindu model of cosmology. The structure of the universe may have been fundamentally different from one to the next, and we would have to understand that each period may be a googleplex of a googleplex of years in length, and the universe would have already passed through a googleplex of periods before the time that we are in.
If we could travel at close to an infinite speed, we might see that as we passed from one region of the universe into another that there would be fundamental changes of the scenery, and we might witness in a nutshell the entire evolutionary history of the cosmos. This only becomes comprehensible if we realize then that on a cosmic scale, in an infinite context, time comes to have no real value at all--but becomes essentially without time. An instant in our world can be equivalent to an eternity, and it would make no difference.
We really cannot resolve these paradoxes in any favorable manner or way that makes sense in human terms. I do not believe science can answer the ultimate kinds of questions that can be easily asked. It can only solve finite kinds of problems in a manner that have finite, even if complex solutions. So the riddle of the whole of reality, of the total universe, will remain always a mystery, and we must ultimately satisfy ourselves with only a comprehension of a few of its parts.
If we use mathematics as the basis of our physical models, then the notion of infinity becomes more available to us. When we realize that one infinite system may be but a subset of an even larger infinite system, then we have the possibility for comprehending how it is that what we see in the universe, the observable universe, may in fact be only a subset of a much larger and grander kind of universe, even though both constitute infinite systems.
All in all, a big bang hypothesis is unreasonable in either a natural or logical framework that takes all things into account. It imposes a model of a finite state universe that exists in no other framework than itself, that is totally self-contained. The stumbling block to understanding a dynamic state universe is the explanation of the cosmic microwave background. My explanation for this is rather straightforward--on the grand scale space-time that appears empty acts as a giant black-body radiator, and all energy is eventually red-shifted to the microwave lengths because it exhibits a form of residual inertia. We would expect that if light were 100 percent transparent in space-time, then it might be infinite in speed and exhibit no inertial effects. Such a hypothesis is unreasonable, and we should expect that light itself eventually degrades in energy as it yields this energy back to the space-time manifold from which it originated in the first place. Red-shift itself can be explained satisfactorily in the same manner, and therefore the entire model of the Big Bang suddenly vanishes in a puff of the imagination. Such interpretation of cosmic microwave radiation and redshift is entire consonant with a model of non-empty space-time, or gravitationally dynamic spime. When we have something as nearly perfect as light in "empty" space-time, it makes little difference whether we view the light as a wave-phenomenon in a background field or as a "particle" or photon with its own intrinsic energy characteristics--it becomes both these things simultaneously as the intrinsic properties of its structure are entirely complementary to its extrinsic properties.
In an infinite energy system, we may have both total entropy and the continuous loss of radiant energy into the background sink, and we may also have constructive processes that result in the formation of stable structural patterns that involve the augmentation and concentration of energy in certain isotropic ways for extended periods of time. We can build up matter and even super-matter as the result of these constructive and concentrative processes, and these processes are precisely complementary to the thermodynamic effects of radiant energy. It is not unreasonable to conclude therefore that the universe constructed itself, or was self-organizing, as the result of anti-entropic processes based upon fundamental forms of gravitation that resulted in the gradual concentration and stockpiling of stable forms of energy in a non-entropic manner. These systems of course area always subject to thermodynamic processes and constraints. In other words, we can "make something from nothing" if we realize that what we think is "nothing" is in fact something else that is invisible, and that order and disorder are mutually complementary patterns in a random and stochastic system.
If we were capable of observing directly the substance of the essential energy of the universe, we would probably discover that it is itself complex and componentially constituted by processes and phenomena that we do not yet understand. The difference between empty space-time and the hardest substance in the universe is a matter of degree of concentration of energy, or relative energy density and distribution of the two systems. The shadow effect in space-time produced by densely distributed energy systems is the "hole" or the gravity field that the density distribution produces in the surrounding space-time matrix.
The structure of space-time
The general theory of relativity accords a predictable structure to space time, but it sees this structure as largely a static and ideal system that is otherwise empty or bereft of anything that is physically substantive. The basis of the theory of the dynamic state universe is that the space time has a certain definite and dynamic structure that has not yet been fully accounted for, and this dynamic structure underlies the processes of motion and gravitation in the universe, as well as the temporal event structures associated with all change and energy events. Space-time exists at a level that is directly imperceptible to people, as it is essentially, near perfectly transparent to the effects of light except in contexts of gravitational lense effects, doppler shifts and Cerenkov-like spontaneous emission. We do detect indirectly the effects of space-time in terms of the gravitational effects it produces, as for instance in relative mass, in the inertial resistance to any changes in motion, and, more indirectly, in the relativistic effects of time dilation and spatial contraction as the result of an objects speed of travel.
To explain the dynamic structure of space-time, I put forward the following propositions:
1. Space-time is non-empty. In other words, it is composed of some kind of "substance" that is essentially invisible and directly undetectable.
2. Space-time is dynamic. In other words, it is in continuous motion and it flows in certain isotropic and non-isotropic directions. We may speculate that there is no reference point below the scale of the total universe itself, which is in absolute non-motion, or what can be called zero-motion.
3. Space-time is composed of a well-system continuum that is a non-linear function of size scale. The relativistic properties associated with space-time are a function of the size scale that is involved in the event structure, such that the patterns that occur at one scale of size are independent of the patterns occurring on another size scale. The structure of the field lines that construct and connect event-structures of space-time at any given level of size-scale, are different. The way the universe is connected on an intergalactic scale, or what can be called a coarse grained scale, is fundamentally different from the way it is connected on a human-sized or earth-sized scale, and this is fundamentally different from the way it connects on an atomic or subatomic sized scale. What we know for a fact is that upon a sub-atomic sized scale, quantum properties of matter and motion begin to be increasingly evident.
4. Space-time is infinite in both an intensive and extensive sense, and is non-isotropically flat in the larger framework of the total universe (obeys a perfect cosmological principle in the large and in the long run.)
5. Space-time substance consists of a static energy field such that the fluid dynamic properties of this field conform to geometricized field-lines that can bend and shift as the result of various gravitational phenomena.
6. Space-time is ultimately non-isotropic and entropic in the sense of gravitational dynamics.
We may say a couple of more things about the properties and nature of space-time:
If it has such a structure as noted above, then it must be non-Machian in the sense that its existence is not relative to the things (the forms of matter and energy) that are contained within it, but these "things" or event structures, are relative to it as a universal background field.
If this is true, then all "things" no matter how long lasting or seemingly permanent, are 'event-structures' that are ultimately subject to entropic change.
Event structure on the very largest scale can be said to be infinitely slow and infinitely reduced in quantum scale. Event structure on the very smallest scale can be said to be infinitely fast and infinitely expanded in quantum scale. This presents to the conventional imagination something of a paradox in our physical accounting systems.
If we had a space-craft system, and we could shrink this space-craft down to any size scale we wanted, we would find that as we got smaller, our clocks would accelerate in the event interval compared to clocks at a normal scale. Similarly, if we could enlarge our craft to any size that we wanted, we might find that, compared to the normal clocks at home base, our clocks on board slowed as a function of our size. Acceleration of our ship accomplishes a similar feat, in the sense that as our ship crosses an increased amount of space per unit time, the clocks on board, or the event-structure of the ship itself, would slow down. It would be as if our ship were expanded in a single direction.
All motion can be explained as extrinsic and relativistic properties associated to the space-time manifold in which an object in motion is contained. This motion is distinct because it can occur in only a single precise direction at an instant, and it is irreversible in that instant. What sets an object in motion is the modulation of the space-time manifold containing that object--the manifold moves through the space-time field in a dynamic manner, as a flow along a field-line that is established as a discrete direction for that motion. In a sense, the object itself is only the thing contained in the space-time vehicle. It moves because it has no choice but to go along for the ride. If left unperturbed, this motion would continue forever unaltered in the same direction. The energy of this motion is to be considered perfect, and is contained in the objects momentum, which can be defined as the amount of energy needed to bring the object to a stop.
Any alterations or transitions of motion result in measurable and predictable inertial effects. These inertial effects that we may experience are the indirect observations we may make of the structure of space-time. It follows logically that the energy that is yielded when two fast moving objects in space collide is not the energy contained in the objects themselves, which are bound to become obliterated, but the energy that is associated with the sudden inertial shifts of their space-time manifold--it is energy that is drawn directly from, or created from the bowels of space-time itself. Because the structure of space-time represents an infinite well system, this well system harbors an infinite amount of static or latent energy that may be drawn upon under such circumstances of collision. The amount of energy that may be produced in such an event is predictable, if the size and speed of the objects are known. The destruction of the objects are the result of the sudden realization of this amount of energy at the point of impact, as this energy is bound to exceed the energy threshold associated with the integrity of the object as a single system of mass.
The basis for universal relativity is the claim that there exist no non-relative coordinate reference systems by which we may compare all motions. In other words, we have no zero reference points in physical reality except for the very largest and the very smallest event structures we may imagine. Universal relativity therefore demands that the universe must be infinite in size and infinitesimal in scale, because it has no non-relative points that it would have if the universe proved to be finite and non-infinitesimal in scale. This may sound tautological unless we accept the notion of non-zero reference points, or what can be called a non-zero state universe.
That all known event structures are entropic in nature, and must conform to a revised version of the laws of thermodynamics, we cannot therefore specify a non-entropic zero-state. Therefore, the universe is infinite and in the large and the long run, obeys the perfect cosmological principle.
We cannot say where or when or how the structure of space-time first arose. We must invoke religion to make this statement. We can say that it essentially had no beginning, and will have no end, because it is infinite and infinite structures have no starting or end point. Upon an infinitely large scale, time is frozen, and no changes occur. Upon this scale, time is irrelevant--an eternity could be a micro-second.
If we could travel at an infinite speed, then we would be everywhere and nowhere at the same time. At this speed, we could not be located in any instantaneous manner. The event-interval would be infinitely small, and we would essentially disappear from any possible view. At this speed, our clock would stop dead. At this rate, we may say that the clock is both infinitely fast and infinitely slow. At this point, the largest and smallest scale of the event horizon meet and become unified. The motion of a clock, its periodic event-structure, depends therefore upon its localization of size-scale.
We can see that time-scale is a basic constraint upon event structures that are bound within the structure of space-time. Time is like the mesh of the fabric of space-time--the scale or relative fineness of this mesh is a function of the size of the event structure and the size scale that we are referring to. I believe the structure of space-time on a very large scale manifests itself in the interstitial structure of the observable universe. There is no way to explain this structure except by means of a kind of chaos patterning. When we think of the warp and weft of time, we are led to think in terms of angular cross-secting streams or a uniform weave of cross secting tendrils and threads. It is not clear that this structure is exhibited in this manner, and I suspect that from a geometric standpoint a circular interlocking pattern would be more representationally realistic. What is to the point is that the behavior of space-time varies significantly, and the properties that can be associated with it, as a function of the size-scale at which we are considering. To live on one scale of size, is to experience a completely different relationship in space-time than to exist on another significantly different scale of size. We can understand this as the structural organization that crystallitic forms take as they grow and increase in size and scale, assuming different associated properties at different levels of their development.
In unified system, synchronization of time-event structure entails that there are more space-time points co-occurring on a large scale than on a small scale. The number of such points would determine the length of the periodic cycle associated with the event structure. It follows that gravitationally unified systems must have synchronized and simultaneously occurring event structures at the scale of unification. For an object to remain integrated in space-time, it must exhibit gravitational unification, which entails that at the scale of its occurrence it must have a synchronized event-structure. In such a structure, we may say that it is locally isotropic within a larger space-time continuum, and it becomes like a bump in which local forces become dominant over larger-scale event-structures.
The kind of diffraction effects found with light scattering indicate a fundamentally quantum picture of the normal diffusion of light in space-time
Universal relativity hinges upon the relative density dependence of space-time. Matter represents relatively dense concentrations of space-time. We are prone to looking at matter as static and not interactive with its surroundings, in fact, matter may be continuously interacting with its space-time manifold--the manifold itself is the result of these interactions, and the flow of space-time from less dense regions to areas of greater density. This may seem to contradict principles of thermodynamics, except if we realize that for concentrative energy that is represented gravitationally by space-time, that a denser state is more entropic than a less dense state. This flow pattern is precisely the opposite of what we would expect with forms of radiant energy that are always trying to escape into the background vacuum.
There is a continuous process of exchange between an object of matter and its surrounding space-time manifold. This exchange is experienced gravitationally as the flow of space-time into an object and the release of gravitational radiation from the object.
A black hole represents really a "hole" in the fabric of space-time itself, into which it will flow continuously. It is in a sense of gravitational "tear". Space-time flows continuously into an object, but the object never becomes "full" as it exists in a state of equilibrium with its surrounding manifold. What flows into it becomes transformed and released as one or another form of radiation or alternative energy.
It is best to see space-time not as a "substance" or as something or stuff that can be held in one's hand. It is rather a form of static energy, or potential energy that exists in a dynamic state and resides in fields that flow in one direction or another. Another way of describing gravitational dynamics and its patterns of equilibrium that are reverse of those of standard thermodynamics is to see that it exists in a normal state of high potential energy, that is locked up in huge invisible fields. We see these fields as being "empty" and nearly perfectly vacuous of mass or matter. These cell like formations of deep space are in fact regions of very "static" space-time. They are like big lakes of water that are transparent to the effects of light, locked up behind a dam. The flow of water downward and out the flues of the damn, generating so much energy, is equivalent to the flow of empty space-time from its large reservoirs into regions of high gravitational concentration--in fact, this is almost a perfect analogy, as the action of one explains the consequences of the other.
We may expect that the "clock" of empty space-time of deep space is a virtually or relatively fast clock--all periodic cycles in such regions must occur on a faster scale of time measurement than the "clock" of a concentrated piece of matter. Change processes in empty space-time will happen more quickly than change processes that occur in denser regions. We must see such large pockets as grandly unified systems that tend to flow from regions of fast to slower clocks.
The space-time manifold that is relative to each object of matter is in essence the space-time shadow of that object. We may refer to it as the region of gravitational or differential displacement that occurs between a larger framework of space-time and an object that is embedded within this framework. This region is a permanent zone that exists as long as the object exists--its shape is modulated depending upon the acceleration and motion of the object itself. Inertia of resistance to changed motion or perturbation provides indirect evidence of this manifold. It exhibits the equilibrium of processes of interchange between a gravitationally unified object of matter and a larger background spime-gravitational field in which it is situated and through which it moves. We refer to the process of the intake of space-time into an object as spime induction. If we pick up a pencil and drop it to the floor, we experience automatically the effects of the flow of space-time into the earth. There is nothing to confer resistance to the free-motion of the pencil, and its only direction is to fall directly to the earth at a steady rate of acceleration. It would be the same if we dropped an orange or a lead weight. If we drop a feather, we know that air molecules give resistance to the path of the feather, and it appears to waft and float gentle down. The resistance offered by air to a lead weight of any size or shape is nominal to say the least. Not so with a piece of paper.
Space-time always flows toward a center of gravity in a locally dominant gravitational system. This flow is continuous for the life of the object-system. If we offer resistance to an object's natural fall, space-time continues to flow around it and through it, but the object's own natural path is impeded and prevented from occurring. We may see normal empty space-time in a similar manner--space-time becomes bottled-up in large regions of vacuous space. It is trapped and cannot flow freely in the manner that it can do.
From the standpoint of spime-gravitational dynamics that are the complementary inverse of general thermodynamics, we can explain the rise of matter and the increasing frequency of black holes in the evolution of the universe in terms of a natural entropic tendency for space-time to flow from regions of less to regions of greater concentration, and this reflects a general "winding down" of the clocks of nature. Empty space-time can only flow in regions where there occurs adjacent displacement and a gradient from low to higher concentration.
Changing the motion of an object in a direction simulates what can be called "reverse space-time flow" and the change of such motion that requires energy entails a change in the space-time flow of the manifold of the object. It requires a tremendous amount of energy to move an object in a direction that is opposite of its natural tendency to flow, as for instance to resist the gravitational pull of the earth to launch a ship into outer space. In empty space-time, the natural direction can be said to be non-isotropic, or omnidirectionally non-specific.
The continuous flow of an object in empty space-time, without perturbation, simulates the normal flow of space-time for that object. If there are no larger gravitational frames of reference that constrain an object, then its own manifold will be the dominant frame of reference, and its motion will be in a direction and at a speed that would continue uninterrupted for the life of the object. Whatever force set that object in motion in the first place set and determined the dominant motional flow of space-time for that object. If such an object did not encounter any other object or enter in the gravitational fields of other objects, then that object would continue, without acceleration or without alteration of its direction, forever without degradation of its trajectory. In empty space-time, its momentum, direction and speed of motion all become extrinsic properties associated with the structure of the space-time manifold that contains the object. The object travels as if it is embedded in an envelope of space-time, much as people travel if they are encased in the metal envelope of a car or other kind of vehicle. In this case the space-time manifold represents a perfect vehicle of motion, and this perfect motion, like the perpetual induction of spime into a gravitating body, appears to violate the standard laws of thermodynamics, until we realize that this motion represents a form of potential energy that is only realized with a change, and that it requires a threshold of energy to realize a change in the trajectory or state-path behavior of the object's motion. Relatively speaking, that object, though it exhibits perfect motion, exists in a state of minimal space-time energy or of optimal gravitational equilibrium as it would require a greater energy to alter its trajectory than for the trajectory to remain unaltered.
The extrinsic properties of motion attributed to the permanent trajectory of an object through empty space-time can be considered to be those properties that are intrinsic to space-time itself. These properties are:
1. an infinitely precise or specific sense of direction, or uni-directionality.
2. A specific and set speed or rate of spatio-temporal displacement, which rate governs the periodic cycles of the object in motion.
3. A specific level of potential energy, or momentum, that is a function of the relative density of the object and its speed and direction, and that is a function of that object's relative inertia of resistance to any perturbation or alteration of its state-path trajectory.
From these three mechanical properties, what can we learn about the structure of space-time? We see that light exhibits these three properties in a perfect sense, and we can only explain red shift by means of the perturbation of its momentum of energy either by a gravitational lense effect or by means of some other as yet unexplained phenomena, such as the gradual degradation of the energy of light to the space-time manifold that is a function of its passing through certain regions of space-time.
We may say of the structure of space-time that it tends to "embed" any object within it in a specific set of relations. There can be no absolutely motionless objects in space-time, just as there can be no objects that are disembedded from the background field of space-time. The extrinsic properties associated with any object as a result of its being embedded a priori in a space-time manifold can be said to be universally relative to the gravitational metasystem that the object occurs within. If we lived on a satellite that circled the moon, we would be subject to the gravitational framework of that satellite, to the moons gravitational field as it circled the earth, to the earth's field as it circled the sun, and to the sun's field as it made its way through the Milky Way. There may be larger gravitational fields of which the Milky Way itself is a part, but which we have not yet directly determined--some super cluster. In all of these motions, we cannot absolutely determine the motional characteristics of ourselves in our satellite.
As a result of this, we may say the following:
All objects in natural space-time are in a state of some kind of permanent motion.
All objects are moving in some specific direction that is a composite of all motional trajectories of the gravitational frames of reference in which they are embedded.
All objects have a relative momentum of energy that is an undetermined inertia of resistance to perturbation of its basic motions. It is relatively easy to reset the direction and speed of the satellite about the moon or of ourselves about the satellite. It would be much more difficult to reset the motion of the moon about the earth or of the earth (including the moon) about the sun or the sun about the Milky Way or the Milky Way about some larger gravitational frame of reference.
The base state of the universe is the space-time or spime continuum. All other states are derivative energy states of this base state. In the standard model of cosmology, we would attribute such perfect motion of objects in empty space-time to the vacuum or emptiness of space-time that would attribute no resistance to the motion of the object. The objects inertia would be a function of its intrinsic mass and momentum of motion. In a revised cosmology of non-empty space-time, such motion is a function of space-time itself and represents extrinsic properties that are a function of the space-time manifold that embeds the object. According to this model, all things exist in a dynamic state of motion--there can be no motionless objects in empty space-time, as space-time itself is in a permanent and endless state of motion. This motion in deep and empty space is omnidirectionally non-isotropic and it becomes isotropic only in gravitational fields or motional trajectories of objects.
If we are to understand motion, we must take a snapshot of the entire universe as a synchronous and simultaneously unfolding event structure. We see motion as a change of space-time structure, or relative position, from one instantaneous point to the next. In a sense, the entire universe, however large or infinite this is, coexists everywhere at the same instant. All motions are coordinate within this instantaneous or rather simultaneous event structure of the universe--differential periodicities of relativistic clocks are the consequence of the simultaneous unfolding of objects upon different levels, or scales of magnitude relating to size. We can construe the entire universe as a collection of galaxies, as a collection of stars, as a collection of differentially distributed gases and molecules, or as a collection of atoms, or a collection of subatomic particles, or, even deeper, a collection of "n-finitesimals." At each level, we expect a different kind of relativistic clock to be operating. The perfect cosmological principle demands that we should expect the composition and physical laws governing matter and energy to be everywhere the same. We expect therefore that what we find in our own solar system should be representative of the event structures throughout the universe.
Presupposition of universal simultaneity entails that we see the constraints of motion in the structure of space-time as obligatory to the fact of simultaneous multiple-co-occurrence. If we can state that "the same event cannot happen at two different places at the same time" then we can understand that therefore in order for an object to occur at two places, it must travel between these places and occur at both in a serial order. Another way of stating this previous principle is to say that "any single event can happen at only one instantaneous place at only a single instantaneous time." A corollary of this is to claim that "two or more events (multiple events) cannot occur at a single place in the same instant, but must either occur in a spatially or temporally (in fact both) segregated manner."
An object that is in a constant trajectory of motion and that is not perturbed by any intervening variable, can be said to be in a steady-state equilibrium in its space-time manifold. To suddenly perturb this equilibrium and thus alter somehow the trajectory of this object would, especially in an instantaneous rather than gradual manner, lead to the sudden realization of a tremendous amount of potential energy that is contained within this equilibrium of its space-time manifold. This energy is drawn directly off the reservoir of potential energy contained within the space-time manifold itself, and connecting this manifold to a larger space-time matrix. So great can this energy be that, like a meteorite that impacts into the earth, it can result in the instantaneous disintegration and obliteration of the original object.
Gravitational energy that is realized in gravity-based systems is also energy that is directly drawn off the manifold of space-time. The inertial effects of acceleration are a consequence of this process of drawing off gravitational energy from the surrounding space-time matrix, as well as from all objects contained within it. If we drop an object of any mass from 2 feet, the amount of potential energy contained in its downward momentum and speed of acceleration is far less than if we dropped the same object from 2 thousand feet or 20,000 feet high.
We can say that the universe has a built-in way of keeping track and maintaining order to its simultaneous event structures by physically segregating these event structures in such a manner as to make them relatively independent of one another. We say that time always marches forward, and can never reverse itself. The forward irreversibility of time is related to the precise instantaneous unidirectionality of an object in motion--an object cannot travel in two different directions at the same time, or travel in more than a single direction at any one time. If it were capable of doing so, it would be in violation of the principles above. Such an object cannot travel both forward and in reverse at the same time, just as time cannot move backward.
Gravitation in this framework therefore presents us with something of a paradox, as it represents systems that are synchronously organized in an interdependent manner, such that otherwise independent motions occur relative to one another. Such systems represent a unification of spatial-temporal framework, or gravitational unification, of a system that then functions as a single unit rather than as a disparate set of independent motions. We are constrained to see gravitationally unified systems as simultaneous co-occurring event structures and we are inclined to view the structural process of gravitation in an instantaneous or simultaneous manner.
All mechanical motion must be made coordinate within a larger system, even if such motion appears to be causally independent of other simultaneous events. No single object in such a system can alter its position without this change affecting the relative position of all other components in the universe. The motion of one object may be directly independent of some other object that is far removed from it, but the motion of both objects must be bound within a larger meta-systemic framework of relationships. The principles of motion described above represent the basic constraints of the structure of space-time affecting all change within its field.
It is expected that when light passes through regions of deep empty space-time, light will exhibit a general red-shift effect that we may consider to be a kind of inverse gravitational lense effect.
It is possible that in the structure of the long run and the large, increasingly large regions of the universe are becoming gravitationally self-organized, and that the trend will be the gradual evolution of a universe from a universe that was originally dispersed and non-isotropic towards one that is, at least on a regional level, increasingly concentrated and isotropic in its structure. We would expect that the average frequency of black holes in outer space to increase over time, and the average sizes of these black holes would also increase in time. We would expect the emergence of super clusters from galactic clusters and the formation of clusters from disparate sets of individual galaxies. All of this would represent the emergence of a higher scale of self-organization of the universe than previously believed to exist, and this would be consonant with expectations of revisions of the principles of gravitational dynamics which are in many ways complementary to conventional thermodynamics. A standard thermodynamic universe is one that is continuously loosing energy to the background reservoir of endlessly empty space. In such an accounting, the only process we can see occurring is the general transition from organized to increasingly disorganized and entropic systems. The big bang model reflects this organization, but it consistently fails to take into account the origin of elements or the creation of new star systems as an "every light-year" or typical kind of cosmological phenomenon.
If we see the tendency toward increasingly dense formations of matter and energy as a natural outcome of gravitationally dynamic processes, an expectation of a kind of gravitational entropy writ large, then we can see that what appears from a conventional standpoint as impossible and in violation of basic physical laws, becomes in fact a validation of these same laws in a revised framework.
The question is how can we prove that the universe is infinite or not. Universal application of the principles of thermodynamics demands that we view the universe as an infinite background energy sink, which it appears to be. This by itself does not prove the infinite-state universe, but it makes it a possibility. Certainly, logical and natural evidence indicates that the universe is far larger and far older than even current theories allow for. There is an inherent conservatism in our thinking about origins and ultimate states. It is impossible to imagine an infinite-state universe, that keeps going on and one without limit or boundary. If the universe is infinite, then we cannot state therefore a beginning to it all in any finite state. We cannot especially answer the question of why it all came about in the first place. It seems impossible to accept, for instance, that there were always stars and suns and planets, long before the earth even formed, and that will continue to exist long after the earth has disintegrated. And yet, that seems to be the implication of our thoughts. If it is next to impossible to imagine an infinite-state universe, it become even more difficult to imagine a universe that is not infinite, that has some finite boundary, because then we are led naturally to inquire what lies beyond or what came before such a boundary. We are left to conclude:
Nothing does not exist, therefore there cannot be nothing in the universe.
Another way of looking at this is to conclude that all reality exists, and all that exists does so in an essentially homogeneous manner.
Light represents a basic perturbation of the space-time continuum, or the gravitational field. Light emissions may be produced spontaneously under conditions where space-time converges upon itself to create a concentration of gravitational energy. We may predict in space-time the occurrence of "light sources" that consist of gravitational vortices that serve to produce large amounts of light. If our theory is correct, then hydrogen can be an expected by-product occurring at the periphery of these white-sources. These light-sources may be primordial to the beginning of the universe, and represent "quasar" like configurations of gravitational energy that produce an extreme amount of light energy at its source.
The production of new hydrogen in stellar systems is achieved in the same manner. New hydrogen produced in such a manner is generally thrown off or passed out of the system, such that the entire system maintains a relative state of equilibrium.
Light emissions may be absorbed by the space-time continuum upon the stretching of the gravitational field omnidirectionally. It should be expected that light that passes through these regions will experience a slight loss of inertia of energy as a consequence of this reabsorption or light capture. At the same time, it is possible that this same stretching effect might account also for the spontaneous emission of black-body radiation. We may refer to this effect as the instance of light energy striking the surface of a black body, absorbing the light, and in the process, giving off heat energy.
The microwave background field may be a red-shifted universal black-body radiation of the universal entropy sink that is represented by empty space-time. This process is continuous and static to the background field of the universe.
We may speak of a fundamental state of space-time equilibrium, such that the fabric of space-time maintains itself within a normal range of density relation. If this equilibrium becomes upset through complex dynamic flow patterns of this background field, or by other means such as extreme bending, twisting, folding or stretching, then it is expected that it would produce effects of spontaneous emission of light that represents the disturbance of this field. The energy of the light is drawn directly off the space-time manifold itself, and in its conversion to light, is released as stored, captured or constrained energy that represents gravitation, to become radiative energy.
The model of the space-time manifold, or the spime-continuum, is of a non-empty form of reality that has its own set of properties. It appears nearly perfectly transparent to light energy. It flows, it bends, it stretches. It appears to be variable in density, so that when we are passing through empty space, we are passing through regions of variable density. We would experience these variable densities in terms of the gravitational weight or the inertia of acceleration, and such density would be seen as the consequence of the dynamic flow properties of spime. Spime represents a form of dark energy-matter. It has its own self-mass, which is equivalent to the mass of displacement that is the result of the acceleration of an object through it. It is a form of negative or potential energy in the sense that it is a form of energy that converges toward a common source. Its flow pattern is therefore precisely opposite that of the flow of other forms of radiative energy. We call this form of energy concentrative or attractive energy. Concentrative energy follows principles of gravitational dynamics that apppear to be the inverse of the principles of thermodynamic energy. Concentrative energy does not flow universally into a background sink, but flows universally from such a sink into concentrative centers of attraction. Such energy can be said to be inherently convergent, rather than naturally divergent. Work can be achieved in such a system not by putting energy into the system, but by extracting energy from such a system. In other words, from a gravitational standpoint, we may entertain notions of a perpetual motion machine. Our closest understanding of such systems are in the gravity systems that are based on the earth and the other planets and their moons. We realize tremendous gains in energy only by daming falling water up in a reservoir, and then releasing such water downhill in a controlled manner. As long as the water keeps falling, such a system will never require any further inputs of energy to yield outputs of energy far greater in magnitude. It is possible that the differential water-pressures in deep sea systems might also be utilized in a similar manner, understanding that increasing water pressure in deep sea systems is the consequence of the gravitational pressure that is exerted upon deep water. Tidal systems that utilize the influences of the moon's gravitation would represent a similar kind of system. These systems are all similar in that they relie not on a form of heat energy, but upon a form of pressure differential that is based upon gravitational influence. It is possible to come up with other viable schemes that utilize gravitational energy in a controlled manner.
Gravity appears to be the great mysterious force the understanding of which we have yet to succeed in. It is important to distinguish between a gravity-system and gravity as a consequence of such a system, which in my theory is constituted by the dynamic flow of space-time from regions of less to greater density, and what can be called gravitational systems and gravitation as a form of energy that is related to the motion and attraction of objects in space. Gravitational radiation may in fact be a secondary form of gravity-energy that is released from the space-time manifold, in a similar manner to how light is released. Such radiation may act as vibratory pulsations upon the space-time manifold, essentially sending a series of ripples through this manifold. I believe the principle consequence of this pattern or ripple effect of gravitational radiation would be to induce the flow of the space-time manifold, in the direction that is opposite to the direction of propagation of the radiation itself. Gravitational radiation that would appear to flow from high to low density areas, might represent a form of equilibriating reaction to the concentrative flow of space-time into gravitational centers.The outward flow of gravitational energy would induce the inbound flow of space-time. Exactly how this might be achieved is as yet unknown. Gravitational radiation, as a form of energy redistribution from the center of gravity systems, would appear to follow therefore the principles of thermodynamics, and the loss of gravitational energy from a system must be taken into account in the total energy dynamics of such a system. A black hole for instance, must loose a great deal of its basic potential energy from a tremendous amount of gravitational radiation. Energy taken into such a system through gravitational attraction, would essentially be annihilated and converted into a form of pure gravitational energy.
The question must be asked is whether or not gravitational energy, released as a series of "ripples" or continuous pulses from a gravity-based system, does not at some point become reabsorbed back into the background energy field represented by the space-time contruct or matrix. I believe it does happen, though exactly how is not clear at this time. It is possible that when the density of space-time becomes so low in inter-gallactic space that gravitational energy at such a point will become easily reabsorbed or captured. Some form of radiation may be a by-product or signature of this recapture of gravitational energy. It is also possible that gravitational radiation from various sources and directions will, upon collision or contact, cancel itself out such that destructive interference will result in a neutralization of such gravitational energy. We must speculate what might be the by-product of the collision of two gravitons? In the accounting of things in a dynamic state universe, it is possible that light energy may be spontaneously produced from such collision.
Blanket Copyright, Hugh M. Lewis, © 2005. Use of this text governed by fair use policy--permission to make copies of this text is granted for purposes of research and non-profit instruction only.
Last Updated: 04/18/05